List of eponymous medical signs - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Eponymous medical sign
Medical sign
A medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or characteristic that may be detected by a physician during a physical examination of a patient....

s are those that are named after a person or persons, usually the physicians who first described them, but occasionally named after a famous patient. This list includes other eponymous entities of diagnostic significance; i.e. tests, reflexes, etc.
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Letter	Sign	Name	Specialty	Associated conditions	External link (if no internal link)	Descriptor >- \| A	Aaron sign Aaron sign Aaron's sign is a referred pain felt in the epigastrium upon continuous firm pressure over McBurney's point. It is indicative of appendicitis.Aaron's sign is named for Charles Dettie Aaron, an American gastroenterologist.-References:*...	Charles Dettie Aaron Charles Dettie Aaron Charles Dettie Aaron was an American gastroenterologist from Detroit remembered for Aaron's sign, an indicator of appendicitis.-References:...	surgery	appendicitis Appendicitis Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to...		>- \| A	Abadie's sign Abadie's sign Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter is Spasm of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris muscle with retraction of the upper lid seen in Graves-Basedow disease which, together with exophthalmos causes the bulging eyes appearance.It is named for Jean Marie Charles Abadie.-References:...	Jean Marie Charles Abadie Jean Marie Charles Abadie Jean Marie Charles Abadie was a French ophthalmologist who was a native of Saint-Gaudens. He became a hospital intern in 1868 and a medical doctor in 1870...	endocrinology	Graves' disease Graves' disease Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones...		>- \| A	Abadie's symptom Abadie's symptom Abadie's sign of tabes dorsalis may be elicited during clinical examination. Pinching of, or the application of firm pressure to, the Achilles tendon does not result in pain in tabes dorsalis. This is because the sense of deep pain has been abolished....	Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie was a French neurologist who is remembered for naming Abadie's symptom.-Brief biography:...	neurology	tabes dorsalis Tabes dorsalis Tabes dorsalis is a slow degeneration of the sensory neurons that carry afferent information. The degenerating nerves are in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and carry information that help maintain a person's sense of position , vibration, and discriminative touch.-Cause:Tabes dorsalis is...		>- \| A	Abderhalden reaction Abderhalden reaction The Abderhalden reaction is a now defunct blood test for pregnancy developed by Emil Abderhalden.In 1909 Abderhalden found that on identification of a foreign protein in the blood, the body reacts with a "defensive fermentation" that causes disintegration of the protein. He developed the test in...	Emil Abderhalden Emil Abderhalden Emil Abderhalden was a Swiss biochemist and physiologist. His main findings, though disputed already in the 1920s, were not finally rejected until the late 1990s. Whether his misleading findings were based on fraud or simply the result of a lack of scientific rigor remains unclear...	obstetrics	pregnancy		>- \| A	Abelin reaction Abelin reaction The Abelin reaction is a qualitative reaction for demonstrating the presence of arsphenamine and neoarsphenamine in blood and urine.It is named for Issak Abelin, Swiss physiologist....	Isaak Abelin Isaak Abelin Isaak Abelin was a Swiss physiologist known for describing the Abelin reaction. He qualified in medicine at the University of Bern in 1910, and became professor of physiology in 1927. He worked in the fields of nutrition, metabolism and the thyroid gland.-External links:...	infectious disease	syphilis Syphilis Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact; however, it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis...		>- \| A	Addis count Addis count The Addis count is a urine test measuring urinary casts over time.It is named for Thomas Addis.-References:...	Thomas Addis Thomas Addis Thomas Addis was a physician-scientist who made important contributions to the understanding of how blood clots. He was a pioneer in the field of nephrology, the branch of internal medicine that deals with diseases of the kidney...	nephrology	pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum or pelvis of the kidney. It is a form of nephritis that is also referred to as pyelitis...		>- \| A	Adie pupil	William John Adie William John Adie William John Adie MD Ed., FRCP was a British physician and neurologist known for describing the Adie syndrome and narcolepsy.-Biography:...	neurology	ciliary nerve damage		>- \| A	Adson's sign Adson's sign Adson's sign is seen when the head is turned to the side during deep inspiration, when there is loss of the radial pulse in the arm.It is sometimes used as a sign of thoracic outlet syndrome .It is named for Alfred Washington Adson....	Alfred Washington Adson Alfred Washington Adson Alfred Washington Adson was an American doctor.Adson's sign is named for him.-Further reading:...	vascular surgery	thoracic outlet syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome is a syndrome involving compression at the superior thoracic outlet involving compression of a neurovascular bundle passing between the anterior scalene and middle scalene...		>- \| A	Alexander's law Alexander's law Alexander's law states that in individuals with nystagmus, the amplitude of the nystagmus increases when the eye moves in the direction of the fast phase .It is manifested during spontaneous nystagmus in a patient with a vestibular lesion...	Gustav Alexander Gustav Alexander Gustav Alexander was an Austrian otolaryngologist remembered for describing Alexander's law. He was the director of the Department of Otology of the Wiener Allgemeine Poliklinik from 1917 until his death...	neurology, neurosurgery, ENT	vestibular lesions		>- \| A	Allen's test Allen's test In medicine, Allen's test, also Allen test, is used to test blood supply to the hand. It is performed prior to radial arterial blood sampling or cannulation.It is named for Edgar Van Nuys Allen....	Edgar Van Nuys Allen Edgar Van Nuys Allen Edgar Van Nuys Allen was an American doctor who was a native of Cozad, Nebraska. He is remembered for his work done as a Professor of Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota....	vascular surgery, critical care	arterial supply of the hand		>- \| A	Apgar score Apgar score The Apgar score was devised in 1952 by the eponymous Dr. Virginia Apgar as a simple and repeatable method to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn children immediately after birth...	Virginia Apgar Virginia Apgar Virginia Apgar was an American pediatric anesthesiologist. She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology, and effectively founded the field of neonatology...	obstetrics			>- \| A	Apley grind test Apley grind test The Apley grind test or Apley test is used to evaluate individuals for problems in the meniscus of the knee.In order to perform the test, the patient lays prone on an examination table and flexes their knee to a ninety degree angle. The examiner then places his or her own knee across the posterior...	Alan Graham Apley Alan Graham Apley Alan Graham Apley FRCS was a British orthopaedic surgeon and educator known for his textbook, Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures, and for the Apley grind test in meniscal injury.- Biography :...	orthopaedic surgery	meniscal lesions		>- \| A	Argyll Robertson pupil Argyll Robertson pupil Argyll Robertson pupils are bilateral small pupils that constrict when the patient focuses on a near object , but do not constrict when exposed to bright light . They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis. In general, pupils that “accommodate but do not react” are said to show light-near... s	Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson was a Scottish ophthalmologist and surgeon. Argyll Robertson pupil is named after him....	neurology	neurosyphilis Neurosyphilis Neurosyphilis is an infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It usually occurs in people who have had untreated syphilis for many years, usually about 10 - 20 years after first infection.-Symptoms and signs:...		>- \| A	Arneth count Arneth count The Arneth count or Arneth index describes the nucleus of a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil in an attempt to detect disease.Neutrophils typically have two or three lobes. In general, older neutrophils have more lobes than younger neutrophils...	Josef Arneth Josef Arneth Josef Arneth was a German physician and haematologist known for naming the Arneth count.-Biography:Josef Arneth was born in 1873 in Burgkunstadt, Upper Franconia. He studied medicine at universities in Munich, Heidelberg and Würzburg, qualifying in 1897...	haematology, nutrition	folate deficiency		>- \| A	Asboe-Hansen sign Asboe-Hansen sign The Asboe-Hansen sign refers to the extension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressure is put on the top of the bulla....	Gustav Asboe-Hansen	dermatology Dermatology Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails....	bullae		>- \| A	Aschheim-Zondek test Aschheim-Zondek test The Aschheim-Zondek test is an obsolete pregnancy test. It is based upon the observation that when urine from a female in the early months of pregnancy is injected into immature female mice, the ovaries of the mice enlarge and show follicular maturation. The test was considered reliable, with an...	Selmar Aschheim Selmar Aschheim Selmar Aschheim was a German gynecologist who was a native of Berlin. In 1902 he received a doctorate of medicine in Freiburg, and later became director of the laboratory of the Universitäts-Frauenklinik at the Berlin Charité. In 1930 Aschheim attained the chair of biological research in... , Bernhard Zondek Bernhard Zondek Bernhard Zondek was a German-Jewish gynecologist who developed the first reliable pregnancy test in 1928.-Biography:...	obstetrics	normal pregnancy		>- \| A	Aschoff body Aschoff body In medicine, Aschoff bodies are nodules found in the hearts of individuals with rheumatic fever. They result from inflammation in the heart muscle and are characteristic of rheumatic heart disease...	Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff	rheumatology, pathology	rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs following a Streptococcus pyogenes infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain, the illness typically develops two to three weeks after...		>- \| A	Ashby technique Ashby technique The Ashby technique is a method for determining the volume and life span of red blood cells in humans, first published by Dr. Winifred Ashby in 1919. The technique involves injection of compatible donor red blood cells of a different blood group into a recipient, followed by blood testing...	Winifred Ashby Winifred Ashby Dr. Winifred Ashby was a British-born American pathologist known for developing the Ashby technique for determining red blood cell survival.- Biography :...	haematology, pathology	haemolysis		>- \| A	Auberger's blood group Auberger's blood group Auberger's blood group is a type of human blood group in which the Aua antigen is expressed. It is found in 82% of caucasians. It may be related to the Lutheran antigen system....	Auberger (patient)	haematology	normal physiology		>- \| A	Auenbrugger's sign Auenbrugger's sign Auenbrugger's sign is a bulging of the epigastrium seen in cases of severe pericardial effusion. It is named after Joseph Leopold Auenbrugger....	Josef Leopold Auenbrugger	cardiology	pericardial effusion Pericardial effusion Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Because of the limited amount of space in the pericardial cavity, fluid accumulation will lead to an increased intrapericardial pressure and this can negatively affect heart function...		>- \| A	Auer rods Auer rods Auer rods can be seen in the leukemic blasts of acute myeloid leukemia. Auer rods are clumps of azurophilic granular material that form elongated needles seen in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts...	John Auer John Auer John Auer was an American physiologist and pharmacologist. He was a graduate of Johns Hopkins University Medical School , and was son-in-law to physiologist Samuel James Meltzer , whom he closely worked with at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.The eponymous Auer rods are named after...	hematology	acute myeloid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia , also known as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute...		>- \| A	Auspitz's sign Auspitz's sign Auspitz's sign is the appearance of punctate bleeding spots when psoriasis scales are scraped off, named after Heinrich Auspitz....	Heinrich Auspitz Heinrich Auspitz Heinrich Auspitz was an Austrian dermatologist. Trained at the University of Vienna, he specialised in dermatology and syphilis...	dermatology	psoriasis Psoriasis Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. It occurs when the immune system mistakes the skin cells as a pathogen, and sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. Psoriasis is not contagious. However, psoriasis has been linked to an increased risk of...		>- \| A	Austin Flint murmur Austin Flint murmur In cardiology, an Austin Flint murmur is a mid-diastolic or presystolic murmur low-pitched rumbling murmur which is best heard at the cardiac apex...	Austin Flint Austin Flint Austin Flint was an American physician, born at Petersham, Massachusetts He was educated at Amherst and Harvard and graduated at the latter in 1833. After practicing at Boston and Northampton, he moved to Buffalo, N. Y., in 1836...	cardiology	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....		>- \| B	Babinski sign	Joseph Babinski Joseph Babinski Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski was a French neurologist of Polish descent. He is best known for his 1896 description of the Babinski sign, a pathological plantar reflex indicative of corticospinal tract damage....	neurology	abnormal plantar reflex Plantar reflex The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. The reflex can take one of two forms. In normal adults the plantar reflex causes a downward response of the hallux...		>- \| B	Bainbridge reflex Bainbridge reflex The Bainbridge reflex, also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure. Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.-History:...	Francis Arthur Bainbridge Francis Arthur Bainbridge Francis Arthur Bainbridge FRS FRCP was an English physiologist.Bainbridge was born in Stockton-on-Tees in 1874 and educated at The Leys School. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1893, graduating BA in 1896 and earning a doctorate in 1904. In 1911 he became a professor of physiology at...	cardiology	normal physiology		>- \| B	Balbiani rings Polytene chromosome To increase cell volume, some specialized cells undergo repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division , forming a giant polytene chromosome...	Edouard-Gérard Balbiani Edouard-Gérard Balbiani Edouard-Gérard Balbiani was a French embryologist who was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He was educated in Frankfurt and Paris. In Paris he studied natural sciences under famed zoologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville...	genetics	RNA transcription		>- \| B	Ballance's sign Ballance's sign During trauma assessment of the abdomen, "Ballance's sign" may be observed upon exam.Ballance's sign is dullness to percussion in the left flank LUQ and shifting dullness to percussion in the right flank seen with splenic rupture/hematoma....	Charles Alfred Ballance Charles Alfred Ballance Charles Alfred Ballance was an English surgeon who specialized in the fields of otology and neurotology. For much of his professional life he was associated with St. Thomas' Hospital and National Hospital, Queen Square in London...	general surgery	abdominal/splenic trauma		>- \| B	Bancroft's sign Bancroft's sign Bancroft's sign, also known as Moses' sign, is a clinical sign found in patients with deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg involving the posterior tibial veins. The sign is positive if pain is elicited when the calf muscle is compressed forwards against the tibia, but not when the calf muscle is...		vascular medicine	deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. Deep vein thrombosis commonly affects the leg veins or the deep veins of the pelvis. Occasionally the veins of the arm are affected...		>- \| B	Bárány test Caloric reflex test In medicine, the caloric reflex test is a test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex that involves irrigating cold or warm water or air into the external auditory canal.-Utility:...	Robert Bárány Robert Bárány Robert Bárány was a Austro-Hungarian otologist. For his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus of the ear he received the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.- Biography :...	ENT,neurology	vertigo, vestibular dysfunction		>- \| B	Barlow's maneuver Barlow maneuver The Barlow maneuver is a physical examination performed on infants to screen for developmental dysplasia of the hip. It is named for T.G. Barlow, 1962 at Hope Hospital Salford, Manchester....	Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet	paediatrics, orthopaedic surgery	hip dysplasia Hip dysplasia (human) Hip dysplasia, developmental dysplasia of the hip or congenital dysplasia of the hip is a congenital or acquired deformation or misalignment of the hip joint.-Terminology:...		>- \| B	Bart hemoglobin Hemoglobin Barts Hemoglobin Barts consists of four gamma chains. It is moderately insoluble, and therefore accumulates in the red blood cells. It has an extremely high affinity for oxygen, resulting in almost no oxygen delivery to the tissues. It is produced in the disease alpha-thalassemia and in the most severe...	Barts Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital, also known as Barts, is a hospital in Smithfield in the City of London, England.-Early history:It was founded in 1123 by Raherus or Rahere , a favourite courtier of King Henry I...	Obstetrics, pathology	indicates a specific cause of death in some stillborns		>- \| B	Bastian-Bruns sign Bastian-Bruns sign The Bastian-Bruns sign, or Bastian-Bruns law, is the loss of tone and deep tendon reflexes in the lower limbs in the presence of complete transection of the spinal cord above the level of the lumbar enlargement....	Henry Charlton Bastian Henry Charlton Bastian Henry Charlton Bastian was an English physiologist and neurologist. Fellow of Royal Society in 1868.Bastian graduated in 1861 at the University of London.... , Ludwig Bruns Ludwig Bruns Ludwig Bruns was a German neurologist who was a native of Hanover. He studied medicine in Göttingen and Munich, receiving his doctorate in 1882. Subsequently, he was an assistant to Eduard Hitzig at the insane asylum in Nietleben as well as at the psychiatric and nerve clinic in Halle...	neurology	spinal cord transection		>- \| B	Battle's sign Battle's sign In medical terminology, Battle's sign, also mastoid ecchymosis, is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma. Battle's sign consists of bruising over the mastoid process, as a result of extravasation of blood along the path of the...	William Henry Battle William Henry Battle William Henry Marfleet Battle was an English surgeon and teacher.Battle was born in Lincolnshire, 1855. He was educated at Haileybury School, Hertfordshire. His family: Marfleet Battle, were notable Lincolnshire and Sussex landowners....	neurosurgery/traumatology	basal skull fracture		>- \| B	Beau's lines Beau's lines Beau's lines are deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail. They may look like indentations or ridges in the nail plate. This condition of the nail was named by a French physician, Joseph Honoré Simon Beau , who first described it in 1846.Beau's lines are horizontal, going...	Joseph Honoré Simon Beau Joseph Honoré Simon Beau Joseph Honoré Simon Beau was a French physician, who is famous for his investigations of the physiology of the heart and the lungs.-See also:* Beau's lines* Beau's syndrome...	dermatology, internal medicine	multiple, including trauma		>- \| B	Beck's triad	Claude Schaeffer Beck Claude Beck Claude Schaeffer Beck was a pioneer American cardiac surgeon, famous for innovating various cardiac surgery techniques, and performing the first defibrillation in 1947. He was the first American professor of cardiovascular surgery, from 1952 through 1965.-Biography:Beck was born in 1894 in...	cardiology	cardiac tamponade Cardiac tamponade Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is an emergency condition in which fluid accumulates in the pericardium ....		>- \| B	Becker's sign Becker's sign Becker's sign, or Becker's phenomenon, is the presence of visible pulsation of retinal arteries found in patients with aortic insufficiency or Graves' disease.The sign was named after Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker....	Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker was a German ophthalmologist who was born near Ratzeburg. In 1859 he earned his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna, where he studied under Carl Ferdinand von Arlt...	ophthalmology, endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		>- \| B	Beevor's sign Beevor's sign Beevor's sign is the movement of the navel towards the head on flexing the neck. It is caused by weakness of the lower abdominal muscles.-Pathophysiology:...	Charles Edward Beevor Charles Edward Beevor Charles Edward Beevor was an English neurologist and anatomist who described Beevor's sign, the Jaw jerk reflex, and the area of the brain supplied by the anterior choroidal artery...	neurology, neurosurgery	spinal trauma at T10, als,fsmd		>- \| B	Bekhterev-Jacobsohn reflex Bekhterev-Jacobsohn reflex The Bekhterev-Jacobsohn reflex, or Jacobsohn's finger flexion sign, is a clinical sign found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions of the upper limb...	Vladimir Bekhterev Vladimir Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was a Russian Neurologist and the Father of Objective Psychology. He is best known for noting the role of the hippocampus in memory, his study of reflexes, and Bekhterev’s Disease... , Louis Jacobsohn-Lask Louis Jacobsohn-Lask Louis Jacobsohn-Lask was a German neurologist and neuroanatomist. He studied medicine at the University of Berlin under Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer, Rudolf Virchow, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Ernst Viktor von Leyden and Robert Koch...	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		>- \| B	Bekhterev-Mendel reflex Bekhterev-Mendel reflex The Bekhterev-Mendel reflex, also known as the Mendel reflex or Mendel-Bekhterev reflex, is a clinical sign found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions...	Vladimir Bekhterev Vladimir Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was a Russian Neurologist and the Father of Objective Psychology. He is best known for noting the role of the hippocampus in memory, his study of reflexes, and Bekhterev’s Disease... , Kurt Mendel Kurt Mendel Kurt Mendel was a German neurologist who was a native of Berlin. In 1897 he received his doctorate from Kiel, and in 1899 went to work at the policlinic of Emanuel Mendel in Berlin...	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		>- \| B	Bence Jones protein Bence Jones protein A Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein found in the blood or urine, with a molecular weight of 22-24 kDa.Finding this protein is often suggestive of multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia....	Henry Bence Jones Henry Bence Jones Henry Bence Jones was an English physician and chemist.