Oxford Ragwort (
Senecio squalidus), a Ragwort (member of the
SenecioSenecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
genusIn biology, a genus is a taxonomic unit used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender" , cognate with – genos, "race, stock, kin" ..In addition, genus is a taxonomic rank in the hierarchy In biology, a genus (plural:...
) from the daisy
familyIn biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus...
AsteraceaeThe family Asteraceae or Compositae is the second largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species....
, yellow-flowered herbaceous plant, native to mountainous, rocky or volcanic areas, has managed to find other homes on man-made and
natural piles of rocksA stone run is a conspicuous rock landform, result of the erosion of particular rock varieties caused by myriad freezing-thawing cycles taking place in periglacial conditions during the last Ice Age.The actual formation of stone runs involved no less than five processes: weathering, solifluction,...
, war-ruined neighborhoods and even on stone walls that resemble their well drained rocky homeland at other places in the world via
windWind is the flow of air or other gases that compose an atmosphere . On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air...
,
railRail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles running along railways or railroads. Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates international trade and economic growth...
and
botanists.
Oxford Ragwort (
Senecio squalidus), a Ragwort (member of the
SenecioSenecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
genusIn biology, a genus is a taxonomic unit used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender" , cognate with – genos, "race, stock, kin" ..In addition, genus is a taxonomic rank in the hierarchy In biology, a genus (plural:...
) from the daisy
familyIn biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus...
AsteraceaeThe family Asteraceae or Compositae is the second largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species....
, yellow-flowered herbaceous plant, native to mountainous, rocky or volcanic areas, has managed to find other homes on man-made and
natural piles of rocksA stone run is a conspicuous rock landform, result of the erosion of particular rock varieties caused by myriad freezing-thawing cycles taking place in periglacial conditions during the last Ice Age.The actual formation of stone runs involved no less than five processes: weathering, solifluction,...
, war-ruined neighborhoods and even on stone walls that resemble their well drained rocky homeland at other places in the world via
windWind is the flow of air or other gases that compose an atmosphere . On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air...
,
railRail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles running along railways or railroads. Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates international trade and economic growth...
and
botanists. The travels and discriminative tendencies regarding propagation of this short-lived
perennialA perennial plant or perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. When used by gardeners or horticulturalists, this term applies specifically to perennial herbaceous plants...
,
biennialA biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots , then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming...
, or winter annual make it a good subject for studies of the evolution and ecology of flowering plants.
Description
Like all members of the large
AsteraceaeThe family Asteraceae or Compositae is the second largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species....
family,
Senecio squalidus has a
flower headThe capitulum is considered the most derived form of inflorescence. Flower heads found outside Asteraceae show lesser degrees of specialization....
(or capitulum) joined to the plant stem by
bractIn botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis, or cone scale...
s and what look like single flowers are actually a cluster or inflorescence, known as a capitulum, with each petal or corolla being its own flower, or floret, possessing its own stamen and capable of producing the specialized seed of the family Asteraceae—the parachute-like achene.
Oxford Ragwort is a short-lived
perennialA perennial plant or perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. When used by gardeners or horticulturalists, this term applies specifically to perennial herbaceous plants...
, a
biennialA biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots , then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming...
, or a winter
annualAn annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers, and dies in a year or season. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed...
and grows in a branched straggling form to between and depending on conditions.
S. squalidus prefers dry, disturbed places, cultivated and waste ground, walls and railway banks,
flowering from March to December
and reproduces from seed.
Leaves and stems:
S. squalidus have herbaceous plants whose alternate, glossy and varying from deeply
pinnatePinnate is a term used to describe feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in plant or animal structures, and comes from the Latin word pinna meaning "feather", "wing", or "fin". A similar term is pectinate, which refers to a comb-like arrangement of parts...
ly lobed to
undividedIn botany, leaf shape is characterised with the following terms :* Acicular : Slender and pointed, needle-like* Acuminate : Tapering to a long point...
leaves are almost hairless with only the lower ones being stalked. Stems and leaves resemble those of the Common Groundsel (
Senecio vulgaris) with the exception that their lobes are more widely spaced.
Inflorescence:
S. squalidus has larger more attractive capitula than
Senecio jacobaea and a more spreading habit.
YellowYellow is the color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M cone cells of the retina about equally, with no significant stimulation of the S cone cells. Light with a wavelength of 570–580 nm is yellow, as is light with a suitable mixture of somewhat longer and shorter wavelengths...
capitula of 10-14 petals in loose
clustersAn inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
at the stem. The tips are pollinated by insects. Ray corollas to long, to wide.
