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Patras (Demotic Greek: ??t?a, Pátra, , Classical Greek: ??t?a?, Pátrai, ) is Greece's third largest urban centre and the capital of the prefecture of Achaea, located in northern Peloponnese, 215 kilometers west of Athens. The city is built at the foothills of Mount Panachaikon, overlooking the Gulf of Patras.
The Patras metropolitan area is a conurbation of 222,460 inhabitants. The core settlement has a history spanning four millennia.
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Encyclopedia
Patras (Demotic Greek: ??t?a, Pátra, , Classical Greek: ??t?a?, Pátrai, ) is Greece's third largest urban centre and the capital of the prefecture of Achaea, located in northern Peloponnese, 215 kilometers west of Athens. The city is built at the foothills of Mount Panachaikon, overlooking the Gulf of Patras.
The Patras metropolitan area is a conurbation of 222,460 inhabitants. The core settlement has a history spanning four millennia. In the Roman period it had become a cosmopolitan centre of the eastern Mediterranean whilst, according to Christian tradition, it was also the place of Saint Andrew's martyrdom. Dubbed Greece's Gate to the West, Patras is a commercial hub, while its busy port is a nodal point for trade and communication with Italy and the rest of Western Europe. The city has two public universities and one Technological Institute, hosting a large student population and rendering Patras a major scientific centre with a field of excellence in technological education. The Rio-Antirio bridge connects Patras' easternmost suburb of Rio to the town of Antirrio, connecting the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. Every spring, the city hosts one of Europe's largest and most colourful carnivals; notable features of the Patras Carnival include its mammoth-sized satirical floats and extravagant balls and parades, enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of visitors in a pleasant Mediterranean climate, with relatively cool yet humid summers and rather mild winters. Patras is also famous for supporting an indigenous cultural scene active mainly in the performing arts and modern urban literature; it was European Capital of Culture 2006.
Geography and climate
Patras is located west of Athens by road, northeast of Pyrgos, south of Rio, west of Corinth, 77 kilometers northwest of Kalavryta, and northwest of Tripoli.
A central feature of the urban geography of Patras is its division in upper and lower sections, connected with stairs. This is the result of an interplay between natural geography and human settlement patterns; the lower section of the city, which includes the 19th century urban core and the port, is adjacent to the sea and stretches between the estuaries of the rivers of Glafkos and Haradros. It is built on what was originally a bed of river soils and dried-up swamps. The older upper section covers the area of the pre-modern settlement, around the Fortress, on what is the last elevation of Mount Panachaikon before the Gulf of Patras.
The largest river in the area is Glafkos flowing to the south of Patras. Glafkos springs in Mount Panachaikon and its water is, since 1925, collected in a small mountainous reservoir-dam near the village of Souli and subsequently pumped in order to provide energy for the country's first hydroelectric plant. The water is also used for the orchards of Eglykas and as drinking water for the city. Other rivers are Haradros, Meilichos and the mountain torrent Diakoniaris.
Of great importance for the biological diversity of the area and the preservation of its climate is the swamp of Agyia, a small and coastal aquatic ecosystem of only 30 hectares, located to the north of the city centre. The main features of this wetland are its apparent survival difficulty, being at the heart of a densely populated urban centre that features a relatively arid climate and its admittedly high level of biodiversity, with over 90 species of birds being observed until the early 1990s, according to a study by the Patras Bureau of the Hellenic Ornithological Society.
Another geophysical characteristic of the region is its high level of seismicity. Small tremors are recorded along the coast of Patras almost constantly. Larger earthquakes hit the area every few years with potentially destructive effects. In 1993, a 5.0 magnitude earthquake caused some damage to several (mostly older) buildings throughout Patras due to the proximity of the epicenter to the city. In June 15, 1995, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake hit the nearby town of Aigion, causing some structural damage to a few buildings of Patras as well. The Ionian Islands are also frequently hit by even more severe earthquakes, some of which can be felt in the city. In antiquity, the most notable example of destruction caused by an earthquake in the region was the total submergence of the ancient Achaean city of Helike, now Eliki.
History
The first traces of settlement in Patras date as early as in the 3rd millennium BC, in the area of modern Aroe. Patras flourished for the first time during the Post-Helladic or Mycenean period (1580–1100 BC). Ancient Patras was formed by the unification of three Mycenaean villages located in modern Aroe; namely Antheia and Mesatis. Mythology has it that after the Dorian invasion, a group of Achaeans from Laconia led by the eponymous Patreus established a colony. During antiquity, Patras remained a farming city. It would be in Roman times that it was to become an important port.