- Biography :He was born at Thorington Hall, Yoxley, Suffolk, the son of Lieutenant Colonel William Jones, an officer in the 5th Dragoon Guards, and Matilda Bence...	hematology	multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma , also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler's disease , is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for the production of antibodies...		>- \| B	Benedict solution Benedict's reagent Benedict's reagent is a chemical reagent named after an American chemist, Stanley Rossiter Benedict....	Stanley Rossiter Benedict Stanley Rossiter Benedict Stanley Rossiter Benedict is an American chemist best known for discovering Benedict's reagent, a solution that detects certain sugars....	endocrinology	diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced...		>- \| B	Berger wave (rhythm) Alpha wave Alpha waves are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz arising from synchronous and coherent electrical activity of thalamic pacemaker cells in humans...	Hans Berger Hans Berger Hans Berger was born in Neuses near Coburg, Bavaria, Germany. He is best known as the first to record human electroencephalograms in 1924, for which he invented the electroencephalogram , and the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm known as "Berger's wave".- Biography :After attending...	neurology	normal physiology		>- \| B	Bezold-Jarisch reflex Bezold-Jarisch reflex The Bezold–Jarisch reflex involves a variety of cardiovascular and neurological processes which cause hypopnea and bradycardia .-Physiology:...	Albert von Bezold Albert von Bezold Albert von Bezold was a German physiologist who was born in Ansbach. He studied at Munich, Würzburg and Berlin, where he was an assistant to Emil Du Bois-Reymond... , Adolf Jarisch Adolf Jarisch Adolf Jarisch was an Austrian dermatologist born in Vienna. He studied medicine in Vienna, and afterwards worked in the dermatology clinic of Ferdinand von Hebra . Later he became head of the dermatology clinic at the Universities of Innsbruck and Graz...	pharmacology, toxicology	effect of certain alkaloids		>- \| B	Bielschowsky's head tilt test Bielschowsky's head tilt test Bielschowsky's head tilt test is a medical test to detect damage to the IVth cranial nerve leading to a palsy of the superior oblique muscle of the eye....	Alfred Bielschowsky Alfred Bielschowsky Alfred Bielschowsky was a German ophthalmologist. His specialty was physiology and pathology of the eye, particularly in regards to research of eye movement, space perception and diagnosis of oculomotor anomalies....	neurology, ophthalmology	lesions of cranial nerve IV Trochlear nerve The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye....		superior oblique muscle Superior oblique muscle For the abdominal muscle see: Abdominal external oblique muscleThe superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle originating in the upper, medial side of the orbit which abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye... >- \| B	Bing's sign Bing's sign Bing's sign or Bing's reflex is a clinical sign in which pricking the dorsum of the foot or toe with a pin causes extension of the great toe. It is seen in patients with pyramidal tract lesions of the lower limbs....	Paul Robert Bing Paul Robert Bing Paul Robert Bing was a Swiss neurologist remembered for Bing's sign.- Biography :Robert Bing was born in Strasbourg, France in 1878. He studied medicine at the University of Basel until 1902, and also trained in Frankfurt am Main, Paris, London and Berlin...	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions Upper motor neurone lesion An upper motor neuron lesion is a lesion of the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. This is in contrast to a lower motor neuron lesion, which affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord to the relevant muscle.Upper motor...		>- \| B	Biot's respiration Biot's respiration Biot's respiration, sometimes also called ataxic respiration, is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.It generally indicates a poor prognosis....	Camille Biot Camille Biot Camille Biot was a French physician who is remembered for describing Biot's respiration.- Biography :...	neurology	brain stem herniation		>- \| B	Bitot's spots Bitot's spots Bitot's spots are the buildup of keratin debris located superficially in the conjunctiva, which are oval, triangular or irregular in shape. These spots are a sign of vitamin A deficiency and are associated with conjunctival xerosis...	Pierre Bitôt Pierre Bitôt Pierre Alain Bitôt was a French physician, anatomist and surgeon remembered for describing Bitot's spots.- Biography :...	ophthalmology	vitamin A Vitamin A Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is necessary for both low-light and color vision... deficiency		>- \| B	Bjerrum scotoma Seidel sign Seidel's sign is a sickle-shaped scotoma that is a superior or inferior extension of the blind spot. It occurs in some patients with glaucoma....	Jannik Peterson Bjerrum Jannik Peterson Bjerrum Jannik Petersen Bjerrum was a Danish ophthalmologist who was a native of Skærbæk, a town in the southernmost part of Jutland...	ophthalmology	glaucoma Glaucoma Glaucoma is an eye disorder in which the optic nerve suffers damage, permanently damaging vision in the affected eye and progressing to complete blindness if untreated. It is often, but not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye...		>- \| B	Blumberg sign Blumberg sign Blumberg's sign is a sign that is elicited during physical examination in medicine. It is indicative of peritonitis.The abdominal wall is compressed slowly and then rapidly released. Presence of pain makes the sign positive...	Jacob Moritz Blumberg Jacob Moritz Blumberg Jacob Moritz Blumberg was a German Jewish surgeon and gynaecologist and inventor and namesake of the Blumberg sign.-Biography:...	surgery	peritonitis		>- \| B	Boas' point Boas' point Boas' point is an area of tenderness to palpation to the left of the 12th thoracic vertebra found in some patients with gastric ulcer.This medical sign is named after Ismar Isidor Boas....	Ismar Isidor Boas Ismar Isidor Boas Ismar Isidor Boas was a German gastroenterologist who was born in the town of Exin. He studied medicine in Berlin, Halle and Leipzig, and subsequently became an assistant to Carl Anton Ewald at the Augusta Hospital in Berlin...	gastroenterology	gastric ulcer		>- \| B	Boas' sign Boas' sign Boas or Boas's sign is hyperaesthesia below the right scapula can be a symptom in acute cholecystitis It is one of many symptoms a medical provider may look for during an abdominal examinationIt is less than 7% sensitive...	Ismar Isidor Boas Ismar Isidor Boas Ismar Isidor Boas was a German gastroenterologist who was born in the town of Exin. He studied medicine in Berlin, Halle and Leipzig, and subsequently became an assistant to Carl Anton Ewald at the Augusta Hospital in Berlin...	gastroenterology	acute cholecystitis		>- \| B	Bodansky unit Bodansky unit The Bodansky unit is an obsolete measure of alkaline phosphatase concentration in blood. It is defined as the quantity of alkaline phosphatase that liberates 1mg of phosphate ion during the first hour of incubation with a buffered substrate containing sodium β-glycerophosphate. This technique...	Aaron Bodansky Aaron Bodansky Aaron Bodansky was a Russian-born American biochemist remembered for describing the Bodansky unit in the measurement of alkaline phosphatase in blood....	clinical chemistry			alkaline phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation... concentration in blood >- \| B	Boston's sign Boston's sign Boston's sign is the spasmodic lowering of the upper eyelid on downward rotation of the eye, indicating exophthalmic goiter.Similar to von Graefe's sign, it is observed in people with Graves-Basedow disease, a type of hyperthyroidism. In this disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and...	Leonard N. Boston Leonard N. Boston Leonard N. Boston was an American physician remembered for describing Boston's sign.- Biography :Leonard Boston was born in 1871 in Philadelphia, and graduated with an M.D. in 1896 from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. He became Professor of Physical Diagnosis in 1912, and then...	ophthalmology, endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		>- \| B	Bouchard's nodes Bouchard's nodes Bouchard's nodes are hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the proximal interphalangeal joints They are a sign of osteoarthritis, and are caused by formation of calcific spurs of the articular cartilage....	Charles-Joseph Bouchard Charles-Joseph Bouchard Charles-Joseph Bouchard was a French pathologist born in Montier-en-Der, a commune the department of Haute-Marne. He studied medicine in Lyon and Paris, where he obtained his doctorate in 1866. In 1874 he became a physician at Bicêtre Hospital, and in 1879 was appointed chair of general pathology...	rheumatology	osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion...		>- \| B	Bracht-Wachter bodies Bracht-Wachter bodies Bracht-Wachter bodies are a finding in infective endocarditis consisting of yellow-white miliary spots in the myocardium.Histologically, these are collections of chronic inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes and histiocytes.-History:...	Erich Franz Eugen Bracht Erich Franz Eugen Bracht Erich Franz Eugen Bracht was a German pathologist and gynaecologist who was a native of Berlin.After earning his doctorate, for several years he assisted pathologist Ludwig Aschoff in Freiburg... , Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter was a German physician remembered for describing Bracht-Wachter bodies in infective endocarditis.- References :...	cardiology	infective endocarditis		>- \| B	Branham's sign	Henry Branham				>- \| B	Braxton Hicks contraction Braxton Hicks Braxton Hicks contractions, also known as false labor or practice contractions, are sporadic uterine contractions that sometimes start around 6 weeks...	John Braxton Hicks John Braxton Hicks John Braxton Hicks was a 19th century English doctor who specialised in obstetrics.He was born to Edward Hicks in Rye, Sussex. He was educated privately and in 1841 entered Guy's Hospital Medical School. He obtained his MB at the University of London in 1845 and an MD in 1851...	obstetrics	normal pregnancy		>- \| B	Brewer infarcts Brewer infarcts Brewer infarcts are a histological finding found in renal disease. They can indicate pyelonephritis.They are named after George Emerson Brewer....	George Emerson Brewer George Emerson Brewer George Emerson Brewer, M.D. was an American surgeon and urologist remembered for the eponymous Brewer infarcts.- Biography :George Brewer was born on 28 July 1861 in Westfield, New York, the son of physician Francis B. Brewer...	nephrology, pathology	pyelonephritis		>-	B	Brissaud's reflex Brissaud's reflex Brissaud's reflex is a clinical sign in which stroking the sole of the foot elicits contraction of tensor fascia lata. This can occur when there is no movement of the toes, and is part of the extensor plantar response.The sign is named after Édouard Brissaud....	Édouard Brissaud Édouard Brissaud -See also:Timeline of tuberous sclerosisHistory of Tourette syndrome...	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		>-	B	Broadbent inverted sign Broadbent inverted sign The Broadbent inverted sign is a clinical sign in which pulsation is seen on the postero-lateral wall of the left side of the chest in time with cardiac systole. This was originally thought to be due to an aneurysm of the left atrium, but is now known to be more commonly associated with left...	Sir William Broadbent, 1st Baronet	cardiology	L atrial hypertrophy		>- \| B	Broadbent sign Broadbent sign Broadbent sign is a clinical sign in which the 11th and 12th ribs are indrawn, with narrowing of the intercostal space posteriorly, which is seen in cases of constrictive pericarditis due to pericardial adhesions to the diaphragm....	Walter Broadbent Walter Broadbent Dr. Walter Broadbent was an English physician remembered for describing the Broadbent sign of constrictive pericarditis.- Biography :...	cardiology	adhesive pericarditis		>- \| B	Broca aphasia Expressive aphasia Expressive aphasia , also known as Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is caused by damage to or developmental issues in anterior regions of the brain, including the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus known as Broca's area...	Paul Broca Paul Broca Pierre Paul Broca was a French physician, surgeon, anatomist, and anthropologist. He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Gironde. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. Broca’s Area is responsible for articulated language...	neurology, neuropsychology	developmental or other pathology of various frontal cortical areas		expressive aphasia Expressive aphasia Expressive aphasia , also known as Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is caused by damage to or developmental issues in anterior regions of the brain, including the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus known as Broca's area... >- \| B	Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test The Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test is a medical test to determine valvular incompetence in superficial veins. A finger is placed over the lower part of the vein being examined. The upper part of the vein is then tapped...	Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburg Friedrich Trendelenburg Friedrich Trendelenburg was a German surgeon. He was son of the philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, father of the pharmacologist Paul Trendelenburg and grandfather of the pharmacologist Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg.Trendelenburg was born in Berlin and studied medicine at the University of...	general medicine, surgery	varicose veins Varicose veins Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins can occur elsewhere. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards . Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart, against the...		>- \| B	Brodie-Trendelenburg test Trendelenburg Test The Trendelenburg Test or Brodie-Trendelenburg test determines the competency of the valves in the superficial and deep veins of the leg. With the patient in the supine position the leg is flexed at the hip and raised above heart level until the veins become empty...	Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburg Friedrich Trendelenburg Friedrich Trendelenburg was a German surgeon. He was son of the philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, father of the pharmacologist Paul Trendelenburg and grandfather of the pharmacologist Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg.Trendelenburg was born in Berlin and studied medicine at the University of...	general medicine,surgery	varicose veins Varicose veins Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins can occur elsewhere. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards . Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart, against the...		>- \| B	Brudziński neck sign Brudziński neck sign The Brudziński neck sign or Brudziński's symptom is a clinical sign in which forced flexion of the neck elicits a reflex flexion of the hips...	Józef Brudziński Józef Brudzinski Józef Polikarp Brudziński was a Polish pediatrician who was born in the village of Bolewo .He studied medicine in Tartu and Moscow, and in 1897 moved to Krakow, where he trained in pediatrics...	neurology	meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs...		>- \| B	Brudziński cheek sign Brudziński cheek sign The Brudziński cheek sign or Brudziński's cheek phenomenon is a clinical sign in which pressure on the cheek elicits a reflex rise and flexion of the forearm. It is found in patients with meningitis, and is analogous to the Brudziński symphyseal sign in the lower limb.The sign is named after Józef...	Józef Brudziński Józef Brudzinski Józef Polikarp Brudziński was a Polish pediatrician who was born in the village of Bolewo .He studied medicine in Tartu and Moscow, and in 1897 moved to Krakow, where he trained in pediatrics...	neurology	meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs...		>- \| B	Brudziński symphyseal sign Brudziński symphyseal sign The Brudziński symphyseal sign is a clinical sign in which pressure on the pubic symphysis elicits a reflex flexion of the hip and knee, and abduction of the leg. It is found in patients with meningitis, and is analogous to the Brudziński cheek sign in the upper limb.The sign is named after Józef...	Józef Brudziński Józef Brudzinski Józef Polikarp Brudziński was a Polish pediatrician who was born in the village of Bolewo .He studied medicine in Tartu and Moscow, and in 1897 moved to Krakow, where he trained in pediatrics...	neurology	meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs...		>- \| B	Brudziński reflex	Józef Brudziński Józef Brudzinski Józef Polikarp Brudziński was a Polish pediatrician who was born in the village of Bolewo .He studied medicine in Tartu and Moscow, and in 1897 moved to Krakow, where he trained in pediatrics...	neurology	meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs...		>- \| B	Bruit de Roger	Henri-Louis Roger Henri-Louis Roger Henri-Louis Roger was a French pediatrician born in Paris.He studied medicine in Paris, earning his doctorate in 1839 with a dissertation on auscultation titled De l'auscultation et se valeur semiologique. In 1847 he became agrégé at the medical faculty of Paris, and from 1860 was associated with...	paediatric cardiology	ventricular septal defect		>- \| B	Bruns ataxia Bruns ataxia Bruns ataxia, also known as Bruns gait apraxia, frontal ataxia or magnetic gait, is a form of ataxia found in patients with bilateral frontal lobe disorders. It is characterised by an inability to initiate the process of walking, despite the power and coordination of the legs being normal when...	Ludwig Bruns Ludwig Bruns Ludwig Bruns was a German neurologist who was a native of Hanover. He studied medicine in Göttingen and Munich, receiving his doctorate in 1882. Subsequently, he was an assistant to Eduard Hitzig at the insane asylum in Nietleben as well as at the psychiatric and nerve clinic in Halle...	neurology	frontal lobe lesions		>- \| B	Bruns nystagmus Bruns nystagmus Bruns nystagmus is an unusual type of bilateral nystagmus most commonly occurring in patients with cerebellopontine angle tumours. It is caused by the combination of slow, large amplitude nystagmus when looking towards the side of the lesion, and rapid, small amplitude nystagmus when looking away...	Ludwig Bruns Ludwig Bruns Ludwig Bruns was a German neurologist who was a native of Hanover. He studied medicine in Göttingen and Munich, receiving his doctorate in 1882. Subsequently, he was an assistant to Eduard Hitzig at the insane asylum in Nietleben as well as at the psychiatric and nerve clinic in Halle...	neurology	cerebellopontine angle tumor, vestibular schwannoma		>- \| B	Brushfield spots Brushfield spots Brushfield spots are small white or grayish/brown spots on the periphery of the iris in the human eye due to aggregation of connective tissue, a normal iris element. The spots are named after the physician, Thomas Brushfield, who first described them in his 1924 M.D...	Thomas Brushfield Thomas Brushfield Dr. Thomas Brushfield was an English psychiatrist who worked in the field of mental deficiency. He is remembered for describing Brushfield spots, and was the medical superintendent of the Fountain Hospital for Imbeciles, Tooting, from 1914 to 1927. He died on 17 May 1937, aged 79.- References :...	ophthalmology, genetics	Downs' syndrome or non-pathological		>- \| B	Burton line Burton line The Burton line is a clinical sign found in patients with lead poisoning. It is a thin, grey-blue line visible along the margin of the gums, at the base of the teeth.The sign was described in 1840 by Henry Burton:...	Henry Burton Henry Burton (physician) Dr. Henry Burton was an English physician who is remembered for describing the Burton line in 1840. He was born in London, attended Tonbridge School and studied medicine at Caius College, Cambridge where he qualified in 1826. He was a physician at St. Thomas' Hospital in London from 1828, and...	toxicology	lead poisoning	NEJM 354:e21 5/18/06	>- \| C	Cabot rings Cabot rings Cabot rings are thin, red-violet staining, threadlike strands in the shape of a loop or figure-8 that are found on rare occasions in erythrocytes...	Richard Cabot Richard Clarke Cabot Richard Clarke Cabot was an American physician who advanced clinical hematology, was an innovator in teaching methods, and was a pioneer in social work.-Family History:...	hematology	lead poisoning, anaemias		>- \| C	Caput medusae Caput medusae Caput medusae is the appearance of distended and engorged paraumbilical veins, which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen to join systemic veins...	Medusa Medusa In Greek mythology Medusa , " guardian, protectress") was a Gorgon, a chthonic monster, and a daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. The author Hyginus, interposes a generation and gives Medusa another chthonic pair as parents. Gazing directly upon her would turn onlookers to stone...	gastroenterology, surgery	portal hypertension		>- \| C	Cardarelli's sign Cardarelli's sign Cardarelli's sign is an abnormal pulsation of the trachea that may be found in patients with a dilation or aneurysm of the aortic arch.Cardarelli's sign can be felt by a physician pressing on the thyroid cartilage and displacing it to the patient's left...	Antonio Cardarelli Antonio Cardarelli Antonio Cardarelli was an Italian physician remembered for describing Cardarelli's sign.- Biography :...	cardiology, thoracic surgery	aortic arch dilatation or aneurysm, mediastinal tumour		>- \| C	Carey Coombs murmur Carey Coombs murmur The Carey Coombs murmur or Coombs murmur is a clinical sign which occurs in patients with mitral valvulitis due to acute rheumatic fever. It is described as a short, mid-diastolic rumble best heard at the apex, which disappears as the valvulitis improves...	Carey Coombs Carey Coombs Carey Franklin Coombs was a British cardiologist.He was awarded his M.B. in 1901, M.D. in 1903 and made a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1917. He became Physician at Bristol General Hospital in 1920 and Director of the Bristol University Centre of Cardiac Research in 1927...	cardiology,rheumatology	rheumatic fever		>- \| C	Carnett's sign Carnett's sign In medicine, Carnett's sign is an eponymous finding on clinical examination in which abdominal pain remains unchanged or increases when the muscles of the abdominal wall are tensed. For this part of the abdominal examination, the patient can be asked to lift the head and shoulders from the...	John Berton Carnett John Berton Carnett John Berton Carnett was an American surgeon remembered for Carnett's sign. He was Professor of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and was Director of Base Hospital No. 20 in Peleliu during the First World War.- External links :...	primary care, surgery	abdominal mass and/or pain	Am J Med Sci 174 (1927): 579–599	>- \| C	Carvallo's sign Carvallo's sign Carvallo's sign is a clinical sign found in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. The pansystolic murmur found in this condition becomes louder during inspiration; this sign enables it to be distinguished from mitral regurgitation.- Pathophysiology :...	José Manuel Rivero Carvallo José Manuel Rivero Carvallo José Manuel Rivero Carvallo was a Mexican cardiologist remembered for describing Carvallo's sign.- Biography :...	cardiology	tricuspid regurgitation		>- \| C	Casal collar Casal collar The Casal collar or Casal necklace is a clinical sign in which there is erythematous pigmented skin rash in the distribution of a broad collar . It is seen in patients with pellagra.The sign is named after Gaspar Casal....	Gaspar Casal Gaspar Casal Gaspar Casal was a Spanish physician remembered for describing the Casal collar in pellagra.