- Oxford ragwort is self-incompatible
Self-incompatibility is a general name for several genetic mechanisms in angiosperms, which prevent self-fertilization and thus encourage outcrossing...
and needs pollen from other plants with different self-incompatibility alleles;
its own flower possess a stigma with characteristics of both the “dry” and “wet” types.
- The fruiting heads are often nodding.
Seeds: Each pollinated Oxford ragwort corolla matures into a bell to cylindrical shaped indehiscent achene, the shallowly ribbed fruit is light brown in colour and to long. Each plant can produce approximately 10,000 fruits during the year.
As a
SenecioSenecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
and a diploid
Senecio squalidus is part of a species group along with S. flavus,
S. gallicusSenecio gallicus, an annual plant of the Senecio genus and a member of the Asteraceae family is also one of those species who colonizes in isolated habitats where the environmental conditions could qualify as being difficult -- widespread across southern France and the Iberian Peninsula in deserts...
,
S. glaucusSenecio glaucus is an annual member of the Asteraceae and species of the genus Senecio that grows in the desert-Distribution:Found in sandy soils of coastal plains, strands, and steppes.Native...
and
S. vernalisOne of the European species of Senecio Senecio vernalis is an annual that is also known as Eastern groundsel. While it has been long classified as Sencio vernalis, this species has more recently been identified as a subspecies of Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir...
who are widespread geographically and interesting for the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment and
plant evolutionPlant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants. Evolutionary phenomena are characteristics of populations that are described by averages, medians, distributions, and other statistical methods. This distinguishes plant evolution from plant development, a branch of...
.
History
This Senecio was introduced into
BritainGreat Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 59.6 million people, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1000 smaller...
via Francisco Cupani and
William SherardWilliam Sherard was an English botanist. Next to John Ray, he was considered to be one of the outstanding English botanists of his day.-Life:...
in the years of their visit 1700, 1701 and 1702 from
SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
where it lives as a native on
volcanic ashVolcanic ash consists of small tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions, less than in diameter. There are three mechanisms of volcanic ash formation: gas release under decompression causing magmatic eruptions; thermal contraction from chilling on contact...
to the
Duchess of Beaufort'sVictoria Constance Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort was the daughter of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge and Lady Margaret Evelyn Grosvenor.Princess Mary was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park...
garden at
BadmintonBadminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players or two opposing pairs , who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their...
. Later a transfer of the genetic material to the
Oxford Botanic GardenThe University of Oxford Botanic Garden is a historic botanical garden in Oxford, England. It is the oldest botanic garden in Great Britain and one of the oldest scientific gardens in the world. The garden was founded in 1621 as a physic garden growing plants for medicinal research. Today it...
by the "Horti Praefectus" (the title still given to the head gardener at the Oxford Botanic Garden) Jacob Bobart the Younger before his death in 1719 (which is also the same year that Bobart retired as Horti Praefectus and perhaps a good indication of when this species of ragwort and other
invasive species'Invasive species' is a phrase with several definitions. The first definition expresses the phrase in terms of non-indigenous species that adversely affect the habitats they invade economically, environmentally or ecologically...
might have "escaped" and started to make their home in the greater
British IslesThe British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include Great Britain, Ireland and numerous smaller islands. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland...
). The Sicilian ragwort escaped into the wild and grew in the stonework of
Oxford collegesThe University of Oxford , located in the UK city of Oxford, is the oldest surviving university in the English-speaking world and is regarded as one of the world's leading academic institutions. Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back...
(with the specific mention of the
Bodleian LibraryThe Bodleian Library , the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library...
) and many of the stone walls around the city of
OxfordOxford is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre...
. This gave the plant its common name, "Oxford Ragwort".
Carolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature...
first described
Senecio squalidus in 1753 and there is a dispute as to whether the material came from the Botanic garden or from walls in the city and the taxonomy for this species is further complicated by species with a similar morphologically similar taxa on continental Europe.
James Edward SmithSir James Edward Smith was an English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society.Smith was born in Norwich in 1759, the son of a wealthy wool merchant. He displayed a precocious interest in the natural world...
officially identified the escaped Oxford ragwort with its formal name
Senecio squalidus in 1800.
During the Industrial Revolution, Oxford became connected to the
railway systemFirst Great Western is the operating name of First Greater Western Ltd, a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup, which operates services in the west and south west of England and South Wales....
and the plant gained a new habitat in the railway lines clinker beds, gradually spreading via the railway to other parts of the country. The process was accelerated by the movement of the trains
and the
limestone ballastTrack ballast forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers or railroad ties are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties. It is used to facilitate drainage of water, to distribute the load from the railroad ties, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track...
that provides a well-drained medium which is an adequate replica of the lava-soils of its native home in Sicily.
During the 20th century it continued to spread along railway lines and found a liking for waste places and bombed sites after World War II which have a lot in common with the
volcanic regionsAn ignimbrite is the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, or pyroclastic flow, a hot suspension of particles and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano, driven by a greater density than the surrounding atmosphere...
of home.