After 280 BC and prior to the Roman occupation of Greece, Patras played a significant role in the foundation of the second "Achaean League" (Achaiki Sympoliteia), along with the cities of Dyme, Triteia and Pharai. Later on, and following the Roman occupation of Greece in 146 BC, Patras played a key role, and Augustus founded a Roman colony in its area. Moreover, Patras became a Christian centre since the early days of Christianity, and it is the city where St. Andrew was crucified.
During Byzantine times Patras continued to be an important port as well as an industrial centre. One of the most scholarly philosophers and theologians of the time, Arethas of Caesarea was born at Patrae, at around 860. By the 9th century there are strong signs the city was prosperous: the widow Danielis from Patras had accumulated immense wealth in land ownership, the carpet and textile industry, and offered critical support in the ascent of Basil I the Macedonian to the Byzantine throne.
In 1204 Patras was conquered by the Fourth Crusade, and became the seat of the Latin Duchy of Athens within the Principality of Achaea. Captured in 1205 by William of Champlitte and Villehardouin, the city became a part of the principality of Achaea, and its archbishop primate of the principality while in 1387 Juan Fernández de Heredia, grand master of the order of the Knights Hospitaller at Rhodes, endeavoured to make himself master of Achaea and took Patras by storm. In 1408, Patras became Venetian, and by the close of the 15th century the city was governed by the archbishop in the name of the pope. It was nevertheless seized once more by the despot Constantine in 1430, who was immediately contested by the Ottoman Empire.
In 1458 Patras was conquered by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmet II. Under the Ottomans, it was known as Baliabadra, from the Greek ?a?a?? ??t?a, the town, as opposed to ??a ??t?a, the fortress. Though Mehmet granted the city special privileges and tax reductions, it never became a major centre of commerce. Venice and Genoa attacked and captured it several times during the 15th and 16th centuries, but never re-established their rule effectively. It was here that the Greek Revolution began; but the Turks, confined to the citadel, held out until 1828.
Patras was liberated on 7 October, 1828 by the French expeditionary force in the Peloponnese, under the command of General Maison. Patras developed quickly into the second largest urban centre in late 19th century Greece. The city benefited from its role as the main export port for the agricultural produce of the Peloponnese.
In the early 20th century, Patras developed fast and became the first Greek city to introduce public streetlights and electrified tramways. The war effort necessitated by the first World War hampered the city's development and also created uncontrollable urban sprawl with the influx of refugees from Asia Minor. During the Second World War, the city was a major target of Italian air raids; during the period of Axis occupation, a German military command was established and German and Italian troops stationed in the city.
Urban landscape
The city is divided into the upper and the lower sections, connected with roads and broad stairs. The upper section is the older and the more picturesque; however, the lower sections are attractively laid out, featuring a variety of squares in a unique geometric pattern. The most notable of these are the Psila Alonia and the Georgiou I . A number of exquisite neoclassical buildings are to be found, including the ' "Apollon" Theatre in Georgiou I Square, the Town Hall, the headquarters of the Local Trade Association and the Court of Justice.
The most significant ancient monument, open to the public, is the Roman Odeon, now reconstructed and in use as an open-air theatre used for performances and concerts during the summer months. Overlooking the whole town is the ruined Castle, whose current outline dates back to the Venetian invasion of the town (1687-1715). Today, its interior is used as a public garden.
Near the seafront, between the sites of the new and the old port, stands the monumental church of Saint Andrew, the patron Saint of the city and the largest church of Greece. A replica of the city's emblematic old lighthouse, built as a part of a coastline beautification project, rises at a nearby park. In general, much of Patras' coastline is framed by roads and avenues running alongside; these include Dymaion Coast to the south and Iroon Polytechneiou Road to the north. Unfortunately, due to insufficient urban planning as well as institutional weaknesses on behalf of the City Council (mainly due to a lack of proper financial planning), some of the city's coastal areas are not in an ideal condition, with several areas illegally occupied by shops built along the coastline. This is contrary to what the Constitution of Greece of 2001 declares; that the Greek coastline is a "national treasure", and as such belongs to the Greek people.