- Biography :Gaspar Casal practised in Oviedo from 1720 to 1751, at which time he moved to Madrid as King Ferdinand's physician...	nutrition	pellagra Pellagra Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease most commonly caused by a chronic lack of niacin in the diet. It can be caused by decreased intake of niacin or tryptophan, and possibly by excessive intake of leucine. It may also result from alterations in protein metabolism in disorders such as carcinoid... (niacin deficiency)	Casal collar at Medscape Medscape Medscape is a web resource for physicians and other health professionals. It features peer-reviewed original medical journal articles, CME , a customized version of the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database, daily medical news, major conference coverage, and drug information—including a...	>- \| C	Casoni test Casoni test The Casoni test is a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease. The test involves the intradermal injection of sterilised fluid from hydatid cysts. A wheal response occurring at the injection site within 20 minutes is considered positive...	Tomaso Casoni Tomaso Casoni Tomaso Casoni was an Italian physician remembered for describing the Casoni test for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.- Biography :...	infectious disease, tropical medicine	hydatid disease		>- \| C	Celsus signs of inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...	Aulus Cornelius Celsus Aulus Cornelius Celsus Aulus Cornelius Celsus was a Roman encyclopedist, known for his extant medical work, De Medicina, which is believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopedia. The De Medicina is a primary source on diet, pharmacy, surgery and related fields, and it is one of the best sources...	various	inflammation		>- \| C	Chaddock reflex Chaddock reflex Chaddock reflex is a diagnostic reflex similar to the Babinski reflex. It is designed to identify lesions of the pyramidal tract, via stimulation of the skin over the lateral malleolus.It was identified by Charles Gilbert Chaddock in 1911....	Charles Gilbert Chaddock Charles Gilbert Chaddock Charles Gilbert Chaddock was an American neurologist remembered for describing the Chaddock reflex.- Biography :Charles Gilbert Chaddock was born in 1861 in Jonesville, Michigan. He qualified in medicine in 1885, and worked at the North Michigan Asylum in Traverse City. He spent a year studying in...	neurology	pyramidal lesions, corticospinal tract lesions		>- \| C	Chadwick sign Chadwick's sign Chadwick's sign is a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia caused by the hormone estrogen which results in venous congestion. It can be observed as early as 6-8 weeks after conception, and its presence is an early sign of pregnancy....	James Read Chadwick James Read Chadwick James Read Chadwick was an American gynecologist and medical librarian remembered for describing the Chadwick sign of early pregnancy in 1887.- Biography :...	obstetrics	pregnancy		>- \| C	Charcot's triad Charcot's triad Charcot's neurologic triad is the combination of nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning or staccato speech. This triad is associated with multiple sclerosis, where it was first described; however, it is not considered pathognomonic for it. It is named for Jean-Martin Charcot.-See also:*Charcot's...	Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He is known as "the founder of modern neurology" and is "associated with at least 15 medical eponyms", including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...	surgery	ascending cholangitis Ascending cholangitis Ascending cholangitis or acute cholangitis is an infection of the bile duct , usually caused by bacteria ascending from its junction with the duodenum...		>- \| C	Charcot's triad Charcot's triad Charcot's neurologic triad is the combination of nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning or staccato speech. This triad is associated with multiple sclerosis, where it was first described; however, it is not considered pathognomonic for it. It is named for Jean-Martin Charcot.-See also:*Charcot's...	Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He is known as "the founder of modern neurology" and is "associated with at least 15 medical eponyms", including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...	neurology	multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms...		>- \| C	Charcot-Leyden crystals Charcot-Leyden crystals Charcot-Leyden crystals are microscopic crystals found in people who have allergic diseases such as asthma or parasitic infections such as parasitic pneumonia or ascariasis.The Charcot-Leyden crystal protein interacts with eosinophil lysophospholipases....	Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He is known as "the founder of modern neurology" and is "associated with at least 15 medical eponyms", including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis... , Ernst Viktor von Leyden Ernst Viktor von Leyden Ernst Viktor von Leyden was a German internist from Danzig.Leyden studied medicine at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Institut in Berlin, and was a pupil of Johann Lukas Schönlein and Ludwig Traube . He was a medical professor at several universities, including Königsberg, Strassburg and Berlin...	pathology	any disorder characterized by eosinophil proliferation, e.g. ascariasis Ascariasis Ascariasis is a human disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Perhaps as many as one quarter of the world's people are infected, with rates of 45% in Latin America and 95% in parts of Africa. Ascariasis is particularly prevalent in tropical regions and in areas of poor...		>- \| C	Cheyne-Stokes respiration Cheyne-Stokes respiration Cheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2...	John Cheyne, William Stokes	palliative care	respiratory center Respiratory center The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata, which is the lowermost part of the brain stem. The RC receives controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles... damage		>- \| C	Churchill-Cope reflex Churchill-Cope reflex The Churchill-Cope reflex is a reflex in which distension of the pulmonary vascular bed, as occurs in pulmonary oedema, causes an increase in respiratory rate .It was described in 1929 by Edward Delos Churchill and Oliver Cope....	Edward Delos Churchill Edward Delos Churchill Edward Delos Churchill was an American surgeon known for his work in thoracic surgery and remembered for describing the Churchill-Cope reflex.- Biography :... , Oliver Cope Oliver Cope Oliver Cope , was an American surgeon known for his work in parathyroid surgery, burns treatment and breast cancer treatment. He is also remembered for describing the Churchill-Cope reflex.- Biography :...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	heart failure		>- \| C	Chvostek's sign	František Chvostek František Chvostek František Chvostek was an Czecho-Austrian military physician. He is most notable for having described Chvostek's sign....	endocrinology	hypocalcemia		>- \| C	Claybrook sign Claybrook sign Claybrook sign is a clinical sign in which heart sounds and breath sounds can be heard transmitted through the abdominal wall on auscultation. It occurs in patients with rupture of an abdominal viscus.The sign is named after Edwin Claybrook....	Edwin Claybrook Edwin Claybrook Edwin Claybrook was an American surgeon remembered for describing Claybrook sign.- References :...	emergency medicine, surgery	blunt abdominal trauma		>- \| C	Clutton's joints Clutton's joints Clutton's joints is a term describing the finding of symmetrical joint swelling seen in patients with congenital syphilis. It most commonly affects the knees, presenting with synovitis and joint effusions lasting up to a year. It has also been reported affecting the ankles, elbows, wrists and...	Henry Hugh Clutton Henry Hugh Clutton Henry Hugh Clutton was an English surgeon who described painless symmetrical hydrarthrosis , especially of the knee joints: seen in hereditary syphilis...	paediatrics	congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis is syphilis present in utero and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with secondary syphilis. Untreated syphilis results in a high risk of a bad outcome of pregnancy, including mulberry molars in the fetus. Syphilis can cause miscarriages, premature births,...		>- \| C	Codman's triangle	Ernest Codman	oncology, orthopaedic surgery, radiology	osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma		>- \| C	Comby sign Comby sign The Comby sign is a clinical sign of early measles in which thin, whitish patches are seen on the gums and buccal mucosa due to desquamation of epithelial cells.The sign is named after Jules Comby....	Jules Comby Jules Comby Jules Comby was a French pediatrician. With Antoine Marfan and Jacques-Joseph Grancher , he published the influential Traité des maladies de l’enfance...	paediatrics	rubeola		>- \| C	Coombs test Coombs test Coombs test refers to two clinical blood tests used in immunohematology and immunology...	Robin Coombs	hematology	hemolytic anemia Hemolytic anemia Hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells , either in the blood vessels or elsewhere in the human body . It has numerous possible causes, ranging from relatively harmless to life-threatening...		>- \| C	Coons fluorescent antibody method Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on biological samples. This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell, and therefore allows...	Albert Coons Albert Coons Albert Hewett Coons, M.D. was an American physician, pathologist, and immunologist. He was the first person to conceptualize and develop immunofluorescent techniques for labeling antibodies in the early 1940s....	immunology Immunology Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ; the...		Albert Coons at National Academies Press	fluorescein Fluorescein Fluorescein is a synthetic organic compound available as a dark orange/red powder soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications.... -labelled antibodies >- \| C	Cornell's sign Cornell's sign Cornell's sign is a clinical sign in which scratching along the inner side of the extensor hallucis longus tendon elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	?	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| C	Corrigan pulse	Dominic John Corrigan Dominic Corrigan Sir Dominic Corrigan was a physician, known for his original observations in heart disease. The abnormal "collapsing" pulse of aortic valve insufficiency is named Corrigan's pulse after him.-Birth and Education:The son of a dealer in agricultural tools, Corrigan was educated in St...	cardiology	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....		>- \| C	Councilman body Councilman body In pathology, a Councilman body, also known as Councilman hyaline body, is an eosinophilic globule often found in the liver of individuals suffering from viral hepatitis, yellow fever, or other viral syndrome...	William Thomas Councilman William Thomas Councilman William Thomas Councilman was an American pathologist, born January 1, 1854, Pikesville, Maryland; died May 26, 1933, York Village, Maine. He is remembered for his contribution in a monograph on amoebic dysentery which described detailed observations of it and its parasite- External links :...	infectious disease	yellow fever, viral haemorrhagic fevers		>- \| C	Courvoisier's law Courvoisier's law Courvoisier's law states that in the presence of an enlarged gallbladder which is nontender and accompanied with mild jaundice, the cause is unlikely to be gallstones. Usually, the term is used to describe the physical examination finding of the right-upper quadrant of the abdomen...	Ludwig Georg Courvoisier Ludwig Georg Courvoisier Ludwig Georg Courvoisier was a surgeon from Basel, Switzerland. He was one of the first doctors to remove gallstones from the common bile duct....	gastroenterology	obstructive jaundice		>- \| C	Crichton-Browne sign Crichton-Browne sign Crichton-Browne sign is a clinical sign in which there is twitching of the outer margins of the eyes and mouth. It is an early sign of general paralysis of the insane.The sign was described by Sir James Crichton-Browne....	Sir James Crichton-Browne James Crichton-Browne Sir James Crichton-Browne MD FRS was a leading British psychiatrist famous for studies on the relationship of mental illness to neurological damage and for the development of public health policies in relation to mental health...	neuropsychiatry	'general paresis'		>- \| C	Crowe sign Crowe sign The Crowe sign or Crowe's sign is the presence of axillary freckling in people with neurofibromatosis type I . These freckles occur in up to 30% of people with the disease and their presence is one of seven diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis...	Frank W. Crowe Frank W. Crowe Frank W. Crowe was an American physician remembered for the Crowe sign in neurofibromatosis.In 1956 Crowe et al. recognised the autosomal dominant heredity of neurofibromatosis and the use of 6 or more café au lait spots to diagnose the condition...	dermatology	neurofibromatosis Neurofibromatosis Neurofibromatosis is a genetically-inherited disorder in which the nerve tissue grows tumors that may be benign or may cause serious damage by compressing nerves and other tissues... type I		>- \| C	Cruveilhier-Baumgarten bruit Cruveilhier-Baumgarten bruit The Cruveilhier-Baumgarten bruit is a clinical sign which can be found in Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease. In this condition there are prominent umbilical and paraumbilical veins; auscultation over these vessels may reveal a humming sound ....	Jean Cruveilhier Jean Cruveilhier Jean Cruveilhier was a French anatomist and pathologist.In 1816 he earned his doctorate in Paris, where in 1825 he succeeded Pierre Augustin Béclard as professor of anatomy... , Paul Clemens von Baumgarten Paul Clemens von Baumgarten Paul Clemens von Baumgarten was a German pathologist.He was the son of a physician, and was a pupil of Christian Wilhelm Braune and Ernst Leberecht Wagner in Leipzig, and Ernst Neumann . He received his doctorate in Leipzig on August 22, 1873...	hepatology Hepatology Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders. Etymologically the word Hepatology is formed of ancient Greek hepar or hepato- meaning ' liver' and suffix -logia meaning 'word' or 'speech'...	Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease or Pégot-Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease is a rare medical condition in which the umbilical or paraumbilical veins are distended, with an abdominal wall bruit and palpable thrill, portal hypertension with splenomegaly, hypersplenism and oesophageal varices, with a...		bruit Bruit Bruit is the term for the unusual sound that blood makes when it rushes past an obstruction in an artery when the sound is auscultated with the bell portion of a stethoscope.The term "bruit" simply refers to the sound... around the umbilicus Navel The navel is a scar on the abdomen caused when the umbilical cord is removed from a newborn baby... >- \| C	Cullen's sign Cullen's sign Cullen's sign is superficial edema and bruising in the subcutaneous fatty tissue around the umbilicus.It is named for Thomas S. Cullen , an obstetrician who first described the sign in ruptured ectopic pregnancy in 1916....	Thomas S. Cullen	surgery	intraabdominal haemorrhage		>- \| C	Curschmann spirals	Heinrich Curschmann Heinrich Curschmann Heinrich Curschmann was a German internist who was a native of Giessen. Prior to 1888 he worked in hospitals in Berlin and Hamburg...	pulmonology Pulmonology In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the respiratory tract and respiratory disease. It is called chest medicine and respiratory medicine in some countries and areas...	asthma Asthma Asthma is the common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath...		>- \| C	Cushing's triad Cushing's triad Cushing's triad is a clinical triad variably defined as either hypertension, bradycardia, andirregular respiration , or less commonly as widened pulse pressure , irregular respiration, and bradycardia...	Harvey Cushing Harvey Cushing Harvey Williams Cushing, M.D. , was an American neurosurgeon and a pioneer of brain surgery, and the first to describe Cushing's syndrome...	neurology	raised intracranial pressure Intracranial pressure Intracranial pressure is the pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid . The body has various mechanisms by which it keeps the ICP stable, with CSF pressures varying by about 1 mmHg in normal adults through shifts in production and absorption of CSF...		>- \| D	Dagher Maneuver	Nabil Dagher	trauma surgery	penetrating pelvic trauma		>- \| D	Dahl's sign Dahl's sign Dahl's sign is a clinical sign in which areas of hyperpigmentation are seen on the skin of the lower thighs and elbows...	K.V. Dahl	pulmonology Pulmonology In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the respiratory tract and respiratory disease. It is called chest medicine and respiratory medicine in some countries and areas...	COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , also known as chronic obstructive lung disease , chronic obstructive airway disease , chronic airflow limitation and chronic obstructive respiratory disease , is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases...		>- \| D	Dalrymple sign	John Dalrymple John Dalrymple (physician) John Dalrymple FRS was an English ophthalmologist who was born in Norwich, the son of William Dalrymple. In 1827 he graduated from the University of Edinburgh, and subsequently became an eye surgeon at the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital.He was elected assistant-surgeon in 1832 and full surgeon...	ophthalmology, endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		>- \| D	Dance's sign Dance's sign Dance's sign is an eponymous medical sign consisting of an investigation of the right lower quadrant of the abdomen for retraction, which can be an indication of intussusception, i.e. those with intussusception may have retraction of the right iliac fossa....	Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance was a French pathologist remembered for Dance's sign. He was the son of a physician, and studied medicine in Paris, gaining his M.D. in 1826. He worked as physician to the Hôpital Cochin, and had just been employed as a teacher at the clinic at l'Hôtel-Dieu when he...	(paediatric)surgery	ileo-cecal intussusception Intussusception Intussusception may refer to:* Intussusception * Intussusception...		>- \| D	Darier's sign Darier's sign Darier's sign is a change observed after stroking the skin of a person with systemic mastocytosis or urticaria pigmentosa.In general, the skin becomes swollen, itchy and red. This is a result of compression of mast cells, which are hyperactive in these diseases. These mast cells release...	Ferdinand-Jean Darier Ferdinand-Jean Darier Ferdinand-Jean Darier was a French physician, pathologist and dermatologist called the "father of modern dermatology in France".-Medical:...	allergy,dermatology	urticaria pigmentosa		>- \| D	Dawson's fingers Dawson's fingers "Dawson's Fingers" is the name for the multiple sclerosis lesions around the ventricle-based brain veins of Multiple Sclerosis patients. The condition is supposed to be the result of inflammation or mechanical damage by blood pressurearound long axis of medular veins.Dawson's fingers spread along,...	James Walker Dawson James Walker Dawson Dr. James Walker Dawson was a Scottish pathologist remembered for his work on multiple sclerosis including the description of the eponymous Dawson's fingers.- Biography :...	neurology	multiple sclerosis	http://www.ms-info.net/evo/msmanu/984.3F74149980602 http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-845.htm	>- \| D	De Musset's sign De Musset's sign de Musset's sign is a condition in which there is rhythmic nodding or bobbing of the head in synchrony with the beating of the heart, in general as a result of aortic insufficiency caused by aortic regurgitation due to aortic valve deficiency. The condition was named after the French poet Alfred de...	Alfred de Musset Alfred de Musset Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist.Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du siècle from 1836.-Biography:Musset was born on 11 December 1810 in Paris...	cardiology	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....		>- \| D	Dennie-Morgan fold Dennie-Morgan fold A Dennie–Morgan fold, also known as a Dennie–Morgan line or an infraorbital fold, is a fold or line in the skin below the lower eyelid caused by edema in atopic dermatitis. The presence of Dennie–Morgan folds is used as a diagnostic marker for allergy....	Charles Clayton Dennie Charles Clayton Dennie Charles Clayton Dennie was an American dermatologist remembered for Dennie-Marfan syndrome and Dennie-Morgan fold.- External links :... DB Morgan	dermatology	atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, chronically relapsing, non-contagious and pruritic skin disorder...	Dennie's line at TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com is an online dictionary and encyclopedia that gathers information from a variety of sources. This site cross references the contents of Wikipedia, Columbia Encyclopedia, Hutchinson Encyclopedia , The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Computer Desktop...	>- \| D	Destot's sign Destot's sign Destot's sign is a clinical sign in which a superficial haematoma is seen above the inguinal ligament in the groin, over the scrotum or perineum, or in the upper thigh. It can occur in patients with pelvic fracture....	?	orthopaedic surgery	pelvic fracture	http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/inspection_of_patients_w_pelvic_frx	>- \| D	Dix-Hallpike test Dix-Hallpike test The Dix–Hallpike test or Nylen-Barany test is a diagnostic maneuver used to identify benign paroxysmal positional vertigo .-Process:...	Margaret R. Dix, Charles Skinner Hallpike Charles Skinner Hallpike Charles Skinner Hallpike, CBE, FRS was an English otologist.He was born in Murree, India, a hill station now in Pakistan, the son of Frank Hallpike. The family returned to the UK when he was 3 years old. He attended St Paul's School as a classical scholar and then Guy's Hospital in 1919 on an...	Otolaryngology Otolaryngology Otolaryngology or ENT is the branch of medicine and surgery that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders....	Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a disorder caused by problems in the inner ear. Its symptoms are repeated episodes of positional vertigo, that is, of a spinning sensation caused by changes in the position of the head.-Classification:...		>- \| D	Döhle bodies Döhle bodies Döhle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils. They measure 1-3 µm in diameter...	Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle was a German pathologist who was a native of Mühlhausen.He was a student at Tübingen, Leipzig, Strassburg and Kiel, where he received his doctorate in 1882. Afterwards he was an assistant at the pathological institute in Kiel, and in 1908 was appointed head of the...	pathology	various including trauma and neoplasm		>- \| D	Doi's sign Doi's sign Doi's sign is a clinical sign in which absent deep tendon reflexes can be elicited after a short period of maximal muscle contraction. This occurs in patients with Eaton-Lambert syndrome, but is not seen in patients with neuropathy....	Hitoka Doi	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	Eaton-Lambert syndrome		>- \| D	Dunphy sign Dunphy sign Dunphy's sign is a medical sign characterized by increased abdominal pain with coughing. It may be an indicator of appendicitis....	?	surgery	appendicitis	http://www.aipge.com/article-704-nested-0-0.html	>- \| D	Duroziez's sign Duroziez's sign Duroziez's sign is a sign of Aortic insufficiency. It consists of an audible diastolic murmur which can be heard over the femoral artery when it is compressed.It is named for Paul Louis Duroziez....	