Recently, this and other
SenecioSenecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
and their differing tastes for
self-incompatibility and self-compatibilitySelf-incompatibility is a general name for several genetic mechanisms in angiosperms, which prevent self-fertilization and thus encourage outcrossing...
have been the subject of study for the purposes of understanding the evolution of plant species as the genus finds new homes and pollen partners throughout the world:
- The origin of Senecio vulgaris var. hibernicus Syme was determined to be an introgression
Introgression, in genetics , is the movement of a gene from one species into the gene pool of another by backcrossing an interspecific hybrid with one of its parents. Introgression is a long-term process; it may take many hybrid generations before the backcrossing occurs...
of Senecio squalidus into Senecio vulgaris subsp vulgaris
- The dual origin of S. cambrensis
Senecio cambrensis is a flowering plant of the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to the United Kingdom and currently known only from North Wales...
Rosser to both WalesWales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It is also an elective region of the European Union...
and ScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
explained as being a product parenting by the diploid S. squalidus and the tetraploidPolyploidy occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired sets of chromosomes.Most organisms are normally diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division. It is most commonly found in...
S. vulgaris in both locations
- The willingness of S. squalidus to hybridize with Senecio viscosus
Senecio viscosus, commonly known as Sticky Groundsel, is a herbaceous annual plant of the genus Senecio....
Crisp & Jones and forms the sterile hybrid S. subnebrodensis Simk.
- The suggestion that S. squalidus is actually a hybrid of two other Sicilian Senecio: S. aethnensis Jan ex DC and S. chrysanthemifolius Poir
Jean Louis Marie Poiret was a French clergyman, botanist and explorer.From 1785 to 1786 he was sent by Louis XVI to Algeria to study the flora...
.
Distribution
Senecio squalidus grows on
screeScree, also called talus, is a term given to an accumulation of broken rock fragments at the base of crags, mountain cliffs, or valley shoulders. Landforms associated with these materials are sometimes called scree slopes or talus piles...
in mountainous regions of native range, and earned its common name Oxford ragwort for its willingness and ability to grow in similar habitat elsewhere in the world.
Native
- Senecio squalidus is considered to be a native of New Brunswick
New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province in the confederation. The provincial capital is Fredericton...
and Nova ScotiaNova Scotia is a Canadian province located on Canada's southeastern coast. It is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. Its capital, Halifax, is a major economic centre of the region. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of...
, Canada by the USDAThe United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food...
Natural Resources Conservation ServiceThe Natural Resources Conservation Service , formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service , is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners and managers.Its name was changed in 1994 during the Presidency of...
while the same USDAThe United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food...
other resource Germplasm Resources Information NetworkGermplasm Resources Information Network or GRIN is an online software project of National Genetic Resources Program of USDA to provide germplasm information about plants, animals, microbes and invertebrates.-Sub-Projects:...
considers it to be native to AustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
, Czech RepublicThe Czech Republic is a country in Central Europe that is sometimes considered to be Eastern European. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The capital and largest city is Prague...
, SlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe with a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is its capital, Bratislava...
, GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
, SwitzerlandSwitzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 states named cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities...
, AlbaniaAlbania , officially the Republic of Albania , is a Mediterranean country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south-east...
, BulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north , Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south...
, GreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
, CreteCrete is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km²...
, ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
, SardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The nearest land masses to the island are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia, and the Spanish Balearic Islands...
, SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
, RomaniaRomania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
, Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( or (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula...
, CroatiaCroatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb...
, the Republic of MacedoniaMacedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country in the central Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
, MontenegroMontenegro , is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east and Albania to the south...
, SerbiaSerbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country located in both Central and Southeastern Europe. Its territory covers the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and central part of the Balkans...
, SloveniaSlovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north...
.
Current
- Africa
- Northern Africa: Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 32 million and an area just under . Its capital is Rabat, and its largest city is Casablanca. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the...
- America
- North America: New Brunswick
New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province in the confederation. The provincial capital is Fredericton...
, Nova ScotiaNova Scotia is a Canadian province located on Canada's southeastern coast. It is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. Its capital, Halifax, is a major economic centre of the region. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of...
, British ColumbiaBritish Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada...
, CaliforniaCalifornia is the most populous state in the United States, and the third largest by area. California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Americas, behind only São Paulo, Brazil...
- Europe
- Northern Europe: Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...
, GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
, Republic of IrelandIreland is a country in north-western Europe. The modern sovereign state occupies about five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned on 3 May 1921. It is a parliamentary democracy and a republic...
, NetherlandsThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
, NorwayNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
, SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
, United KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
- Middle Europe: Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
, Czech RepublicThe Czech Republic is a country in Central Europe that is sometimes considered to be Eastern European. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The capital and largest city is Prague...
, HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
, SlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe with a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is its capital, Bratislava...
, SwitzerlandSwitzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 states named cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities...
- East Europe: Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
,
- Southeastern Europe: Albania
Albania , officially the Republic of Albania , is a Mediterranean country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south-east...
, Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( or (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula...
, BulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north , Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south...
- Southwestern Europe: France
France , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
, SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
- South Europe: Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb...
, CreteCrete is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km²...
, GreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
, ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
, Republic of MacedoniaMacedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country in the central Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
, RomaniaRomania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
, SardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The nearest land masses to the island are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia, and the Spanish Balearic Islands...
, SerbiaSerbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country located in both Central and Southeastern Europe. Its territory covers the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and central part of the Balkans...
, SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
, SloveniaSlovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north...
Range Maps
Predators
All Senecio, including
S. squalidus, are considered food by some insects that like to eat the pyrrolizidine alkaloids they contain:
Flies
- Gall flies (Diptera: Tephritidae
Tephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as "fruit flies". Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus Drosophila, which is often called the "common fruit fly". Drosophila is, instead, the type genus of the second "fruit fly" family, Drosophilidae...
):
- Sphenella marginata
- Trupanea stellata
- Trypeta zoe
And other insects that are not listed here.
Fungi
Most
Senecio, including
S. squalidus are susceptible to rust and
other fungusPezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the phylum Ascomycota.Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore producing/releasing bodies are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore producing cells called asci, from which the spores are...
and
mildewsPowdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales. It is one of the easier diseases to spot, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powder-like spots on...
:
- Rust fungus Uredinales
- Coleosporium tussilaginis
Coleosporium tussilaginis is a plant pathogen.- External links :*
*...
- (Coleosporiaceae)
- Puccinia lagenophorae
Puccinia is a genus of fungi. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens.Examples of Puccinia rusts and the diseases they cause:* Puccinia asparagi - Asparagus rust...
- (PucciniaceaeThe Pucciniaceae are a family of rust fungi that cause plant diseases, mainly on cereals such as wheat. Various authorities give different taxonomic positions for this family; Index Fungorum puts it in the more specific order, Puccinales ....
)
- White rust Peronosporales
The Peronosporales are an order of water moulds which can be pathogenic.Many diseases of plants are sometimes classified under this order, but are sometimes considered members of order Pythiales. Some of these pathogenic protists include the organisms responsible for potato blight, eucalyptus...
- Albugo tragopogonis
Albugo tragopogonis, Sunflower White Rust, is an oomycete plant pathogen, although some sources still regard it as a fungal organism.- External links :* *...
- (Albuginaceae)
- Sac fungus Ascochyta
Ascochyta is a genus of ascomycote fungi, containing several pathogens to plants. The taxonomy of this genus is still incomplete.Some of these pathogens affect grass species, including grains.- Some species of Ascochyta :...
, PezizomycetesPezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the phylum Ascomycota.Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore producing/releasing bodies are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore producing cells called asci, from which the spores are...
- Ascochyta senecionicola - (Coelomycete)
- Powdery Mildew Erysiphales
Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew.-Systematics:The order contains one family , 28 genera and approximately 100 species...
- Podosphaera fusca
Podosphaera is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae. Species in this genus are plant pathogens, causing powdery mildew.-Species:*P. aphanis*P. balsaminae*P. clandestina var. aucupariae*P. clandestina var. clandestina...
- (ErysiphaceaeThe Erysiphaceae are fungal family of the order Erysiphales. The family contains many of the powdery mildews.-Genera:*Arthrocladiella*Blumeria*Brasiliomyces*Bulbomicrosphaera*Bulbouncinula*Caespitotheca...
)
And other fungi that are not listed here.
Synonyms and misapplied names
- Jacobaea incisa C. Presl
- Senecio glaber Ucria
- Senecio incisus (C. Presl) C. Presl
- Senecio laciniatus Bertol.
- Senecio nebrodensis auct., non L.
- Senecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit.
- Senecio squalidus d'Urv.
- Senecio squalidus Willd.
- Senecio squalidus M.Bieb.
- Senecio nebrodensis L. subsp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Fiori
- Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. aethnensis (DC.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. araneosus (Emb. & Maire) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. aurasicus (Batt.) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. aurasiacus (Batt. & Trab.) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. chrysanthemifolius (Poir.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. eurasiacus (Batt. & Trab.) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. microglossus (Guss.) Arcang.
- Senecio squalidus subsp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. sardous (Fiori) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. squalidus
- Senecio squalidus var. glaber (Ucria) FIORI
Misapplied names:
- Senecio nebrodensis sec. Fiori, A
External links