Architecture
The city is endowed with a number of neoclassical buildings and mansions dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the past, years of neglect and the absence of protection enforcement, as well as recent earthquakes had contributed to the destruction of several such examples. Today, however, most surviving neoclassical buildings are under a strict protection status. The project for the restoration of the city's architectural heritage is part of the 2006 Cultural Capital bid. Several (?a???) laikê (produce markets) take place across the city's neighborhoods on weekdays, and on Saturdays.
Landmarks
The Achaia region is home to 4 museums, including the Patras Archaeological Museum and the Museum for the Sacrifice of the people of Kalavrita. The region is also home to various Ancient Greek and Byzantine Monuments, including the Roman Odeum, the Castle of Rio and the Fortress of Patras.
Psilalonia Square
Psilalonia Square or Psila Alwnia (Greek: Plateia Psilaonion) is one of Patras's most popular squares. The square is located 1.5 km from downtown Patras, 135 km (old: about 16 km) west of Corinth, 218 km (old: 239 km) west of Athens, 96 km (old: 100 km) northeast of Pyrgos, 143 km northwest of Tripoli and 76 km northwest of Kalavryta. Psilalonia Square has an entrance by the northwest with Gounari Street
The square features a fountain in the middle and until the 1950s with sidewalks. Trees surround the square and it features a grassy field, palm trees, a playground and a monument. Several shops surround the square and restaurants including Goody's in the southeast end and many more concentrated in the eastern and the northern sections, it features some seats at the edge of the square and a kiosk in the southeast and the northwest ends. Residential buildings also surround the square.
The square features modernistic buildings around and it had red shingles with arches. It was completed in the mid to late-19th century when the population boomed. Trees were added along with neo-classical buildings. After World War II and the Greek Civil War, almost every neo-classical buildings does not exist, they were replaced by eight storey residential buildings in which it were completed in the 1960s. Restaurants were added in the 1980s.
In the west end, a cliff that is about 15 m tall lies to the west. It offers panorama includes the Arakynthos mountains and the mountains of the Etoloakarnania, it also offers a viewFokida prefecture as well as the Panachaiko and the mountains to the southeast including Omplos and the south. The buildings blocks the panorama except for the western portion.
City plan
Patras is the first city of the modern Greek state to develop a city plan. In January 1829, Stamatis Voulgaris, a Greek engineer of the French army, presented the plan of the new city of Patras to the Governor Kapodistrias, who approved it. Voulgaris applied the orthogonal rule in the urban complex of Patras. The plan was divided into two sectors, the upper and the lower city, with a different city block layout; a revision of the proposal in 1858 was that finally realised.
Neighbourhoods and districts
Suburbs
Nowadays, the municipalities of Rio and Antirrio have functionally become a part of the wider urban complex of Patras, other suburbs are:
Demographics
The urban area of Patras includes the towns of Rion (12,674), Paralia (9,153), Vrachneika (4,805) and Messatida (12,246), comprising 18,5% of the urban population.
| Historical Population |
|---|
| Year | Patras | Urban Area
| | 1853 | 15,854 | 19,499 | | 1861 | 18,342 | 23,020 | | 1870 | 16,641 | 26,190 | | 1879 | 25,494 | 34,227 | | 1889 | 33,529 | 44,970 | | 1896 | 37,985 | 51,932 | | 1907 | 37,728 | - | | 1920 | 52,174 | - | | 1928 | 61,278 | - | | 1951 | 87,570 | 94,192 | | 1961 | 96,100 | 103,985 | | 1971 | 112,228 | 120,847 | | 1981 | 142,163 | 154,596 | | 1991 | 161,782 | 190,463 | | 2001 | 171,616 | 210,494 | | 2007 (est.) | 180,000 | 230,000 |
Government
Patras is the regional capital of Western Greece and the capital of the Achaea prefecture (the 5th most populous prefecture of Greece). The city is going to be the capital of one of the newly proposed regions of Greece, including Peloponnese and Ionian Islands.
Consulates
The city hosts consulates from several European countries (the only exception is the Lebanon consulate)
Infrastructure
In the past, Patras lacked public investment in infrastructure; in recent years, this trend has changed significantly. Several important works have been recently completed to serve Patras as an Olympic city, a European capital of culture and one of the most populous Greek cities.
The city has always been a sea-trade hub due to its strategic position. The port manages more than half of the foreign sea-passenger transportation in Greece, and has excellent car-ferry links with the Ionian islands and the major Adriatic ports of Italy. Additionally, a new port is under construction in the southern section of the city to accommodate the increased traffic and relieve the city centre from port operations.