Paul Louis Duroziez Paul Louis Duroziez Paul Louis Duroziez was a French physician remembered for describing Duroziez's sign and Duroziez's disease. He studied medicine in Paris, graduating in 1853. He worked with Jean-Martin Charcot and later as a surgeon in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870...	cardiology	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....		>- \| E	Elschnig spots Elschnig spots Elschnig's spots are black spots surrounded by bright yellow or red halos seen on the retina during fundoscopy in patients with advanced hypertensive retinopathy.They are named after Anton Elschnig....	Anton Elschnig Anton Elschnig –Anton Elschnig was an Austrian ophthalmologist born in Leibnitz.In 1886 he earned his medical doctorate, and later worked as an assistant at ophthalmology clinics in Graz and Vienna...	ophthalmology	hypertensive retinopathy		>- \| E	Epstein's pearls Epstein's pearls Epstein's pearls are small white or yellow cystic vesicles often seen in the median palatal raphe of the mouth of newborn infants . They are typically seen on the roof of the mouth and are filled with fluid...	Alois Epstein Alois Epstein Alois Epstein was a Czech paediatrician remembered for describing Epstein's pearls. He studied at the University of Prague, graduating M.D. in 1873. He worked as a physician in Prague, becoming privat-docent in paediatrics in 1880, and professor of paediatrics in 1884.- References :...	paediatrics	normal newborn		>- \| E	Ewart's sign Ewart's sign Ewart's sign is a set of findings on physical examination in people with large collections of fluid around their heart ....	William Ewart William Ewart (physician) William Ewart was an English physician remembered for Ewart's sign.- Biography :William Ewart was born in London to a French mother, and was educated partly in England and partly at the University of Paris. He studied medicine at St George's Hospital Medical School, qualifying LRCS in 1871 and...	cardiology	pericardial effusion Pericardial effusion Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Because of the limited amount of space in the pericardial cavity, fluid accumulation will lead to an increased intrapericardial pressure and this can negatively affect heart function...		>- \| F	Faget sign Faget sign In medicine, the Faget sign is the unusual constellation of fever and bradycardia . It is often seen in yellow fever.Fever is usually accompanied by tachycardia , an association known by the eponym Liebermeister's rule....	Jean-Charles Faget	infectious disease	Yellow fever Yellow fever Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family.... Typhoid Fever Typhoid fever Typhoid fever, also known as Typhoid, is a common worldwide bacterial disease, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi... tularaemia brucellosis Brucellosis Brucellosis, also called Bang's disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or undulant fever, is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals or close contact with their secretions... others		bradycardia Bradycardia Bradycardia , in the context of adult medicine, is the resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops below 50 beat/min. It may cause cardiac arrest in some patients, because those with bradycardia may not be pumping enough oxygen to their heart... >- \| F	Finkelstein's test Finkelstein's test Finkelstein's test is used to diagnose DeQuervain's tenosynovitis in people who have wrist pain. To perform the test, the examining physician grasps the thumb and the hand is ulnar deviated sharply, as shown in the image...	Harry Finkelstein	rheumatology	DeQuervain's tenosynovitis		>- \| F	Forchheimer spots Forchheimer spots Forchheimer spots are a fleeting enanthem seen as small, red spots on the soft palate in 20% of patients with rubella. They precede or accompany the skin rash of rubella. They are not diagnostic of rubella, as similar spots can be seen in measles and scarlet fever.The sign is named after Frederick...	Frederick Forchheimer Frederick Forchheimer Frederick Forchheimer was an American pediatrician known for describing Forchheimer spots. He became an instructor at the Medical College of Ohio in 1875, and founded one of the first clinics for children in the United States...	paediatrics	rubella Rubella Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. The name "rubella" is derived from the Latin, meaning little red. Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians in the mid-eighteenth century. This disease is...		>- \| F	Fothergill's sign Fothergill's sign Fothergill's sign is a medical sign. If a mass in the abdominal wall does not cross midline and does not change with flexion of the rectus muscles, this is a positive sign for a rectus sheath hematoma.It is named for John Fothergill.-External links:...	John Fothergill John Fothergill (physician) John Fothergill FRS was an English physician, plant collector, philanthropist and Quaker.- Life and work :...	surgery	rectus sheath hematoma Rectus sheath hematoma A rectus sheath hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle. It causes abdominal pain with or without a mass....		>- \| F	Fox's sign Fox's sign Fox's sign is a clinical sign in which bruising is seen over the inguinal ligament. It occurs in patients with retroperitoneal bleeding, usually due to acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis.The sign is named after George Henry Fox....	George Henry Fox George Henry Fox George Henry Fox was an American dermatologist remembered for Fox's sign. He recevied his doctorate in 1869 from the University of Pennsylvania, and studied in Berlin, London, Paris and Vienna...	gastroenterology	haemorrhagic pancreatitis		>- \| F	Frank's sign Frank's sign Frank's sign or Frank sign is a diagonal ear lobe crease extending diagonally from the tragus across the lobule to the rear edge of the auricle....	Sanders T. Frank Sanders T. Frank Dr. Sanders T. Frank M.D. is an American pulmonologist known for describing Frank's sign. He was born in Middletown, Connecticut and qualified from New York Medical College. He has worked as director of respiratory medicine and associate clinical professor of medicine at the Garfield Medical...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	ischaemic heart disease Ischaemic heart disease Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease , or myocardial ischaemia, is a disease characterized by ischaemia of the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease...		>- \| F	Friedreich's sign Friedreich's sign In medicine, Friedreich's sign is the exaggerated drop in diastolic central venous pressure seen in constrictive pericarditis and manifested as abrupt collapse of the neck veins or marked descent of the central venous pressure waveform.The sign is named after Nikolaus Friedreich....	Nikolaus Friedreich Nikolaus Friedreich Nikolaus Friedreich was a German pathologist and neurologist, and a third generation physician in the Friedreich family...	cardiology	constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid insufficiency		>- \| F	Froment's sign Froment's sign Froment's sign is a special test of the wrist. It tests for palsy of the ulnar nerve, specifically, the action of adductor pollicis. Froment sign can also refer to cogwheel effect seen in essential tremor.-Process of examination:...	Jules Froment Jules Froment Jules Froment was a French neurologist. He earned his doctorate in 1906 with a thesis on heart diseases associated with thyrotoxicosis. For much of his career he was a professor at Lyon.-Life:...	neurology	ulnar nerve palsy		>- \|-G	Gaenslen's test Gaenslen's test Gaenslen's test, also known as Gaenslen's maneuver, is a medical test used to detect musculoskeletal abnormalities and primary-chronic inflammation of the lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joint... >- \| G	Gallavardin phenomenon Gallavardin phenomenon The Gallavardin phenomenon is a clinical sign found in patients with aortic stenosis. It is described as the dissociation between the noisy and musical components of the systolic murmur heard in aortic stenosis. The harsh noisy component is best heard at the upper right sternal border radiating to...	Louis Gallavardin Louis Gallavardin Louis Gallavardin was a French physician and cardiologist remembered for the Gallavardin phenomenon.- Biography :...	cardiology	aortic stenosis		>- \| G	Gamna-Favre bodies Gamna-Favre bodies Gamna-Favre bodies are large, intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies seen in endothelial cells in patients with lymphogranuloma venereum.They are named after Carlos Gamna and Maurice Favre....	Carlos Gamna Carlos Gamna Carlos Gamna was an Italian physician remembered for Gandy-Gamna nodules and Gamna-Favre bodies.- External links :... , Maurice Favre Maurice Favre Maurice Favre was a French dermatologist who gave his name to Durand-Nicolas-Favre disease and Gamna-Favre bodies.- External links :...	histology	lymphogranuloma venereum Lymphogranuloma venereum Lymphogranuloma venereum is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the invasive serovars L1, L2, L2a or L3 of Chlamydia trachomatis....		>- \| G	Gandy-Gamna nodules Gandy-Gamna nodules Gandy-Gamna nodules or Gandy-Gamna bodies are small yellow-brown, brown or rust-coloured foci found in the spleen in patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension and sickle cell disease. They consist of fibrous tissue with haemosiderin deposits, and probably form due to scarring at sites...	Charles Gandy Charles Gandy Charles Gandy was a French physician remembered for Gandy-Gamna nodules.- External links :... , Carlos Gamna Carlos Gamna Carlos Gamna was an Italian physician remembered for Gandy-Gamna nodules and Gamna-Favre bodies.- External links :...	histology	splenomegaly Splenomegaly Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It is one of the four cardinal signs of hypersplenism, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any... due to portal hypertension Portal hypertension In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension in the portal vein and its tributaries.It is often defined as a portal pressure gradient of 10 mmHg or greater.-Causes:Causes can be divided into prehepatic, intrahepatic, and posthepatic... and sickle cell disease		>- \| G	Gerhardt's sign	Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt ; was a German internist born in Speyer....			http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?Biermer's+sign	>- \| G	Goetz sign	?			(needed)	>- \| G	Gonda's sign Gonda's sign Gonda's sign is a clinical sign in which flexing and then suddenly releasing the 4th toe elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	?	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| G	Goodell's sign Goodell's sign In medicine, Goodell's sign is an indication of pregnancy. It is a significant softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix.The sign is named after William Goodell.-References:* at pregnancytoday.com...	William Goodell William Goodell (gynecologist) William Goodell was an eminent American gynecologist from Philadelphia, best remembered for first describing what is now referred to as Goodell's sign.- Biography :...	obstetrics	pregnancy		>- \| G	Goodsall's rule Goodsall's rule Goodsall's rule relates the external opening of an anal fistula to its internal opening. It states that the external opening situated behind the transverse anal line will open into the anal canal in the midline posteriorly...	David Henry Goodsall David Henry Goodsall David Henry Goodsall was an English surgeon who is remembered for describing Goodsall's rule.-Biography:...	gastroenterology, general surgery	anal fistula Anal fistula Anal fistula, or fistula-in-ano, is an abnormal connection between the epithelialised surface of the anal canal and the perianal skin....		>- \| G	Gordon's sign Gordon's sign Gordon's sign is a clinical sign in which squeezing the calf muscle elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses.The sign is named after Alfred Gordon....	Alfred Gordon Alfred Gordon Alfred Gordon was a French-born American neurologist remembered for describing Gordon's sign. He studied medicine at the University of Paris, qualifying in 1895. He worked in Paris, Bern and Munich, and emigrated to the United States in 1899. He lived in Philadelphia and was an instructor of...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| G	Gottron's papules	Heinrich Adolf Gottron Heinrich Adolf Gottron Heinrich Adolf Gottron was a German dermatologist remembered for Gottron's papules and Gottron's syndrome.- External links :...	rheumatology	dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis is a connective-tissue disease related to polymyositis and Bramaticosis that is characterized by inflammation of the muscles and the skin.- Causes :...	Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th Ed), Robbins & Cotran	>- \| G	Gowers' sign Gowers' sign Gowers' sign is a medical sign that indicates weakness of the proximal muscles, namely those of the lower limb. The sign describes a patient that has to use his hands and arms to "walk" up his own body from a squatting position due to lack of hip and thigh muscle strength.It is named for William...	William Richard Gowers William Richard Gowers Sir William Richard Gowers was a British neurologist.The Gowers' tract is named after him....	neurology	muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophy is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue.In the 1860s, descriptions of boys who...		>- \| G	Graham Steell murmur	Graham Steell Graham Steell Graham Steell was a British physician and cardiologist remembered for describing the Graham Steell murmur.- Biography :...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	mitral stenosis Mitral stenosis Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve of the heart.-Signs and symptoms:Symptoms of mitral stenosis include:...		pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hypertension In medicine, pulmonary hypertension is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion... secondary to mitral stenosis >- \| G	Grey Turner's sign Grey-Turner's sign Grey Turner's sign refers to bruising of the flanks.This sign takes 24–48 hours. It can predict a severe attack of acute pancreatitis, with mortality rising from 8-10% to 40%.It is a sign of retroperitoneal hemorrhage....	George Grey Turner George Grey Turner Dr. George Grey Turner was an English surgeon. He received his medical degree from Newcastle Medical School , later receiving a Fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons in 1903, and served with the Royal Army Medical Corps in the First World War...	surgery	retroperitoneal hemorrhage		>- \| G	Griffith's sign Griffith's sign Griffith's sign is a clinical sign in which there is lid lag of the lower eyelid on moving the eye upwards. It is found in Graves' ophthalmopathy....	?	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	Graves' ophthalmopathy	(needed)	>- \| G	Gunn's sign AV nicking AV, or arteriovenous nicking is the phenomenon where, on ophthalmologic examination, an arteriole is seen crossing a venule resulting in impaction of the vein with bulging on either side of the crossing...	Robert Marcus Gunn Robert Marcus Gunn Robert Marcus Gunn was a Scottish ophthalmologist remembered for Gunn's sign and the Marcus Gunn pupil.- Biography :...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...	hypertension Hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart is having to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and...		hypertensive retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the retina due to high blood pressure .-Pathophysiology:The retina is one of the "target organs" that are damaged by sustained hypertension.... >- \| H	Hamman's sign Hamman's sign Hamman's sign is a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema produced by the heart beating against air-filled tissues....	Louis Hamman Louis Hamman Louis Virgil Hamman, M.D. was recognized as one of the great clinicians in his time.He was graduated M.D...	thoracic surgery	oesophageal perforation w/ pneumomediastinum		>- \| H	Hampton's hump	Aubrey Otis Hampton Aubrey Otis Hampton Aubrey Otis Hampton was an American radiologist remembered for describing Hampton's hump and Hampton's line. He graduated from Baylor College of Medicine in 1925, undertook his internship in Dallas and worked at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1926...	pulmonology, radiology	pulmonary embolus with infarct		>- \| H	Hampton's line Hampton's line Hampton's line is a thin, radiolucent line seen across the neck of a gastric ulcer filled with barium sulphate during a barium meal. It is a sign of mucosal edema.It is named after Aubrey Otis Hampton.- External links :* at learningradiology.com...	Aubrey Otis Hampton Aubrey Otis Hampton Aubrey Otis Hampton was an American radiologist remembered for describing Hampton's hump and Hampton's line. He graduated from Baylor College of Medicine in 1925, undertook his internship in Dallas and worked at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1926...	radiology, gastroenterology	peptic ulcer Peptic ulcer A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. It is defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm...		>- \| H	Hannington-Kiff sign Hannington-Kiff sign The Hannington-Kiff sign is a clinical sign in which there is an absent adductor reflex in the thigh in the presence of a positive patellar reflex...	John G. Hannington-Kiff	general surgery General surgery General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e.g., intestines including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland . They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft...	obturator hernia Obturator hernia An obturator hernia is a rare type of abdominal wall hernia in which abdominal content protrudes through the obturator foramen. Because of differences in anatomy, it is much more common in women than in men, especially multiparous and older women who have recently lost a lot of weight. The...		>- \| H	Harrison's groove Harrison's groove Harrison's groove, also known as Harrison's sulcus, is a horizontal line at the lower margin of the thorax where the diaphragm attaches to the ribs.It is usually caused by chronic asthma or obstructive respiratory disease...	Edward Harrison Edward Harrison (physician) Edward Harrison was a British physician who described Harrison's groove. He studied in London under John and William Hunter, and in Edinburgh where he received his doctorate in 1784. He practised in Horncastle, Lincolnshire for 30 years, founding the Horncastle Dispensary and the Lincolnshire...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	rickets Rickets Rickets is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, magnesium , phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries...		>- \| H	Hatchcock's sign Hatchcock's sign Hatchcock's sign is a clinical sign in which upward pressure on the angle of the mandible causes pain due to parotitis in mumps, but no pain in adenitis....	?	paediatrics, infectious disease	mumps	(needed)	>- \| H	Heberden's node Heberden's node Heberden's nodes are hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints...	William Heberden William Heberden William Heberden , English physician, was born in London, where he received the early part of his education.At the end of 1724 he was sent to St John's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship, around 1730, became master of arts in 1732, and took the degree of MD in 1739...	rheumatology	osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion...		bouchard's nodes Bouchard's nodes Bouchard's nodes are hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the proximal interphalangeal joints They are a sign of osteoarthritis, and are caused by formation of calcific spurs of the articular cartilage.... , but over dip joints >- \| H	Hegar's sign Hegar's sign Hegar's sign is a non-sensitive indication of pregnancy in women — its absence does not exclude pregnancy. It pertains to the features of the cervix and the uterine isthmus....	Ernst Ludwig Alfred Hegar Ernst Ludwig Alfred Hegar Ernst Ludwig Alfred Hegar, aka Alfred Hegar, was a German gynecologist famous for developing new medical tools and techniques. He was born January 6, 1830 in Darmstadt, Germany and died August 5, 1914. He was buried in Breisgau....	obstetrics	normal pregnancy		>- \| H	Hess test Hess test The Hess test or Rumpel-Leede test is a medical test used to assess capillary fragility. It is also called the Tourniquet test.To perform the test, pressure is applied to the forearm with a blood pressure cuff inflated to between systolic and diastolic blood pressure for 10 minutes...	Alfred Fabian Hess Alfred Fabian Hess Alfred Fabian Hess was an American physician known for his work on the role of nutrition in scurvy and rickets and for describing the Hess test.- Biography :...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	capillary fragility		>-	H	Hildreth's Sign Hildreth's Sign Hildreth's sign is a physical examination technique useful in differentiating glomus tumors and hemangiopericytomas from other masses with a similar appearance...	DH Hildreth	dermatology	glomus tumor Glomus tumor A glomus tumor is a rare benign neoplasm arising from the glomus body...		Relief of pain at tumor site upon vascular occlusion of limb, with acute return of pain on reperfusion