A newly constructed, ring road was first opened in 2002 in order to alleviate heavy traffic throughout the city. A mini ring road is now being constructed to alleviate heavy traffic-related problems in the city centre. Two large highways are under construction that will connect the seacoast and the new port with the external ring road that surrounds the city of Patras. The first is over the small Diakoniaris river while the second consists of two roads, each, that will run in parallel with the Glaykos river. Another project will lead to an additional entrance to the downtown area by expanding the Kanakari street.
The highway connection with Athens and Pyrgos is to be drastically upgraded. Patras will also be the central hub of the Ionia Odos highway, intended to bridge western Greece from Kalamata to Ioannina. The Rio-Antirio bridge is located to the north of the city and links Peloponnese to mainland Greece, and was completed in August 2004.
A rudimentary single, narrow gauge railway track crosses the city and connects it to Athens and to Pyrgos-Kalamata, while the central passenger train station lies to the west of the downtown area, between Aghiou Nikolaou Street and Othonos-Amalias Avenue. The main freight station of Aghios Andreas lies further to the south, next to the homonymous church. Finally, the old depot of Aghios Dionysios, consisting of about ten tracks, offers basic turntable and roundhouse facilities; its length is approximately 400 m. A new standard gauge railway to Korinth and further to Athens is under construction.
Other heavy infrastructure works include the Peiros-Parapeiros dam (to provide water supply for Patras and surrounding towns) and a "small industries" park that will be constructed next to the Glaykos river and provide an easy connection with the new port.
The city is one of the main Greek internet and GRNET hubs and is connected with high speed lines to Athens as part of the backbone. A metropolitan optical network will be deployed in the city, with a total length of .
Two major state hospitals operate in the city: the Saint Andreas Hospital is the oldest of the two; named after the city's patron saint. The University Hospital of Rio is a prominent university hospital, where intern medical students specialize on their major. There exist, in addition, two smaller state hospitals, Karamandanio - children's hospital, and the Center of Chest Diseases of Southwest Greece, and the Greek army operates the 409 army hospital in the city. A large range of private hospitals and clinics operate in parallel.
Numerous art venues and an ultra-modern archaeological museum were constructed for the needs of European Culture Capital designation. The cultural and educational facilities include the city and university libraries, many theatres and a municipal art gallery, in the host city of the University of Patras, the Hellenic Open University and the Technical Institute of Patras. A number of research facilities also surround the university.
Economy
The economy of the city largely depends on a thriving service sector. Its main economic activities include retailing, logistics, financial and the public sector services. Patras suffered a severe problem of deindustrialization during the late 1980s and 1990s; a number of major productive units shut down in successive order. As a result, a considerable portion of the city's workforce and the city's economic planning in its entirety had to be re-evaluated and restructured by the authorities. The University of Patras contributed by working towards this goal, using its widely respected service and technology sectors. The area still retains some of its traditional winemaking and foodstuff industries as well as a small agricultural sector, and
its industrial area lies approximately 20 km to the south of the downtown area, located between the 16th km of GR-9 and Fares/Phares (pro. FAH-rehs). Major businesses in Patras include:
Banking
Most Greek Banks have their regional headquarters for Western Greece located in Patras.
Construction and real estate
Numerous small local companies are involved in the construction sector.
Logistics
Regional Hospital
Tertiary education
(University of Patras, Hellenic Open University, TEI of Patras)
Retailing
Most of the large retail and super-market chains operate in the city. Patras has also some local but dynamic companies.
Tourism
The prefecture has 4,800 hotels rooms and in 2006 286,000 tourists, mainly Greeks, stayed for a total of 634,000 days.
Transport
Manufacturing
Energy
Acciona has recently completed the largest wind park in Greece, on the Panachaiko mountain, overlooking the city of Patras. The Public Electric Company, operates a small hydroelectric plant on river Glafkos.
Foodstuff
The most numerous industries in the city include many local juice and drinks producers and two large facilities from Coca-Cola and Athenian Brewery.
The largest local company in soft-drinks production is Loyx.
The city is also home to many leading Greek wineries and distilleries, among them the venerable Achaia-Clauss.
In the food sector, Friesland Foods, through the local subsidiary NoyNoy, operates a new yogurt factory in the industrial area.
Patras is also home to important fish-farming companies Andromeda, Nireus)
The city hosts the second largest flour-mills in Greece, Kepenou-Mills.
Machinery
Patras has several packing and industrial equipment companies. The most important of them are the local Antzoulatos and the multinational Frigoglass, a subsidiary of Coca-Cola, headquartered in the suburbs of Patras.
Idealis a leading bike producer in Greece, with large export activities.
Pharmaceutical
- CBL is headquartered in Patras
- Vianex, (Pavlos Giannakopoulos), has its largest production facilities in the industrial area of the city.
Textiles
The omnipresent textile industry of the city is now almost defunct after the shut-down of the huge factory of Piraiki-Patraiki ("?e??a???-?at?a???"), followed by numerous smaller textile industries. The remains of the facilities, still cover hundreds of acres in the south side of the city. Nowadays, Patras companies focus in dress production, the most important amongst them being DUR.
Timber and paper
Patras hosts several timber manufacturing companies, and a wood distribution center of Shelman. The largest local company is Abex.
The paper sector is also active including a paper-factory belonging to Georgia-Pacific (Delica) and two important Greek companies, Elite and El-pack, headquartered in the city.
Research
There has been a significant development in the R&D sector, during the last years, as a result of the many research institutes and the University impact in the area.
- The Computer Technology Institute and the
- Industrial Systems Institute of Greece are headquartered in Patras.
- The city is also a host to the FORTH-ICE-HT (Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Chemical Processes) and the Institute of Biomedical Technology.
- Atmel Corporation has an important R&D facility in Patras with more than 200 employees
- Bytemobile has its European Development Center in Patras.
- Intracom facilities in Patras house the offices of Telecommunications Software Development, Terminal Equipment Design, Development Programmes, and Support Services divisions. Expansion plans have recently been completed.
- CBL Patras, a global manufacturer of specialty chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients, is a startup from a professor of the University of Patras
- Patras science park is an incubator for many small but upcoming technology companies.
Media
- Local radio stations
- Television stations
- Newspapers
Culture
The current cultural activity of the city includes the Patras International Festival (various artistic activities, mainly in the field of music), the Patras Carnival and the Poetry Symposium. The city hosts several conservatoires and schools of music, including one devoted exclusively to Byzantine music, and several orchestras and choirs. There is one full-time theatre group in the city, as well as several amateur groups. A number of schools teach dancing, and there are plans to set up a dance theatre within the context of the Patras Municipal Regional Theatre. Patras has a visual arts workshop, a school of icon painting and a carnival float workshop, and hosts a Municipal Gallery as well as private art galleries; there is also a Municipal Library, an archaeological museum, a folk art museum, an historical and ethnological museum and a museum of the press. The architectural heritage of the city is dominated by neo-classicism, but also includes structures from other periods.
Festivals
Patras Carnival, Patrino karnavali is the largest event of its kind in Greece and one of the biggest in Europe, with a heritage reaching back 160 years. The events begin on January 17 and lasts until Clean Monday. The carnival is not a single event but a variety of events that include balls, parades, a children's carnival and artistic projects. Its apogee comes in the last weekend of Carnival with the Saturday evening parade of carnival groups, the extravagant Sunday parade of floats and groups, and finally the ritual burning of king carnival in the mole of Saint Nikolaos street in the harbour of Patras. Its characteristic principles are spontaneity, improvisation, inspiration and volunteerism.The International Festival of Patras takes place every summer, with a program consisting mostly of plays--both ancient drama and modern theatre--as well as various musical events.
Theatre
The Patras Municipal Theatre was founded in June 1988 and was renamed as Patras Municipal and Regional Theatre in 1989. The theatre's founding artistic directors were the actors Maya Liberopoulou and Viktor Arditis, and the institution draws its funding from the Municipality of Patras and the Ministry of Culture, with a main stage at the landmark Apollon Theatre. Throughout its existence it has mounted critically acclaimed performances ranging from ancient dramaturgy, modern Greek to international repertoire, with other theatre groups nearby the Viomichaniki(Industrial) and Michani Technis (Art Machine). The ancient Roman Odeum hosts ancient dramas during the summer months, while the Pantheon theatre and the Art Factory, the Lithographeion and Agora theatres provide additional venues.
Music scene
Patras is also responsible for a very strong indie rock scene with critically acclaimed bands such as Raining Pleasure, Abbie Gale, Serpentine, Doh an Doris and others. The city is also the birthplace of Karagiozis, the Greek shadow theatre, with Dimitris Sardounis as founder.