Hippocratic face Hippocratic face The Hippocratic face is the change produced in the face by impending death, or long illness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like....	Hippocrates Hippocrates Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine...	palliative care	impending death		>- \| H	Hippocratic fingers	Hippocrates Hippocrates Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine...	pulmonary medicine	chronic hypoxia		>- \| H	Hirschberg test Hirschberg test In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Hirschberg test, also Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has strabismus ....	Julius Hirschberg Julius Hirschberg Julius Hirschberg was a German ophthalmologist and medical historian.In 1875, Hirschberg coined the term "campimetry" for the measurement of the visual field on a flat surface and in 1879 he became the first to use an electromagnet to remove metallic foreign bodies from the eye...	ophthalmology	strabismus Strabismus Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. It typically involves a lack of coordination between the extraocular muscles, which prevents bringing the gaze of each eye to the same point in space and preventing proper binocular vision, which may adversely...		>- \| H	Hoffmann's sign Hoffmann's sign In medicine, Hoffmann's sign, named after the German physiologist, Paul Hoffmann is a distal sign of nerve regeneration.-Definition:...	Johann Hoffmann	neurology	corticospinal tract lesions		>- \| H	Hollenhorst plaque Hollenhorst plaque A Hollenhorst plaque AKA "Eickenhorst plaque" is a cholesterol embolus that is seen in a blood vessel of the retina.-Clinical significance:It is usually seen when a physician performs ophthalmoscopy, during which a plaque will appear bright, refractile, and yellow...	Robert Hollenhorst Robert Hollenhorst Dr. Robert W. Hollenhorst was an American ophthalmologist remembered for describing Hollenhorst plaques.- Biography :...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...	hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or diabetes		>- \| H	Homans' sign	John Homans John Homans John Homans was an American surgeon who described Homans' sign and Homans' operation.- Biography :John Homans was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1877, and was educated at Harvard University and Harvard Medical School. His residency was undertaken at Massachusetts General Hospital, and was...	thrombosis Thrombosis Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss...	deep venous thrombosis		>- \| H	Hoover's sign (leg paresis) Hoover's sign (leg paresis) Hoover’s sign of leg paresis is one of two signs named for Charles Franklin Hoover.One is a maneuver aimed to separate organic from non-organic paresis of the leg. The sign relies on the principle of synergistic contraction. Involuntary extension of the "paralyzed" leg occurs when flexing the...	Charles Franklin Hoover Charles Franklin Hoover Charles Franklin Hoover was an American physician born in Cleveland, Ohio, who read medicine at Harvard. He worked in Vienna under Neusser, and in Strasbourg with F Kraus before returning to Cleveland. He was appointed Professor of Medicine in 1907...	neurology, psychiatry	lower extremity paresis		>- \| H	Hoover's sign (pulmonary) Hoover's sign (pulmonary) Hoover’s sign in pulmonology is one of two signs named for Charles Franklin Hoover.It refers to inward movement of the lower rib cage during inspiration, implying a flat, but functioning, diaphragm, often associated with COPD. COPD, and more specifically emphysema, often lead to hyperexpansion of...	Charles Franklin Hoover Charles Franklin Hoover Charles Franklin Hoover was an American physician born in Cleveland, Ohio, who read medicine at Harvard. He worked in Vienna under Neusser, and in Strasbourg with F Kraus before returning to Cleveland. He was appointed Professor of Medicine in 1907...	pulmonology Pulmonology In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the respiratory tract and respiratory disease. It is called chest medicine and respiratory medicine in some countries and areas...	COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , also known as chronic obstructive lung disease , chronic obstructive airway disease , chronic airflow limitation and chronic obstructive respiratory disease , is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases...		>- \| H	Howship-Romberg sign Howship-Romberg sign Howship–Romberg sign is a sign used to identify obturator hernia.It can be caused by a granuloma.It is named for John Howship and Moritz Heinrich Romberg.It should not be confused with Romberg sign.-References:...	John Howship John Howship John Howship was an English surgeon remembered for describing the Howship-Romberg sign. He was an assistant surgeon at St. George's Infirmary, London and lecturer at St. George's Hospital Medical School. He was a member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons at the time of his death from... , Moritz Heinrich Romberg Moritz Heinrich Romberg Moritz Heinrich Romberg was a Jewish physician from Berlin who published his classic textbook in sections between 1840 and 1846; Edward Henry Sieveking translated it into English in 1853....	surgery Surgery Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...	obturator hernia Obturator hernia An obturator hernia is a rare type of abdominal wall hernia in which abdominal content protrudes through the obturator foramen. Because of differences in anatomy, it is much more common in women than in men, especially multiparous and older women who have recently lost a lot of weight. The...		>- \| H	Hutchinson's freckle Lentigo maligna Lentigo maligna is a melanoma in situ that consists of malignant cells but does not show invasive growth. Lentigo maligna is not the same as lentigo maligna melanoma, and should be discussed separately. It typically progresses very slowly and can remain in a non-invasive form for years...	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson Jonathan Hutchinson Sir Jonathan Hutchinson , was an English surgeon, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, venereologist and pathologist.-Life:He was born in Selby, Yorkshire, England of Quaker parents and educated in the local school...	dermatology	melanoma Melanoma Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that produce the dark pigment, melanin, which is responsible for the color of skin. They predominantly occur in skin, but are also found in other parts of the body, including the bowel and the eye...		>- \| H	Hutchinson's pupil Hutchinson's pupil Hutchinson's pupil is a clinical sign in which the pupil on the side of an intracranial mass lesion is dilated and unreactive to light, due to compression of the oculomotor nerve on that side.The sign is named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson....	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson Jonathan Hutchinson Sir Jonathan Hutchinson , was an English surgeon, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, venereologist and pathologist.-Life:He was born in Selby, Yorkshire, England of Quaker parents and educated in the local school...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nerve The oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is... lesion		>- \| H	Hutchinson's sign	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson Jonathan Hutchinson Sir Jonathan Hutchinson , was an English surgeon, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, venereologist and pathologist.-Life:He was born in Selby, Yorkshire, England of Quaker parents and educated in the local school...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...	herpes zoster Herpes zoster Herpes zoster , commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe...		>- \| H	Hutchinson's teeth Hutchinson's teeth Hutchinson's teeth are a sign of congenital syphilis. Babies with this have teeth that are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces...	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson Jonathan Hutchinson Sir Jonathan Hutchinson , was an English surgeon, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, venereologist and pathologist.-Life:He was born in Selby, Yorkshire, England of Quaker parents and educated in the local school...	pediatrics Pediatrics Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...	congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis is syphilis present in utero and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with secondary syphilis. Untreated syphilis results in a high risk of a bad outcome of pregnancy, including mulberry molars in the fetus. Syphilis can cause miscarriages, premature births,...		>- \| H	Hutchinson's triad Hutchinson's triad Hutchinson's triad is named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson . It is a common pattern of presentation for congenital syphilis, and consists of three phenomena: interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson incisors, and eighth nerve deafness.- References :...	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson Jonathan Hutchinson Sir Jonathan Hutchinson , was an English surgeon, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, venereologist and pathologist.-Life:He was born in Selby, Yorkshire, England of Quaker parents and educated in the local school...	pediatrics Pediatrics Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...	congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis is syphilis present in utero and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with secondary syphilis. Untreated syphilis results in a high risk of a bad outcome of pregnancy, including mulberry molars in the fetus. Syphilis can cause miscarriages, premature births,...		>- \| J	Janeway lesion Janeway lesion Janeway lesions are non-tender, small erythematous or haemorrhagic macular or nodular lesions on the palms or soles only a few millimeters in diameter that are pathognomonic of infective endocarditis. Pathologically, the lesion is described to be a microabscess of the dermis with marked necrosis...	Theodore Caldwell Janeway Theodore Caldwell Janeway Theodore Caldwell Janeway was the first full-time professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, recruited in 1914.-Early on:...	cardiology	infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis, or inflammation, of the inner tissue of the heart, such as its valves, caused by infectious agents. The agents are usually bacterial, but other organisms can also be responsible....		>- \| J	Jendrassik maneuver Jendrassik maneuver The Jendrassik maneuver is a medical maneuver wherein the patient flexes both sets of fingers into a hook-like form and interlocks those sets of fingers together. The tendon below the patient's knee is then hit with a reflex hammer to elicit the patellar reflex. The elicited response is compared...	Ernő Jendrassik Erno Jendrassik Jendrassik Ernő was a Hungarian physician best known for his research on reflexes, in particular, the Jendrassik maneuver....	neurology	hyporeflexia		>- \| J	Joffroy's sign Joffroy's sign Joffroy's sign is a clinical sign in which there is a lack of wrinkling of the forehead when a patient looks up with the head bent forwards. It occurs in patients with exophthalmos in Graves disease.The sign is named after Alexis Joffroy....	Alexis Joffroy Alexis Joffroy Alix Joffroy was a French neurologist and psychiatrist remembered for describing Joffroy's sign. He studied in Paris, earning his doctorate in 1873, becoming médecin des hôpitaux in 1879 and agrégé in 1880...	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	exophthalmos Exophthalmos Exophthalmos is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral or unilateral . Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer... in Graves disease		>- \| J	John Thomas sign John Thomas sign The John Thomas sign, also known as the Throckmorton sign, is a term in the medical community that refers to the position of a penis as it relates to pathology on an x-ray of a pelvis....	?	radiology	various, including Reiter's syndrome	(needed)	>- \| J	Jolly's test Jolly's test Jolly's test is a medical test used to distinguish the muscle weakness found in myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome. Jolly's test is a type of electromyography which uses repeated stimulation of motor nerves to demonstrate the fatiguability found with repeated muscle contraction which is...	Friedrich Jolly Friedrich Jolly Friedrich Jolly was a German neurologist and psychiatrist who was a native of Heidelberg, and the son of physicist Philipp von Jolly ....	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability... or Eaton-Lambert syndrome		electromyography Electromyography Electromyography is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph, to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electrical potential generated by muscle... test using repeated stimuli to show fatiguability in myasthenia >- \| J	Jones criteria	T. Duckett Jones	rheumatology Rheumatology Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists...	rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs following a Streptococcus pyogenes infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain, the illness typically develops two to three weeks after...		>- \| K	Kanavel's sign Kanavel's sign Kanavel's sign is a clinical sign found in patients with infection of a flexor tendon sheath in the hand, a serious condition which can cause rapid loss of function of the affected finger.The sign consists of four components:...	Allen B. Kanavel Allen B. Kanavel Allen B. Kanavel was an American surgeon remembered for describing Kanavel's sign. He graduated from the Northwestern University School of Medicine in 1899. He spent six months in Vienna, then spent his career at Cook County Hospital and the department of surgery at Northwestern University School...	orthopedics, rheumatology	tenosynovitis of flexor digitorum tendon	http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/TOPIC97.HTM	>- \| K	Kayser-Fleischer ring Kayser-Fleischer ring Kayser-Fleischer rings are dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition as a result of particular liver diseases. They are named after Dr Bernhard Kayser and Dr Bruno Fleischer, the German doctors who first described them in 1902 and 1903...	Bernhard Kayser Bernhard Kayser Bernhard Kayser was a German ophthalmologist.Kayser-Fleischer rings are named after him.-References:... , Bruno Fleischer Bruno Fleischer Bruno Fleischer was a German doctor.Kayser-Fleischer rings and Fleischer rings are named for him.-Further reading:...	neurology,gastroenterology	Wilson's disease Wilson's disease Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which copper accumulates in tissues; this manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease... (hepatolenticular degeneration)		>- \| K	Kehr's sign Kehr's sign Kehr's sign is the occurrence of acute pain in the tip of the shoulder due to the presence of blood or other irritants in the peritoneal cavity when a person is lying down and the legs are elevated. Kehr's sign in the left shoulder is considered a classical symptom of a ruptured spleen...	Hans Kehr Hans Kehr Johannes Otto Kehr was a German surgeon and professor of surgery born in Waltershausen, Thuringia. He practiced surgery at a private clicic in Halberstädt, and from 1910 worked in Berlin...	trauma surgery	ruptured spleen Ruptured spleen Rupture of the capsule of the spleen, an organ in the upper left part of the abdomen, is a situation that requires immediate medical attention. The rupture of a normal spleen can be caused by trauma, such as a car accident.-Function In the Body:...		>- \| K	Kelly's sign Kelly's sign Kelly's sign is a clinical sign in which the ureter can be distinguished during surgery due to visible peristalsis which occurs when the ureter is pressed gently.The sign is named after Howard Atwood Kelly....	Howard Atwood Kelly Howard Atwood Kelly Howard Atwood Kelly was an American gynecologist. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Howard Atwood Kelly (February 20, 1858 – January 12, 1943) was an American gynecologist. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital....	surgery			>- \| K	Kerley lines	Peter Kerley Peter Kerley Sir Peter Kerley CVO was a radiologist from Dundalk, Ireland and a graduate of University College Dublin . He spent a year training in radiology in Vienna. He obtained his M.D. from the University of Ireland, in 1939. He was Director of Radiology at the Westminster Hospital and was also affiliated...	radiology	pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema , or oedema , is fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure...		>- \| K	Kernig's sign	Woldemar Kernig Woldemar Kernig Woldemar Kernig, better known as Vladimir Mikhailovich Kernig was a notable Russian and Baltic German internist and neurologist whose medical discoveries saved thousands of people with meningitis. He is best known for his pioneering work on diagnostics...	neurology	meningism Meningism Meningism is the triad of nuchal rigidity , photophobia and headache. It is a sign of irritation of the meninges, such as seen in meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhages and various other diseases... , meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs... , subarachnoid haemorrhage		>- \| K	Koebner's phenomenon Koebner Phenomenon The Koebner phenomenon, also called the "Koebner response" or the "isomorphic response", refers to skin lesions appearing on lines of trauma. The Koebner phenomenon may result from either a linear exposure or irritation...	Heinrich Koebner Heinrich Koebner Heinrich Koebner ; was a German dermatologist born in Breslau.He studied medicine in Berlin, earning his doctorate in 1859 at Breslau. Afterwards he performed hospital duties in Vienna under Ferdinand von Hebra and in Paris with Alfred Hardy...	dermatology	various conditions		>- \| K	Koeppe's nodules Koeppe's nodules Koeppe's nodules are small nodules seen at the inner margin of the iris in patients with granulomatous anterior uveitis, which occurs in conditions sich as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis...	Leonhard Koeppe Leonhard Koeppe Leonhard Koeppe was a German ophthalmologist born in Torgau, Saxony.He studied medicine in Freiburg and Halle, earning his doctorate in 1911. In 1914 he became an assistant at the ophthalmology clinic in Halle, and in 1918 received his habilitation...	ophthalmology	uveitis Uveitis Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the "uvea" but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye....		>- \| K	Koplik's spots Koplik's spots Koplik spots are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two days before the measles rash itself. They are characterized as clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa near each Stenson's duct and are pathognomonic for measles...	Henry Koplik Henry Koplik Henry Koplik was an American physician. He was educated at the College of the City of New York and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and earned his medical degree in 1881. He took a postgraduate course at the universities of Leipzig, Prague, and Vienna, and upon his return to America,...	pediatrics	measles Measles Measles, also known as rubeola or morbilli, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses...		>- \| K	Korotkoff sounds Korotkoff sounds Korotkoff are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff, a Russian physician who described them in 1905, when he was working at the Imperial Medical Academy in St...	Nikolai Korotkov Nikolai Korotkov Nikolai Sergeyevich Korotkov was a Russian surgeon, a pioneer of 20th century vascular surgery, and the inventor of auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement.-Associated eponyms:...	cardiology	auscultatory sphygmomanometry		Auscultatory gap Auscultatory gap An auscultatory gap is the interval of pressure where Korotkoff sounds indicating true systolic pressure fade away and reappear at a lower pressure point during the manual measurement of blood pressure... ) >- \| K	Kussmaul breathing Kussmaul breathing Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis but also renal failure. It is a form of hyperventilation, which is any breathing pattern that reduces carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased rate or...	Adolph Kussmaul Adolph Kussmaul Adolph Kussmaul was a German physician and a leading clinician of his time. He was born as the son and grandson of physicians at Graben near Karlsruhe and studied at Heidelberg. He entered the army after graduation and spent two years as an army surgeon...	endocrinology	metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis In medicine, metabolic acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. If unchecked, metabolic acidosis leads to acidemia, i.e., blood pH is low due to increased production of hydrogen by the body or the...		>- \| K	Kussmaul's sign Kussmaul's sign Kussmaul's sign is the observation of a rise in jugular venous pressure on inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart disease and is usually indicative of limited right ventricular filling.-Background:...	Adolph Kussmaul Adolph Kussmaul Adolph Kussmaul was a German physician and a leading clinician of his time. He was born as the son and grandson of physicians at Graben near Karlsruhe and studied at Heidelberg. He entered the army after graduation and spent two years as an army surgeon...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	various, including right side failure		>- \| K	Kveim test Kveim test The Kveim test, Nickerson-Kveim or Kveim-Siltzbach test is a skin test used to detect sarcoidosis, where part of a spleen from a patient with known sarcoidosis is injected into the skin of a patient suspected to have the disease. If granulomas are found , the test is positive. If the patient has...	Morten Ansgar Kveim Morten Ansgar Kveim Morten Ansgar Kveim was a Norwegian pathologist remembered for describing the Kveim test. He qualified in medicine in 1925, and worked in a number of small towns in Norway. After 1929 he worked in the department of diseases of the skin in the Rikshospitalet in Oslo, becoming assistant physician in...	pulmonary medicine	sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis , also called sarcoid, Besnier-Boeck disease or Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, is a disease in which abnormal collections of chronic inflammatory cells form as nodules in multiple organs. The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown...		>- \| L	Lachman maneuver	John Lachman	orthopedic surgery	anterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligament The anterior cruciate ligament is a cruciate ligament which is one of the four major ligaments of the human knee. In the quadruped stifle , based on its anatomical position, it is referred to as the cranial cruciate ligament.The ACL originates from deep within the notch of the distal femur... injury		>- \| L	Ladin's sign Ladin's sign Ladin's sign is a clinical sign of pregnancy in which there is softening in the midline of the uterus anteriorly at the junction of the uterus and cervix. It occurs at about 6 weeks gestation.- References :...	?	obstetrics	normal pregnancy	(needed)	Hegar's sign Hegar's sign Hegar's sign is a non-sensitive indication of pregnancy in women — its absence does not exclude pregnancy. It pertains to the features of the cervix and the uterine isthmus.... >- \| L	Lancisi's sign Lancisi's sign Lancisi's sign is a clinical sign in which a large venous wave, or Giant V wave, is visible in the jugular vein in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. It is caused by blood flowing backwards into the jugular vein through the incompetent tricuspid valve during ventricular systole.The sign is...	Giovanni Maria Lancisi Giovanni Maria Lancisi Giovanni Maria Lancisi was an Italian physician, epidemiologist and anatomist who made a correlation between the presence of mosquitoes and the prevalence of malaria...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	tricuspid regurgitation		>- \| L	Larrey's sign Larrey's sign Larrey's sign is a clinical sign in which patients with sacroiliitis experience pain in the sacroiliac area of the lower back on sitting down suddenly on a hard chair.The sign is named after Dominique Larrey....	Dominique Larrey	rheumatology Rheumatology Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists...	sacroiliitis Sacroiliitis In medicine, sacroiliitis is an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliitis is a feature of spondylarthropathies .-External links:*...		>- \| L	Lasègue's sign	Charles Lasègue Charles Lasègue Charles Lasègue, full name Ernest-Charles Lasègue was a French physician who was born in Paris. In 1847 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Paris, and during the following year was sent to Southern Russia by the French government to research an epidemic of cholera...	neurosurgery, orthpaedic surgery	lumbar disc lesions, sciatica		>- \| L	Leopold's maneuver	Christian Gerhard Leopold Christian Gerhard Leopold Christian Gerhard Leopold was a German gynecologist who was born in Meerane, Saxony. In 1870 he earned his medical doctorate from the University of Leipzig, where he studied under Carl Siegmund Franz Credé , who would later become his father-in-law...	obstetrics			>- \| L	Leser-Trélat sign Leser-Trelat sign The Leser-Trélat sign is the explosive onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses , often with an inflammatory base. This can be an ominous sign of internal malignancy as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome...	Edmund Leser Edmund Leser Edmund Leser was a German surgeon remembered for describing the Leser-Trélat sign. He studied law in Berlin and served in the Franco-Prussian War as an artillery officer before studying medicine in Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1880, and worked as Richard von Volkmann's assistant in Halle... , Ulysse Trélat Ulysse Trélat Ulysse Trélat was a French surgeon remembered for describing the Leser-Trélat sign. He was the son of an Army physician, and received his education from his father, Philippe-Frédéric Blandin, Auguste Nélaton and Philibert Joseph Roux. He graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1854, became prosector in...	oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...	malignant neoplasm Cancer Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...		pruritic Itch Itch is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has resisted many attempts to classify it as any one type of sensory experience. Modern science has shown that itch has many similarities to pain, and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response... seborrheic keratoses Seborrheic keratosis A seborrheic keratosis is a noncancerous benign skin growth that originates in keratinocytes. Like liver spots, seborrheic keratoses are seen more often as people age. In fact they are sometimes humorously referred to as the "barnacles of old age". They appear in various colors, from light tan to... >- \| L	Levine's sign Levine's sign Levine's sign is a clenched fist held over the chest to describe ischemic chest pain. As the referred pain associated with ischemia radiates to the area of the left proximal forelimb, the right, unaffected arm is used to produce the gesture....	Samuel A. Levine Samuel A. Levine Samuel Albert Levine was an influential American cardiologist.Levine's sign is named for him.The Samuel A. Levine Cardiac Unit at Brigham and Women's Hospital is named in his honor.-References:...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die...		>- \| L	Lhermitte's sign Lhermitte's sign Lhermitte's sign, sometimes called the Barber Chair phenomenon, is an electrical sensation that runs down the back and into the limbs. In many patients, it is elicited by bending the head forward...	Jean Lhermitte Jean Lhermitte Jacques Jean Lhermitte was a French neurologist and neuropsychiatrist.He was born in Mont-Saint-Père, Aisne, son of Léon Augustin Lhermitte, a French realist painter. Following his early education at Saint-Etienne, he studied in Paris and graduated in medicine in 1907...	neurology	lesions of cervical cord dorsal columns or caudal medulla, MS, chemotherapy, Behçet's disease Behçet's disease Behçet's disease is a rare immune-mediated systemic vasculitis that often presents with mucous membrane ulceration and ocular involvements...		>- \| L	Liebermeister's rule Liebermeister's rule Liebermeister's rule concerns the increment ratio between and adult individual's cardiac frequency and temperature when in fever. Each Celsius grade of body temperature increment corresponds to an 8 beats per minute in cardiac frequency...	Carl von Liebermeister	internal medicine			>- \| L	Lisch nodule	Karl Lisch Karl Lisch Karl Lisch was an Austrian ophthalmologist remembered for describing Lisch nodules.- Biography :...	ophthalmology	type I neurofibromatosis		>- \| L	Lisker's sign Lisker's sign Lisker's sign is a clinical sign in which there is tenderness when the front, middle part of the tibia is percussed. It can be found in people who have deep venous thrombosis.- References :...	?	internal medicine	deep venous thrombosis	(needed)	>- \| L	Litten's sign Litten's sign Litten's sign is a clinical sign in which cotton wool spots are seen on fundoscopic examination of the retina in patients with infective endocarditis.The sign is named after Moritz Litten....	Moritz Litten Moritz Litten Moritz Litten was a German physician who was a native of Berlin. He was a son-in-law to pathologist Ludwig Traube ....	cardiology	infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis, or inflammation, of the inner tissue of the heart, such as its valves, caused by infectious agents. The agents are usually bacterial, but other organisms can also be responsible....	eMedicine	>- \| L	Lombard effect Lombard effect thumb\|250 px\|[[Great tit]]s sing at a higher frequency in [[noise pollution\|noise polluted]] urban surroundings than quieter ones to help overcome the [[auditory masking]] that would otherwise impair other birds hearing their [[bird vocalization\|song]]...	Étienne Lombard Étienne Lombard thumb\|200px\|Étienne Lombard], Étienne Lombard was a French otolaryngologist and surgeon who discovered the Lombard effect, in which a person's voice is involuntarily raised when speaking in a loud environment....	psychiatry	malingering due to simulated deafness		>- \| L	Louvel's sign Louvel's sign Louvel's sign is a clinical sign found in patients with deep vein thrombosis. The sign is defined as pain in the distribution of the affected vein which occurs during coughing or sneezing , and which disppears when the vein is compressed proximally.- References :...	?	internal medicine	deep venous thrombosis	(needed)	>- \| L	Lowenberg's sign Lowenberg's sign Lowenberg's sign is a clinical sign found in patients with deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg. The sign is positive when pain is elicited rapidly when a blood pressure cuff is placed around the calf and inflated to 80mmHg...	?	vascular medicine	deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. Deep vein thrombosis commonly affects the leg veins or the deep veins of the pelvis. Occasionally the veins of the arm are affected...	(needed)	>- \| M	MacDonald triad Macdonald triad The Macdonald triad is a set of three behavioral characteristics that are associated with sociopathic behavior. The triad was first identified by J.M...	John M. MacDonald	psychiatry	sociopathic personality disorder		>- \| M	Macewen's sign Macewen's sign Macewen's sign is a sign used to help to diagnose hydrocephalus and brain abscesses. Tapping the skull near the junction of the frontal, temporal and parietal bones will produce a stronger resonant sound when either hydrocephalus or a brain abscess are present.The sign was discovered and...	Sir William Macewen William Macewen Sir William Macewen, CB, FRS, was a Scottish surgeon. He was a pioneer in modern brain surgery and contributed to the development of bone graft surgery, the surgical treatment of hernia and of pneumonectomy .-Career:Macewen was born near Port Bannatyne, Isle of Bute, Scotland in 1848 and studied...	neurology, neurosurgery	hydrocephalus, brain abscess		>- \| M	Magnan's sign Magnan's sign Magnan's sign is a clinical sign in which people with cocaine addiction experience paraesthesia which feels like a constantly moving foreign body, such as fine sand or powder, under the skin.The sign is named after Valentin Magnan....	Valentin Magnan Valentin Magnan Valentin Magnan was a French psychiatrist who was a native of Perpignan.He studied medicine in Lyon and Paris, where he was a student of Jules Baillarger and Jean-Pierre Falret...	addiction medicine Addiction Medicine Addiction medicine is a medical specialty that deals with the treatment of addiction. The specialty often crosses over into other areas, since various aspects of addiction fall within the fields of public health, psychology, social work, psychiatry, and internal medicine, among others...	cocaine dependence Cocaine dependence Cocaine dependence is a psychological desire to regularly use cocaine. It can result in cardiovascular and brain damage such as constricting blood vessels in the brain, causing strokes and constricting arteries in the heart, causing heart attacks specifically in the central nervous system.The use...		>- \| M	Mantoux test Mantoux test The Mantoux test is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis. It is one of the two major tuberculin skin tests used in the world, largely replacing multiple-puncture tests such as the Tine test...	Charles Mantoux Charles Mantoux Charles Mantoux was a French physician, the developer of the eponymous serological test for tuberculosis.He graduated from the University of Paris where he studied under Broca...	infectious disease	tuberculosis Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...		>- \| M	Marcus Gunn pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Marcus Gunn pupil is a medical sign observed during the swinging-flashlight test whereupon the patient's pupils constrict less when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye...	Robert Marcus Gunn Robert Marcus Gunn Robert Marcus Gunn was a Scottish ophthalmologist remembered for Gunn's sign and the Marcus Gunn pupil.- Biography :...	ophthalmology, neurology	severe retinal disease, lesion of optic nerve anterior to chiasm		>- \| M	Marie's sign	?			(needed)	>- \| M	Markle sign Markle sign The Markle sign or jar tenderness is a clinical sign in which pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen is elicited by dropping from standing on the toes to the heels with a jarring landing. It is found in patients with localised peritonitis due to acute appendicitis...	?	surgery Surgery Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...	appendicitis Appendicitis Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to...	(needed)	>- \| M	Mayne's sign Mayne's sign Mayne's sign is a clinical sign in which there is a drop of at least in the systolic blood pressure on raising the arm. It occurs in patients with aortic regurgitation....	?	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....	(needed)	15mmHg on raising arm >- \| M	McBurney's point McBurney's point McBurney's point is the name given to the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the navel...	Charles McBurney Charles McBurney (surgeon) Charles Heber McBurney, MD was an American surgeon known for describing McBurney's point in appendicitis.-Biography:Charles McBurney was born in 1845...	surgery	appendicitis Appendicitis Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to...		>- \| M	McConnell's sign	M.V. McConnell	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream . Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism...		echocardiography Echocardiography An echocardiogram, often referred to in the medical community as a cardiac ECHO or simply an ECHO, is a sonogram of the heart . Also known as a cardiac ultrasound, it uses standard ultrasound techniques to image two-dimensional slices of the heart... finding of akinesia of the mid-free wall of the right ventricle but normal motion of the apex >- \| M	McDonald's sign	?			(needed)	>- \| M	McMurray test McMurray test The McMurray test, also known as the McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee. It is a rotation test for demonstrating torn cartilage of the knee...	Thomas Porter McMurray Thomas Porter McMurray Thomas Porter McMurray was a British orthopaedic surgeon remembered for describing the McMurray test.- Biography :...	orthopaedics	meniscal tear		>- \| M	Means-Lerman scratch Means-Lerman scratch The Means-Lerman scratch is an uncommon type of heart murmur which occurs in patients with hyperthyroidism. It is a mid-systolic scratching sound best heard over the upper part of the sternum or second left intercostal space at the end of expiration...	J. Lerman, J.H. Means	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is the term for overactive tissue within the thyroid gland causing an overproduction of thyroid hormones . Hyperthyroidism is thus a cause of thyrotoxicosis, the clinical condition of increased thyroid hormones in the blood. Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are not synonymous...		>- \| M	Mees' lines Mees' lines Mees' lines or Aldrich-Mees' lines are lines of discoloration across the nails of the fingers and toes.- Causes :Mees' lines appear after an episode of poisoning with arsenic, thallium or other heavy metals, and can also appear if the subject is suffering from renal failure.- Presentation :They are...	R.A. Mees	toxicology Toxicology Toxicology is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms...	arsenic Arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid... or heavy metal poisoning		>- \| M	Mentzer index Mentzer index The Mentzer index is used to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from beta thalassemia. If a CBC indicates microcytic anemia, these are two of the most likely causes, making it necessary to distinguish between them....	William C. Mentzer Jr.	hematology	microcytic anemia Microcytic anemia Microcytic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia characterized by small red blood cells. The normal mean corpuscular volume is 76-100 fL, with smaller cells as macrocytic....		>- \| M	Miller Fisher test	Charles Miller Fisher Miller Fisher Charles Miller Fisher, usually known as Miller Fisher is a neurologist. Trained in Canada, he spent 1949 at Massachusetts General Hospital, followed by several years in Montreal. In 1954 he returned to Massachusetts General on the stroke service, beginning a long career in stroke neurology...	neurology	normal pressure hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus , also termed symptomatic hydrocephalus, occurs when there is an increase in intracranial pressure due to an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause ventriculomegaly...		lumbar puncture Lumbar puncture A lumbar puncture is a diagnostic and at times therapeutic procedure that is performed in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis, or very rarely as a treatment to relieve increased intracranial pressure.-Indications:The... used to confirm diagnosis >- \| M	Moniz sign Moniz sign Moniz sign is a clinical sign in which forceful passive plantar flexion of the ankle elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	António Egas Moniz	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| M	Möbius sign Möbius sign Möbius sign is a clinical sign in which there is an inability to maintain convergence of the eyes. It is found in patients with Graves' disease.The sign is named after Paul Julius Möbius....	Paul Julius Möbius Paul Julius Möbius Paul Julius Möbius was a German neurologist who was born in Leipzig. Prior to entering the medical field in 1873, he studied philosophy and theology at the Universities of Leipzig, Jena and Marburg....	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	thyrotoxicosis	Möbius sign at TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com is an online dictionary and encyclopedia that gathers information from a variety of sources. This site cross references the contents of Wikipedia, Columbia Encyclopedia, Hutchinson Encyclopedia , The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Computer Desktop...	>- \| M	Muehrcke's lines Muehrcke's lines Muehrcke's nails, Muehrcke's lines, or leukonychia striata, are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical disorder or condition. Muehrcke's lines are white lines that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the lunula . In contrast to Beau's lines, they...	Robert C. Muehrcke	nephrology Nephrology Nephrology is a branch of internal medicine and pediatrics dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney.-Scope of the specialty:... , oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...	hypoalbuminaemia, chemotherapy Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug or with a combination of such drugs into a standardized treatment regimen....		>- \| M	Mulder's sign Mulder's sign Mulder’s Sign is a physical exam finding associated with Morton's neuroma, which may be elicited while the patient is in the supine position on the examination table. The pain of the neuroma, as well as a click, can be produced by squeezing the two metatarsal heads together with one hand, while...	Jacob D. Mulder	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,... , podiatry Podiatry Podiatry is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and lower leg. The term podiatry came into use first in the early 20th century United States, where it now denotes a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine , a specialist who is qualified by their...	Morton's neuroma Morton's neuroma Morton's neuroma is a benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly of the third and fourth intermetatarsal spaces.This problem is characterised by pain and/or numbness, sometimes relieved by removing footwear.Despite the name, the...		>- \| M	Müller's maneuver Müller's maneuver Müller's ManoeuvreAfter a forced expiration, an attempt at inspiration is made with closed mouth and nose, whereby the negative pressure in the chest and lungs is made very subatmospheric; the reverse of Valsalva manoeuvre....	Johannes Peter Müller Johannes Peter Müller Johannes Peter Müller , was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, and ichthyologist not only known for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge.-Early years and education:...	pulmonology Pulmonology In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the respiratory tract and respiratory disease. It is called chest medicine and respiratory medicine in some countries and areas...	collapsed section of airway Airway The pulmonary airway comprises those parts of the respiratory system through which air flows, conceptually beginning at the nose and mouth, and terminating in the alveoli...		Valsalva maneuver Valsalva maneuver The Valsalva maneuver or Valsalva manoeuvre is performed by moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one's mouth and pinching one's nose shut... ) >- \| M	Müller's sign Müller's sign Müller's sign is the pulsation or bobbing of the uvula that occurs during systole. It can be seen in patients with severe aortic insufficiency. Müller's sign is caused by an increased stroke volume....	Friedrich von Müller Friedrich von Müller Friedrich von Müller was a German physician remembered for describing Müller's sign. He was the son of the head of the medical department in the hospital in Augsburg. He studied natural sciences in Munich and medicine in Munich, under Carl von Voit, and Würzburg...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....		uvula Uvula The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the... >- \| M	Murphy's punch sign Murphy's punch sign Kidney punch or CVA Tenderness is elicited when gently tapping the area of the back overlying the kidneyproducing pain in people with an infection around the kidney or pyelonephritis or renal stone...	John B. Murphy	urology Urology Urology is the medical and surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological...	perinephric abscess		>- \| M	Murphy's sign Murphy's sign In medicine, Murphy's sign refers to a maneuver during a physical examination as part of the abdominal examination and a finding elicited in ultrasonography. It is useful for differentiating pain in the right upper quadrant...	John B. Murphy	surgery Surgery Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...	cholecystitis Cholecystitis -Signs and symptoms:Cholecystitis usually presents as a pain in the right upper quadrant. This is known as biliary colic. This is initially intermittent, but later usually presents as a constant, severe pain. During the initial stages, the pain may be felt in an area totally separate from the site...		>- \| M	Myerson's sign Myerson's sign Myerson's sign is a medical condition where a patient is unable to resist blinking when tapped on the glabella, the area above the nose and between the eyebrows. It is often referred to as the glabellar reflex. It is often an early symptom of Parkinson's disease, but can also be seen in early...	Abraham Myerson	neurology	Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system...		>- \| N	Naegele's rule Naegele's rule Naegele's Rule is a standard way of calculating the due date for a pregnancy. The rule estimates the expected date of delivery by adding one year, subtracting three months, and adding seven days to the first day of a woman's last menstrual period...	Franz Karl Naegele	gynecology	gestation Gestation Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. Mammals during pregnancy can have one or more gestations at the same time ....		due date Due Date Due Date is a 2010 American comedy road film directed by Todd Phillips, co-written by Alan R. Cohen, Alan Freedland, and Adam Sztykiel, and starring Robert Downey, Jr. and Zach Galifianakis. The film was released on November 5, 2010... >- \| N	Nardi test Nardi test The Nardi test, also known as the morphine-neostigmine provocation test is a test for dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi, a valve which divides the biliary tract from the duodenum. Two medications, morphine and neostigmine, are given to people with symptoms concerning for sphincter dysfunction,...	George Nardi	gastroenterology Gastroenterology Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine whereby the digestive system and its disorders are studied. The name is a combination of three Ancient Greek words gaster , enteron , and logos...	dysfunction of sphincter of Oddi Sphincter of Oddi The sphincter of ampulla or sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. It is named after Ruggero Oddi...		>- \| N	Nikolsky's sign Nikolsky's sign Nikolsky's sign is a clinical dermatological sign, named after the Russian physician Pyotr Nikolsky . The sign is positive when slight rubbing of the skin results in exfoliation of the outermost layer....	Pyotr Nikolsky Pyotr Nikolsky Pyotr Vasilyevich Nikolsky was a Russian dermatologist from Usman.He studied medicine at the University of Kiev, and from 1884 was an assistant to Mikhail Stukovenkov at the dermatology clinic in Kiev...	dermatology	various, including pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic blistering skin disease with skin lesions that are rarely pruritic, but which are often painful.-Pathophysiology:...		>- \| O	O'Brien's test	?			(needed)	>- \| O	O'Donoghue's triad Unhappy triad An unhappy triad is an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the meniscus. The triad refers to a complete or partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the meniscus...	D. O'Donoghue	orthopaedics, sports medicine	knee injury		>- \| O	Oliver's sign Oliver's sign Oliver's sign, or the tracheal tug sign, is an abnormal downward movement of the trachea during systole that can indicate a dilation or aneurysm of the aortic arch....	William Silver Oliver William Silver Oliver William Silver Oliver, M.D. was an Irish-born Canadian military surgeon remembered for describing Oliver's sign. He graduated in Halifax, Nova Scotia and entered the Army in 1857, serving mainly in India and Canada. He was Honorary Deputy Surgeon-General stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia on his...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	aortic arch aneurysm		>- \| O	Oppenheim's sign Oppenheim's sign Oppenheim's sign is dorsiflexion of the big toe elicited by irritation downward of the medial side of the tibiaPositive sign indicates a damage to the pyramidal tract.It is named for Hermann Oppenheim....	Hermann Oppenheim Hermann Oppenheim Hermann Oppenheim was one of the leading neurologists in Germany. He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin, Göttingen and Bonn. He started his career at the Charité-Hospital in Berlin as an assistant of Karl Westphal...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions		>- \| O	Ortolani test Ortolani test The Ortolani test or Ortolani maneuver is a physical examination for developmental dysplasia of the hip.It is performed by an examiner first flexing the hips and knees of a supine infant to 90 degrees, then with the examiner's index fingers placing anterior pressure on the greater trochanters,...	Marino Ortolani Marino Ortolani Marino Ortolani was an Italian pediatrician who developed a clinical test for the recognition of hip dysplasia called the Ortolani test.-External links:* - Seyed Behrooz Mostofi...	pediatrics Pediatrics Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician... & orthopedics Orthopedics Orthopedics is the study of the musculoskeletal system. The Greek word 'ortho' means straight or correct and 'pedics' comes from the Greek 'pais' meaning children. For many centuries, orthopedists have been involved in the treatment of crippled children...	congenital hip dislocation Dislocation of hip Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in girls than in boys, is a condition...		>- \| O	Osborn wave Osborn wave Osborn waves are a electrocardiogram finding....	J.J. Osborn	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology... , emergency medicine Emergency medicine Emergency medicine is a medical specialty in which physicians care for patients with acute illnesses or injuries which require immediate medical attention. While not usually providing long-term or continuing care, emergency medicine physicians diagnose a variety of illnesses and undertake acute...	