European Capital of Culture 2006
Patras was chosen by the European Commission to be the European Capital of Culture for the year 2006. The concept of the event revolved around the main theme of "Bridges" and "Links", taking benefit from the City's rich history and its position as a "Gate to the West", to underline the essence of the productive interaction of culture and civilisation in Europe. The EU Commission found Patras' plans very ambitious and also commented that a successful hosting of the title by a medium sized city would make it possible to redefine the meaning of the term Cultural Capital. During 2006 various cultural events took place.
The Selection Panel for 2006 noted in its final report:
The current cultural activity of the city includes the Patras International Festival (various artistic activities, mainly in the field of music), the Patras Carnival and the (organized each year for the 25 years by an ad hoc committee at the University of Patras). The city hosts several conservatoires and schools of music, including one devoted exclusively to Byzantine music, and several orchestras and choirs. There is one full-time theatre group in the city, the, as well as several amateur groups. A number of schools teach dancing, and there are plans to set up a dance theatre within the context of the Patras Municipal Regional Theatre. Patras has a visual arts workshop, a school of icon painting and a carnival float workshop, and hosts a Municipal Gallery as well as private art galleries. The city has a Municipal Library, an archaeological museum, a folk art museum, a historical and ethnological museum and a museum of the press. The architectural heritage of the city is dominated by neo-classicism, but includes also constructions from other periods.
The Patras 2006 proposal focuses on two central ideas: “bridges” and “dialogues”. Cultural managers from Patras and the general public will be involved in developing these ideas. Further, four poles/programmes of cultural attraction will be developed. The first, “A city for Europe”, will relate to the architectural heritage, the industrial revolution and similar subjects. “The counterpart cities” programme will be developed in the fields of human and social sciences and in diverse artistic fields. “The three sea battles” will present a cultural programme focusing on peace and understanding. The last theme, “The many homelands”, is directly linked to the etymology of the name of the city. This programme will amongst other things concentrate on art workshops, the transfer of know-how, way of life and entertainment.
Excerpt from the Report of the Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture 2006
With the completion of the Capital of Culture programme, a part old factory was renovated to host exhibitions and house a small theatre, and neoclassical buildings around the city were renovated as part of a plan to preserve the city's architectural heritage and link it to its cultural life.
A major new archaeological museum is being built, which with its globe-like roof and modern architectural design, will enhance the town's northern entrance and take its place among the other town landmarks.
Sports
Patras has many sports facilities and important teams in all the major Greek leagues. Panachaiki Gymnastiki Enosi, Apollon Patras and EA Patras are the major sports club based in Patras, the first specializing in football, the second in basketball and the third in volleyball.
Religion
The city is the seat of a Greek Orthodox archbishopic, while there is a living community of Roman Catholics and a historical Anglican church.
The most significant church in the city is the Greek Orthodox cathedral Agios Andreas, in the east side of the city. The church, of Greek Byzantine style, construction began in 1908 under the supervision of the architect Anastasioa Metaxas, followed by Georgios Nomikos. It was inaugurated in 1974. It is the largest church in Greece and the largest Byzantine-style church in the Balkans. It keeps the relics of the apostle Saint Andrew.
People
The city boasts a relatively large number of politicians in the national political arena as its natives. Most particularly in the first century after liberation, when the city lay second only to Athens in the urban hierarchy of the country, significant personalities shaping the character of Greece were associated with Patras. Its famous natives include the prime ministers Dimitrios Gounaris the main leader of the anti-venizelist party in the 1910s, Stylianos Gonatas a high-ranking officer, politician and one of the leaders of the “1922 Revolution”, Andreas Michalakopoulos, a prominent liberal party cadre, foreign minister and prime minister, and Dimitrios Maximos a distinguished economist, minister and finally prime minister during the civil war era. More recent figures include George Papandreou (senior) leader of the Center Union and one of the most important political personalities in post World War II Greece, Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, the last democratically elected head of government before the establishment of the 1967 junta, and Costis Stephanopoulos, the former president of the Hellenic Republic.
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Transportation
Airports
Roads
- GR-5/E55
- GR-8/E55 and E65 (partly Panepistimiou Street)
- GR-8A
- GR-9/E55 (partly Akti Dymaion)
- GR-33 (partly Kalavryton, Georgiou Papandreou Street and Akrotiriou)
- Patras Bypass
Twin cities
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Photo gallery
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External links
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