hypothermia Hypothermia Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as . Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of through biologic homeostasis or thermoregulation...		>- \| O	Osler's node Osler's node Osler's nodes are painful, red, raised lesions found on the hands and feet. They are associated with a number of conditions, including infective endocarditis, and are caused by immune complex deposition. They are named after Sir William Osler who described them in the early 20th century...	Sir William Osler William Osler Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet was a physician. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital as the first Professor of Medicine and founder of the Medical Service there. Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet (July 12, 1849 – December 29, 1919) was a physician. He was...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	various, including SBE and SLE		>- \| O	Osler's sign Osler's sign The Osler's sign of pseudohypertension is an artificially and falsely elevated blood pressure reading obtained through sphygmomanometry due to arteriosclerotic, calcified blood vessels which do not physiologically compress with pressure....	Sir William Osler William Osler Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet was a physician. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital as the first Professor of Medicine and founder of the Medical Service there. Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet (July 12, 1849 – December 29, 1919) was a physician. He was...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol...		>- \| P	Palla's sign Palla's sign Palla's sign is a clinical sign in which an enlarged right descending pulmonary artery is seen on the chest x-ray in patients with pulmonary embolism. It is of low sensitivity, and its specificity is not known....	?	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream . Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism...	Pulmonary embolism at Merck Manual online Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, often called simply The Merck Manual, is the world's best-selling medical textbook. First published in 1899, it is now in its 19th edition.-Professional Edition:...	>- \| P	Pastia's sign Pastia's sign Pastia's sign or Pastia lines is a clinical sign in which pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae are found in skin creases, particularly the crease in the antecubital fossa, the soft inside depression on the inside of the arm; the folding crease divides this fossa where the forearm meets...	Constantin Chessec Pastia	pediatrics Pediatrics Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...	scarlet fever Scarlet fever Scarlet fever is a disease caused by exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes. Once a major cause of death, it is now effectively treated with antibiotics...		>- \| P	Patrick's test Patrick's test Patrick's test or Fabere test is performed by a health care provider to evaluate people who have pain for hip disease or sacroiliitis. The knee is flexed to ninety degrees on the affected side and the foot is rested on the unaffected knee...	Hugh Talbot Patrick Hugh Talbot Patrick Hugh Talbot Patrick was an American neurologist.Patrick graduated in medicine from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1884. In 1891, he traveled to Europe where he studied neurology in Berlin under Emanuel Mendel. In 1898, he was appointed Associate Professor at the medical school of...	rheumatology Rheumatology Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists...	sacroiliitis Sacroiliitis In medicine, sacroiliitis is an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliitis is a feature of spondylarthropathies .-External links:*...		>- \| P	Pemberton's sign Pemberton's sign Pemberton's sign is the development of facial flushing, distended neck and head superficial veins, inspiratory stridor and elevation of the jugular venous pressure upon raising of the patient's both arms above his/her head simultaneously, as high as possible .It is named for Dr...	Hugh Pemberton Hugh Pemberton Hugh Spear Pemberton was an English physician remembered for describing Pemberton's sign.- Biography :Hugh Pemberton qualified MB ChB from the University of Liverpool in 1913 and started working at the David Lewis Northern Hospital in Liverpool...	thoracic surgery	retrosternal mass with superior vena cava syndrome Superior vena cava syndrome Superior vena cava syndrome , or superior vena cava obstruction , is usually the result of the direct obstruction of the superior vena cava by malignancies such as compression of the vessel wall by right upper lobe tumors or thymoma and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The most common malignancies...		>- \| P	Phalen's maneuver Phalen's maneuver Phalen's maneuver is a diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome discovered by an American orthopedist named George S. Phalen.-Process:The patient is asked to hold their wrist in complete and forced flexion for 30–60 seconds. The lumbricals attach in part to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons...	George S. Phalen George S. Phalen George S. Phalen was an American hand surgeon remembered for his work on carpal tunnel syndrome including his description of Phalen's maneuver.- Biography :...	rheumatology Rheumatology Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists... , hand surgery	carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is an entrapment idiopathic median neuropathy, causing paresthesia, pain, and other symptoms in the distribution of the median nerve due to its compression at the wrist in the carpal tunnel. The pathophysiology is not completely understood but can be considered compression...		>- \| P	Piskaçek's sign Piskacek's sign In medicine, Piskacek's sign is an indication of pregnancy.This sign, however, may or may not be a concrete probability of pregnancy along with other signs of early pregnancy. Other signs of early pregnancy include Goodell, Hegar, McDonald, von Braun Fernwald, and Chadwick...	Ludwig Piskaçek Ludwig Piskaçek Ludwig Piskaçek was an Austrian obstetrician remembered for describing Piskaçek's sign. He trained in Vienna, gaining his doctorate in 1882. He became apprentice in surgery at the Albert Clinic until 1884, then assistant at the obstetric clinic until 1888...	obstetrics Obstetrics Obstetrics is the medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy , childbirth and the postnatal period...	normal pregnancy		>- \| P	Plummer's nail Plummer's nail Plummer's nail is a clinical sign in which there is onycholysis, or separation of the nail from the nail bed, particularly affecting the ring and little fingers. It occurs in patients with thyrotoxicosis.The sign is named after Henry Stanley Plummer....	Henry Stanley Plummer Henry Stanley Plummer Henry Stanley Plummer, M.D. was a prominent internist and endocrinologist who, along with Drs. William Mayo, Charles Mayo, Stinchfield, E. Starr Judd, Christopher Graham, and Donald Balfour founded Mayo Clinic. Dr...	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	thyrotoxicosis		onycholysis Onycholysis Onycholysis refers to the detachment of the nail from the nail bed, starting at its distal and/or lateral attachment. It is said to occur particularly on the ring finger but can occur on any of the fingernails. The most common cause of onycholysis is psoriasis. It can also occur in thyrotoxicosis... especially of ring and little fingers >- \| P	Pratt's sign Pratt's sign Pratt's sign is an indication of femoral deep vein thrombosis. It is seen as the presence of dilated pretibial veins in the affected leg, which remain dilated on raising the leg....	Gerald H. Pratt	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	deep venous thrombosis		>- \| Q	Queckenstedt's maneuver Queckenstedt's maneuver Queckenstedt's maneuver is an outdated clinical test, formerly used for diagnosing spinal stenosis. The test is performed by placing the patient in the lateral decubitus position, thereafter the clinician performs a lumbar puncture. The opening pressure is measured...	Hans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedt Hans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedt Hans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedt was a German neurologist remembered for describing Queckenstedt's phenomenon. He graduated from the University of Leipzig in 1900, having studied under Emil Kraepelin. He worked under Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser, and gained his doctorate in 1904...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	spinal stenosis Spinal stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis is a medical condition in which the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spinal cord and nerves at the level of the lumbar vertebra. This is usually due to the common occurrence of spinal degeneration that occurs with aging. It can also sometimes be caused by spinal disc...		lumbar puncture Lumbar puncture A lumbar puncture is a diagnostic and at times therapeutic procedure that is performed in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis, or very rarely as a treatment to relieve increased intracranial pressure.-Indications:The... causes sudden rise in CSF pressure >- \| Q	Quincke's sign	Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke Heinrich Quincke Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke was a German internist and surgeon. His main contribution to internal medicine was the introduction of the lumbar puncture for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....		>- \| R	Reynolds' pentad Reynolds' pentad Reynolds' pentad is a collection of signs and symptoms suggesting the diagnosis of septic or ascending cholangitis, a serious infection of the biliary system. It is a combination of Charcot's triad with hypotension and an altered mental state.-Eponym:It was named after the surgeon, B.M...	B.M. Reynolds	gastroenterology Gastroenterology Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine whereby the digestive system and its disorders are studied. The name is a combination of three Ancient Greek words gaster , enteron , and logos...	ascending cholangitis Ascending cholangitis Ascending cholangitis or acute cholangitis is an infection of the bile duct , usually caused by bacteria ascending from its junction with the duodenum...		>- \| R	Riesman's sign Riesman's sign Riesman's sign is a clinical sign in which a bruit can be heard over the eye. It is found in patients with Graves' disease.The sign is named after David Riesman....	David Riesman David Riesman (physician) David Riesman was a German-born American physician remembered for describing Riesman's sign. He graduated M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1892. He wrote a number of books on pathology and the history of medicine...	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	thyrotoxicosis		bruit Bruit Bruit is the term for the unusual sound that blood makes when it rushes past an obstruction in an artery when the sound is auscultated with the bell portion of a stethoscope.The term "bruit" simply refers to the sound... over globe of the eye >- \| R	Rigler's sign Rigler's sign Rigler's sign, also known as the double wall sign, is seen on an x-ray of the abdomen when air is present on both sides of the intestine; a Rigler's sign is present when air is present on the inside and the outside...	Leo George Rigler Leo George Rigler Leo George Rigler was an American radiologist remembered for describing Rigler's sign.- Biography :...	radiology Radiology Radiology is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualized within the human body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies to diagnose or treat diseases... , abdominal surgery Surgery Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...	pneumoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum is air or gas in the abdominal cavity. It is often seen on X-ray, but small amounts are often missed, and CT is nowadays regarded as a criterion standard in the assessment of a pneumoperitoneum. CT can visualize quantities as small as 5 cm³ of air or gas...		>- \| R	Rinne test Rinne test The Rinne test is a hearing test. It compares perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction through the mastoid...	Heinrich Adolf Rinne Heinrich Adolf Rinne Heinrich Adolf Rinne was a German otologist born in Vlotho an der Weser. He received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen and practiced medicine in the city of Göttingen...	ENT, neurology, audiometry	hearing impairment Hearing impairment -Definition:Deafness is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound.-Environmental Situations:Deafness can be caused by environmental situations such as noise, trauma, or other ear defections...		>- \| R	Romaña's sign Romana's sign Romaña's sign, also known as a chagoma, is a medical term for the unilateral painless periorbital swelling associated with the acute stage of Chagas' disease.-Presentation:...	Cecilio Romaña Cecilio Romaña Cecilio Felix Romaña was an Argentinian physician remembered for describing Romaña's sign. He researched tropical diseases from 1930 to 1960 in Northern Argentina, particularly Chagas disease. His description of his eponymous sign in 1935 allowed for earlier and easier diagnosis of this disease in...	tropical medicine Tropical medicine Tropical medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with health problems that occur uniquely, are more widespread, or prove more difficult to control in tropical and subtropical regions....	Chagas' disease		>- \| R	Romberg test	Moritz Heinrich Romberg Moritz Heinrich Romberg Moritz Heinrich Romberg was a Jewish physician from Berlin who published his classic textbook in sections between 1840 and 1846; Edward Henry Sieveking translated it into English in 1853....	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	dorsal column lesions, cerebllar lesions, alcohol intoxication Drunkenness Alcohol intoxication is a physiological state that occurs when a person has a high level of ethanol in his or her blood....		>- \| R	Rose's sign Rose's sign Rose's sign is a clinical sign in which the skin of one leg feels warm and stiff when pinched. It can occur in people with deep vein thrombosis due to oedema in the affected leg.- References :...	?	vascular medicine	deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. Deep vein thrombosis commonly affects the leg veins or the deep veins of the pelvis. Occasionally the veins of the arm are affected...	(needed)	>- \| R	Rosenbach's test Rosenbach's test Rosenbach's test is a qualitative medical test to detect the presence of bile in urine. To carry out the test, the urine is passed through the same filter paper several times. The filter paper is then dried, and a drop of nitric acid is added...	Ottomar Rosenbach Ottomar Rosenbach Ottomar Ernst Felix Rosenbach was a German physician.Krappitz was a Silesian city where his father, Samuel Rosenbach, practised medicine. He received his education at the universities of Berlin and Breslau . His studies were interrupted by the Franco-Prussian war, in which he took an active part...	clinical chemistry	bilirubinuria Bilirubinuria In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality where conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine.The term "biliuria" is very similar, but more general. It refers to the presence of any bile pigment in the urine.-Causes:...		nitric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid , also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and toxic strong acid.Colorless when pure, older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to the accumulation of oxides of nitrogen. If the solution contains more than 86% nitric acid, it is referred to as fuming... >- \| R	Rossolimo's sign Rossolimo's sign Rossolimo's sign is a clinical sign in which percussion of the tips of the toes causes an exaggerated flexion of the toes. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo was a Russian neurologist who was a native of Odessa. He specialized in the field of child neuropsychology.In 1884 he graduated from the University of Moscow, and subsequently worked under Aleksei...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| R	Roth's spots	Moritz Roth Moritz Roth Moritz Roth was a Swiss pathologist remembered for describing Roth's spots. He studied medicine at Würzburg, Göttingen, Berlin and Basel, where he received his doctorate in 1864...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems... , internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	various, including SBE and systemic vasculitides		>- \| R	Rovsing's sign Rovsing's sign thumb\|right\|Rovsing's sign is pain in the [[RLQ]] experienced when the [[left lower quadrant\|LLQ]] is palpated.Rovsing's sign, named after the Danish surgeon Niels Thorkild Rovsing, is a sign of appendicitis...	Niels Thorkild Rovsing Niels Thorkild Rovsing Niels Thorkild Rovsing was a Danish surgeon remembered for describing Rovsing's sign.- Biography :...	general surgery Surgery Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...	appendicitis Appendicitis Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to...		>- \| R	Rumpel-Leede sign Rumpel-Leede sign The Rumpel-Leede sign is a distal shower of petechiae that occurs immediately after the release of pressure from a tourniquet or sphygmomanometer....	Theodor Rumpel Theodor Rumpel Theodor Rumpel was a German surgeon remembered for describing the Rumpel-Leede sign. He received his doctorate in 1887 in Marburg and worked at the Hamburg-Eppendorf Hospital. He oversaw the building of the Barmbecker Krankenhaus in Hamburg, of which he became director in 1913.- References :... , Carl Stockbridge Leede	haematology	capillary fragility		>- \| R	Russell's sign Russell's sign Russell's sign named after British psychiatrist Gerald Russell is a sign defined as calluses on the knuckles or back of the hand due to repeated self-induced vomiting over long periods of time...	Gerald Russell Gerald Russell Professor Gerald Francis Morris Russell is a British psychiatrist. In 1979 he published the first description of bulimia nervosa, and Russell's sign has been named after him.-Early life:...	psychiatry Psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...	bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging or consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of time, followed by an attempt to rid oneself of the food consumed, usually by purging and/or by laxative, diuretics or excessive exercise. Bulimia nervosa is...		>- \| S	Salus's sign Salus's sign Salus's sign is a clinical sign in which deflection of retinal venules can be seen on fundoscopy occurring in patients with hypertensive retinopathy. Arteriosclerosis causes shortening or lengthening of arterioles, which causes venules to be moved at points where arterioles and venules cross over...	Robert Salus Robert Salus Robert Salus was an Austrian ophthalmologist remembered for describing Salus's sign. He studied at the German University in Prague, gaining his M.D. in 1902. He was habilitated in ophthalmology in 1909 and became professor of ophthalmology in Prague in 1916...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...	hypertension Hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart is having to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and...	Hypertension at Medscape Medscape Medscape is a web resource for physicians and other health professionals. It features peer-reviewed original medical journal articles, CME , a customized version of the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database, daily medical news, major conference coverage, and drug information—including a...	>- \| S	Schaeffer's sign Schaeffer's sign Schaeffer's sign is a clinical sign in which squeezing the Achilles tendon elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	Max Schaeffer	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions		Achilles tendon Achilles tendon The Achilles tendon , also known as the calcaneal tendon or the tendo calcaneus, is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the calcaneus bone.- Anatomy :The Achilles is the tendonous extension of 3 muscles in the lower leg:... elicits an extensor plantar response >- \| S	Schamroth's window test	Leo Schamroth Leo Schamroth Leo Schamroth was a South African cardiologist remembered for his work in electrocardiography and for describing Schamroth's window test.- Biography :...	pulmonology Pulmonology In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the respiratory tract and respiratory disease. It is called chest medicine and respiratory medicine in some countries and areas... , cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	chronic hypoxia Hypoxia (medical) Hypoxia, or hypoxiation, is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise...		>- \| S	Schiller's Test Schiller's Test Schiller's test or Schiller's Iodine test is a medical test in which iodine solution is applied to the cervix in order to diagnose cervical cancer.- Procedure :...	Walter Schiller	gynecology	cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. One of the most common symptoms is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer is in its advanced stages...		>- \| S	Schilling test Schilling test The Schilling test is a medical investigation used for patients with vitamin B deficiency. The purpose of the test is to determine whether the patient has pernicious anemia.It is named for Robert F. Schilling.-Process:The Schilling test has multiple stages...	Robert F. Schilling Robert F. Schilling Dr. Robert Frederick Schilling, M.D. is a physician who is best known for his research on Vitamin B12. Schilling is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin. He is the namesake of the Schilling test.-Education and Postdoctoral Work:...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	pernicious anaemia, coeliac disease, other malabsorption disorders		>- \| S	Schirmer's test Schirmer's test Schirmer's test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to keep it moist. This test is used when a person experiences very dry eyes or excessive watering of the eyes. It poses no risk to the subject. A negative test result is normal...	Otto Schirmer Otto Schirmer Otto Schirmer was a German ophthalmologist from Greifswald. He studied medicine at several universities including the University of Greifswald. In 1896 he attained the chair of ophthalmology at Greifswald, a position earlier held by this father, Rudolf Schirmer...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...	keratoconjunctivitis sicca Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Keratoconjunctivitis sicca , also called keratitis sicca, xerophthalmia or dry eye syndrome is an eye disease caused by eye dryness, which, in turn, is caused by either decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation. It is found in humans and some animals... , as in Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome , also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva....		>- \| S	Schober test Schober's test Schober's test is a test used in rheumatology to measure the ability of a patient to flex his/her lower back.-Procedure:The examiner makes a mark approximately at the level of L5 . The examiner then places one finger ~5 cm below this mark, and another, second, finger, ~10 cm above this mark. The...	Paul Schober	physiatry, rheumatology, orthopaedics	various disorders of lumbar vertebrae		>- \| S	Shone's complex Shone's syndrome Shone's syndrome consists of a set of four cardiac defects: a supravalve mitral membrane , parachute mitral valve, subaortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. Essentially, it is both a left ventricular inflow and outflow obstruction...	John D. Shone	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	congenital heart defect Congenital heart defect A congenital heart defect is a defect in the structure of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth. Many types of heart defects exist, most of which either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern. Other...		>- \| S	Siegrist streaks Siegrist streaks Siegrist streaks are a rare manifestation of hypertensive choroidopathy. They are described as hyper-pigmented flecks that are arranged in a linear fashion along the choroidal vessels of the eye....	August Siegrist August Siegrist August Siegrist was a Swiss ophthalmologist remembered for describing Siegrist streaks. He trained at Basel, Zurich, Lausanne, Vienna and Bern, where he received his M.D. in 1892. He studied further in Bern under Emil Theodor Kocher and in Vienna under Ernst Fuchs...	ophthalmology Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...	malignant hypertension		>- \| S	Simmonds' test Simmonds' test Simmonds' test is used in lower limb examination to test for the rupture of the achilles tendon. The patient lies face down with feet hanging off the edge of the bed...	Franklin Adin Simmonds Franklin Adin Simmonds Franklin Adin Simmonds F.R.C.S. was a British orthopaedic surgeon for whom the Simmonds' test on rupture of the Achilles Tendon is named...	orthopaedics	Achilles tendon rupture Achilles tendon rupture The Achilles tendon is the most commonly injured tendon. Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping...		>- \| S	Sims-Huhner test Postcoital test The postcoital test is a test in the evaluation of infertility. It was apparently first performed by J. Marion Sims and later described by Max Huhner, thus it has also been called Sims-Huhner Test....	Harry M. Sims, Max Huhner	reproductive medicine Reproductive medicine Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems; goals include improving or maintaining reproductive health and allowing people to have children at a time of their choosing...	infertility Infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a person to contribute to conception. Infertility may also refer to the state of a woman who is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term...		sperm count and motility Semen analysis A semen analysis evaluates certain characteristics of a male's semen and the sperm contained in the semen. It may be done while investigating a couple's infertility or after a vasectomy to verify that the procedure was successful. It is also used for testing donors for sperm donation, in stud... in a sample taken from the cervical canal Canal of the cervix In the anatomy of the female reproductive system, the canal of the cervix is the spindle-shaped, flattened canal of the cervix, the neck of the uterus.It communicates with the uterine cavity via the internal orifice of the uterus, and with the vagina via the... within an hour of intercourse Sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse, also known as copulation or coitus, commonly refers to the act in which a male's penis enters a female's vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction. The entities may be of opposite sexes, or they may be hermaphroditic, as is the case with snails... >- \| S	Sister Mary Joseph nodule	Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey (born Julia Dempsey)	oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...	various abdominal malignancies		>- \| S	Spurling's test Spurling's test Spurling's test is a very specific, but not sensitive physical examination maneuver in diagnosing cervical spondylosis or acute cervical radiculopathy...	Roy Glenwood Spurling Roy Glenwood Spurling Roy Glenwood Spurling was an American neurosurgeon remembered for describing Spurling's test.- Biography :...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	cervical radiculopathy Radiculopathy Radiculopathy is not a specific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly . The emphasis is on the nerve root...		>- \| S	Stellwag's sign Stellwag's sign Stellwag's sign is a sign of infrequent or incomplete blinking associated with exophthalmos or Graves orbitopathy. It is accompanied by Dalrymple's sign, which is a retraction of the upper eyelids resulting in an apparent widening of the palpebral opening....	Karl Stellwag von Carion Karl Stellwag von Carion Karl Stellwag von Carion was an Austrian ophthalmologist who was a native of Langendorf, a village in Moravia....	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	thyrotoxicosis		Dalrymple's sign Dalrymple's sign Dalrymple's sign is a widened palpebral opening, or eyelid spasm, seen in thyrotoxicosis , causing abnormal wideness of the palpebral fissure. As a result of the retraction of the upper eyelid, the white of the sclera is visible at the upper margin of the cornea in direct outward stare... >- \| S	Still's murmur Benign paediatric heart murmur A functional murmur is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart, as opposed to structural defects in the heart itself....	Sir George Frederick Still	paediatric cardiology	subaortic stenosis, small VSD VSD VSD may refer to:* Vaccine Safety Datalink, a Centers for Disease Control database containing vaccination and health records of over 7 million Americans* Variable speed drive, or adjustable-speed drive, is a specific type of a variable-frequency drive...		>- \| S	Stransky's sign Stransky's sign Stransky's sign is a clinical sign in which vigorous abduction followed by the sudden release of the little toe causes an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	?	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| S	Stroop test Stroop effect Purple Blue Purple----Blue Purple RedGreen Purple Green----the Stroop effect refers to the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second....	John Ridley Stroop John Ridley Stroop John Ridley Stroop was an American psychologist.Stroop was born in Rutherford County, Tennessee, USA. He developed a color-word task in 1935, named after him , to demonstrate interference in attention....	neuropsychology	various, including ADHD and schizophrenia		>- \| S	Strümpell's sign Strümpell's sign Strümpell's sign is a clinical sign in which the patient's attempt to flex the knee against resistance elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	Adolph Strümpell Adolph Strümpell Ernst Adolf Gustav Gottfried von Strümpell was a German neurologist who was born at Neu-Autz Estate, Courland Governorate...	neurology	spastic pareses of the lower extremity		>- \| T	Terry's nails Terry's nails Terry's nails is a physical finding in which fingernails and/or toenails appear white with a characteristic "ground glass" appearance, with no lunula. The condition is thought to be due to a decrease in vascularity and an increase in connective tissue within the nail bed...	R. Terry	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	various including hepatic failure		>- \| T	Terry-Thomas sign	Terry-Thomas Terry-Thomas Thomas Terry Hoar Stevens was a distinctive English comic actor, known as Terry-Thomas. He was famous for his portrayal of disreputable members of the upper classes, especially cads and toffs, with the trademark gap in his front teeth, cigarette holder, smoking jacket, and catch-phrases such as...	Orthopaedics	Scapho-lunate dissociation	Atlas of Signs in Musculoskeletal Radiology	>- \| T	Thomas test Thomas test The Thomas test is a physical examination test, named after Dr. Hugh Owen Thomas , a British orthopaedic surgeon, used to rule out hip flexion contracture. The patient lies supine on the examination table and brings one knee in direction to the chest, while the other leg remains extended...	Hugh Owen Thomas Hugh Owen Thomas Hugh Owen Thomas was a Welsh surgeon. He is considered the father of orthopaedic surgery in Britain.-Early life:...	Orthopaedics	Fixed flexion deformity of hip		>- \| T	Throckmorton's reflex Throckmorton's reflex Throckmorton's reflex is a clinical sign in which pressure over the dorsal side of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe elicits a plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses....	Tom Bentley Throckmorton Tom Bentley Throckmorton Tom Bentley Throckmorton was an American neurologist remembered for describing Throckmorton's reflex. He studied at the Jefferson Medical College, graduating M.D. in 1909 with a gold medal for the best neurological examination...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.... lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	>- \| T	Tinel's sign Tinel's sign Tinel's sign is a way to detect irritated nerves. It is performed by lightly tapping over the nerve to elicit a sensation of tingling or "pins and needles" in the distribution of the nerve.It takes its name from French neurologist Jules Tinel .For example, in carpal tunnel syndrome where the...	Jules Tinel Jules Tinel Jules Tinel was a French neurologist remembered for describing Tinel's sign.- Biography :Jules Tinel was born in 1879 into a family with a five generation history of medical professionals. He studied in Rouen before moving to Paris. He became externe des hôpitaux in 1901 and interne in 1906...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	neuritis, compression disorders		>- \| T	Todd's paresis Todd's paresis Todd's paresis or Todd's paralysis is focal weakness in a part of the body after a seizure. This weakness typically affects appendages and is localized to either the left or right side of the body. It usually subsides completely within 48 hours...	Robert Bentley Todd Robert Bentley Todd Robert Bentley Todd was an Irish-born physician who is best known for describing the condition postictal paralysis in his Lumleian Lectures in 1849 now known as Todd's palsy. He was the younger brother of noted writer and minister James Henthorn Todd.- Early life :He was the son of physician...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	seizure disorders Epilepsy Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain.About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly two out of every three new cases...		>- \| T	Traube's sign	Ludwig Traube Ludwig Traube (physician) Ludwig Traube was a German physician and co-founder of the experimental pathology in Germany.-Biography:...	various	splenomegaly Splenomegaly Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It is one of the four cardinal signs of hypersplenism, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any...		Traube's space Traube's space Traube's space is an anatomic region of some clinical importance. It's a crescent-shaped space, encompassed by the lower edge of the left lung, the anterior border of the spleen, the left costal margin and the inferior margin of the left lobe of the liver... >- \| T	Trendelenburg's sign Trendelenburg's sign Trendelenburg's sign is found in people with weak or paralyzed abductor muscles of the hip, namely gluteus medius and minimus. It is named after the German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg....	Friedrich Trendelenburg Friedrich Trendelenburg Friedrich Trendelenburg was a German surgeon. He was son of the philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, father of the pharmacologist Paul Trendelenburg and grandfather of the pharmacologist Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg.Trendelenburg was born in Berlin and studied medicine at the University of...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	superior gluteal palsy, other causes of hip adductors weakness		>- \| T	Troisier's sign	Charles Emile Troisier Charles Emile Troisier Charles Emile Troisier was a French doctor.The following are named for him:* Troisier's sign, a hard, enlarged, left supraclavicular lymph node.* Troisier-Hanot-Chauffard syndrome, a form of diabetes mellitus-References:...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes... , oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...	Various abdominal malignancies, especially stomach cancer Stomach cancer Gastric cancer, commonly referred to as stomach cancer, can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs; particularly the esophagus, lungs, lymph nodes, and the liver...		supraclavicular lymph node Supraclavicular lymph nodes Supraclavicular lymph nodes are lymph nodes found superior to the clavicle, palpable in the supraclavicular fossa.The most notable supraclavicular lymph node is Virchow's node.-External links:* * http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/head/hnl3a.htm... (=Virchow's node Virchow's node Virchow's node is a lymph node in the left supraclavicular fossa . It takes its supply from lymph vessels in the abdominal cavity... ) >- \| T	Trousseau's sign of malignancy	Armand Trousseau Armand Trousseau Armand Trousseau was a French internist. His contributions to medicine include Trousseau sign of malignancy, Trousseau sign of latent tetany, Trousseau-Lallemand bodies , and the truism, "use new drugs quickly, while they still work."-Biography:A native of Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Armand Trousseau...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes...	various malignancies, including pancreatic		>- \| T	Trousseau's sign of latent tetany	Armand Trousseau Armand Trousseau Armand Trousseau was a French internist. His contributions to medicine include Trousseau sign of malignancy, Trousseau sign of latent tetany, Trousseau-Lallemand bodies , and the truism, "use new drugs quickly, while they still work."-Biography:A native of Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Armand Trousseau...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes... , endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	hypocalcaemia Hypocalcaemia In medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood, usually taken as less than 2.1 mmol/L or 9 mg/dl or an ionized calcium level of less than 1.1 mmol/L or 4.5 mg/dL. It is a type of electrolyte disturbance...		>- \| U	Uhthoff's phenomenon Uhthoff's phenomenon Uhthoff's phenomenon is the worsening of neurologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis and other neurological, demyelinating conditions when the body gets overheated from hot weather, exercise, fever, or saunas and hot tubs...	Wilhelm Uhthoff Wilhelm Uhthoff Wilhelm Uhthoff was a German ophthalmologist who was born in Klein-Warin. In 1877 earned his doctorate at the University of Berlin, and later became a professor of ophthalmology at the Universities of Marburg and Breslau , where he succeeded Carl Friedrich Richard Förster .Uhthoff specialized in...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms...		>- \| U	Unterberger test Unterberger test The Unterberger test, also Unterberger's test and Unterberger's stepping test, is a test used in otolaryngology to help assess whether a patient has a vestibular pathology...	Siegfried Unterberger	neurology, ENT	vestibular lesions		>- \| V	Virchow's node Virchow's node Virchow's node is a lymph node in the left supraclavicular fossa . It takes its supply from lymph vessels in the abdominal cavity...	Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Virchow Rudolph Carl Virchow was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health...	internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes... , oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...	Various abdominal malignancies, especially stomach cancer Stomach cancer Gastric cancer, commonly referred to as stomach cancer, can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs; particularly the esophagus, lungs, lymph nodes, and the liver...		supraclavicular lymph node Supraclavicular lymph nodes Supraclavicular lymph nodes are lymph nodes found superior to the clavicle, palpable in the supraclavicular fossa.The most notable supraclavicular lymph node is Virchow's node.-External links:* * http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/head/hnl3a.htm... (=Troisier's sign) >- \| V	Virchow's triad Virchow's triad Virchow's triad describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis.HypercoagulabilityHemodynamic changes *Endothelial injury/dysfunction...	Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Virchow Rudolph Carl Virchow was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health...	hematology Hematology Hematology, also spelled haematology , is the branch of biology physiology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases...	etiology of thrombosis Thrombosis Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss...		>- \| V	Von Braun-Fernwald's sign Von Braun-Fernwald's sign Von Braun-Fernwald's sign is a clinical sign in which there is an irregular softening and enlargement of the uterine fundus during early pregnancy. It occurs at 5–8 weeks gestation.The sign is named after Karl von Braun-Fernwald.- References :...	Karl von Braun-Fernwald	obstetrics Obstetrics Obstetrics is the medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy , childbirth and the postnatal period...	pregnancy		>- \| V	Von Graefe sign	Albrecht von Graefe	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	Graves' disease Graves' disease Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones...		>- \| W	Wada test Wada test The Wada test, named after Canadian neurologist and epileptologist Juhn Atsushi Wada, also known as the "intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure" , is used to establish cerebral language and memory representation of each hemisphere.-Method:...	Juhn Atsushi Wada Juhn Atsushi Wada Juhn Atsushi Wada, OC is a Japanese Canadian neurologist known for research into epilepsy, including his description of the Wada test for cerebral hemispheric dominance of language function.- Biography :...	neurology Neurology Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...	epilepsy, anatomical lesions of cerebrum		>- \| W	Waddell's signs Waddell's signs Waddell's signs are a group of physical signs, first described in a 1980 article in Spine, and named for the article's principal author, Gordon Waddell. Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain. Historically they have also been used to detect...	G. Waddell	primary care, psychiatry	chronic pain		>- \| W	Waddell's triad Waddell's triad Waddell's triad is a pattern of injury seen in pedestrian children who are struck by motor vehicles. The triad comprises:* fractured femoral shaft* intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal injuries* contralateral head injury...	J.P. Waddell	paediatric trauma	child pedestrian stuck by motor vehicle		>- \| W	Watson's water hammer pulse Watson's water hammer pulse Watson's water hammer pulse is the medical sign which describes a pulse that is bounding and forceful, or, in other words, rapidly increasing and subsequently collapsing, as if it were the hitting of a water hammer that was causing the pulse....	Thomas Watson	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	aortic regurgitation	J. Suvarna Watson's water hammer pulse Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2008-04-01	>- \| W	Whipple's triad Whipple's triad Whipple's triad is a collection of three criteria that suggest a patient's symptoms result from hypoglycemia that may indicate insulinoma...	Allen Whipple Allen Whipple Allen Oldfather Whipple was an American surgeon who is known for the pancreatic cancer operation which bears his name as well as Whipple's triad....	endocrinology Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...	hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia or hypoglycæmia is the medical term for a state produced by a lower than normal level of blood glucose. The term literally means "under-sweet blood"...		>- \| W	Wickham's striae	Louis Frédéric Wickham Louis Frédéric Wickham Louis Frédéric Wickham Louis Frédéric Wickham Louis Frédéric Wickham (28 February 1861, Paris – 14 October 1913, Mesnil-le-Roi was a French physician and pathologist remembered for describing Wickham's striae. He trained in medicine in Paris, receiving his M.D. in 1890. He studied dermatology...	dermatology	lichen planus Lichen planus Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous disease that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. The disease presents itself in the form of papules, lesions, or rashes. Lichen planus does not involve lichens, the fungus/algae symbionts that often grow on tree trunks; the name refers to the dry and...		>- \| W	Widal test Widal test Test whereby bacteria causing typhoid fever are mixed with serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. It is a presumptive serological test for enteric fever or undulant fever. In case of Salmonella infections, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma...	Georges-Fernand Widal Georges-Fernand Widal Georges-Fernand-Isidor Widal; was a French physician.From 1886 to 1888 he devoted himself to public demonstrations of the researches of the faculty of pathological anatomy, and during the 2 years following was in charge of a course in bacteriology in the laboratory of Professor Victor André Cornil...	microbiology Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell , cell clusters or no cell at all . This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes...	enteric fever		>- \| W	Winterbottom's sign Winterbottom's sign Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness...	Thomas Masterman Winterbottom Thomas Masterman Winterbottom Dr. Thomas Masterman Winterbottom was an English physician, philanthropist and abolitionist remembered for describing African trypanosomiasis and the associated Winterbottom's sign.- Biography :...	tropical medicine Tropical medicine Tropical medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with health problems that occur uniquely, are more widespread, or prove more difficult to control in tropical and subtropical regions....	trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. Approximately 500,000 men, women and children in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa suffer from human African trypanosomiasis which is caused by...		>- \| W	Wolff-Parkinson-White triad	Sir John Parkinson John Parkinson (physician) Sir John Parkinson was an English cardiologist remembered for describing Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.- Biography :... , Paul Dudley White Paul Dudley White Paul Dudley White , American physician and cardiologist, was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, the son of Herbert Warren White and Elizabeth Abigail Dudley. White's interest in medicine was sparked early in life, when he accompanied his father, a family practitioner, on rounds and house calls in a... , Louis Wolff Louis Wolff Louis Wolff was an American cardiologist.Louis Wolff married Alice Muscanto, a flute player born in Vilnius who played with her sisters and brothers in a touring musical ensemble. Louis was a concert-quality violinist who enjoyed accompanying his wife and her siblings in their apartment in...	cardiology Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...	supraventricular tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia is a general term that refers to any rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricular tissue. Supraventricular tachycardias can be contrasted to the potentially more dangerous ventricular tachycardias - rapid rhythms that originate within the ventricular...		>- \| W	Wright's maneuver Wright's maneuver Wright's maneuver is a clinical sign in which the radial pulse weakens or disappears when the arm is abducted and externally rotated. It occurs in some patients with thoracic outlet syndrome....	?			(needed)	>- \| Y	Yeoman's test Yeoman's test Yeoman's test in a physical exam is performed to determine if a person has sacroiliitis. With the subject prone, the test is performed by rotating the ilium with one hand and extending the hip while the knee is extended. Pain over the ipsilateral posterior sacroiliac joint area is indicative of...	?	rheumatology Rheumatology Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists...	sacroiliitis Sacroiliitis In medicine, sacroiliitis is an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliitis is a feature of spondylarthropathies .-External links:*...	(needed)	sacroiliac pain on rotation of ilium and extension of hip

See also