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Trypanosomiasis
 
 
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Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoa
Protozoa

Protozoan are microorganisms classified as unicellular eukaryotes. While there is no exact definition of the term "protozoan", most scientists use the word to refer to a unicellular heterotrophic protist, such as an amoeba or a ciliate....
n trypanosome
Trypanosome

Trypanosomes are a group of kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single flagellum. All members are exclusively parasite, found primarily in insects....
s of the genus Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma are of the class kinetoplastida, a monophyletic group of unicellular parasite protozoa. The name is derived from the Greek language trypano and soma because of their corkscrew-like motion....
. More than 66 million women, men, and children in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
 suffer from human African trypanosomiasis which is caused by either Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The other human form of trypanosomiasis, called Chagas disease
Chagas disease

'Chagas disease' is a tropical disease parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi is commonly transmitted to humans and other mammals by an insect Vector , the hematophagy assassin bugs of the subfamily Triatominae most commonly species belonging to the Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongy...
, causes 21,000 deaths per year mainly in Latin America
Latin America

Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages ? particularly Spanish language and Portuguese language, and variably French language ? are primarily spoken....
.


class="link1" onMouseover='showByLink("m2210894",this)' onMouseout='hide("m2210894")'href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nagana">Nagana
Nagana

Nagana, also called nagana pest or Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by trypanosoma of several species in the genus Trypanosoma....
, or Animal African trypanosomiasis, also called 'Souma' or 'Soumaya' in Sudan
Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
.
nosing African trypanosomiasis requires the documentation of T.brucei in blood smears, lymph node
Lymph node

A Lymph node is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles....
 aspirates, or CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain....
.






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Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoa
Protozoa

Protozoan are microorganisms classified as unicellular eukaryotes. While there is no exact definition of the term "protozoan", most scientists use the word to refer to a unicellular heterotrophic protist, such as an amoeba or a ciliate....
n trypanosome
Trypanosome

Trypanosomes are a group of kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single flagellum. All members are exclusively parasite, found primarily in insects....
s of the genus Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma are of the class kinetoplastida, a monophyletic group of unicellular parasite protozoa. The name is derived from the Greek language trypano and soma because of their corkscrew-like motion....
. More than 66 million women, men, and children in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
 suffer from human African trypanosomiasis which is caused by either Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The other human form of trypanosomiasis, called Chagas disease
Chagas disease

'Chagas disease' is a tropical disease parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi is commonly transmitted to humans and other mammals by an insect Vector , the hematophagy assassin bugs of the subfamily Triatominae most commonly species belonging to the Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongy...
, causes 21,000 deaths per year mainly in Latin America
Latin America

Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages ? particularly Spanish language and Portuguese language, and variably French language ? are primarily spoken....
.

Human trypanosomiases

  • Human African trypanosomiasis, see Sleeping sickness
    Sleeping sickness

    Sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease of people and animals, caused by protozoa of species Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the tsetse fly....
  • Human American trypanosomiasis, see Chagas disease
    Chagas disease

    'Chagas disease' is a tropical disease parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi is commonly transmitted to humans and other mammals by an insect Vector , the hematophagy assassin bugs of the subfamily Triatominae most commonly species belonging to the Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongy...


Animal trypanosomiases

Carte Maladie Chagas
*Nagana
Nagana

Nagana, also called nagana pest or Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by trypanosoma of several species in the genus Trypanosoma....
, or Animal African trypanosomiasis, also called 'Souma' or 'Soumaya' in Sudan
Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
.
  • Surra
    Surra

    Surra is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by protozoa trypanosomes of several species which infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy which lead to weight loss and anemia....
  • Mal de caderas (of central South America)
  • Murrina de caderas (of Panama; Derrengadera de caderas)
  • Dourine
  • Cachexial fevers (various)
  • Gambian horse sickness (of central Africa)
  • Baleri (of Sudan)
  • Kaodzera (Rhodesian trypanosomiasis)
  • Tahaga (a disease of camel
    Camel

    Camels are even-toed ungulates within the genus Camelus. The dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and is well known for its healthy low fat milk, and the Bactrian camel has two humps....
    s in Algeria)
  • Galziekte, galzietzke (bilious fever of cattle; gall sickness of South Africa)
  • Peste-boba (of Venezuela; Derrengadera)

Diagnosis

Diagnosing African trypanosomiasis requires the documentation of T.brucei in blood smears, lymph node
Lymph node

A Lymph node is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles....
 aspirates, or CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain....
.

Treatment

American trypanosomiasis is currently treated with a variety of antifungal agents, including Benznidazole
Benznidazole

Benznidazole is an antiparasitic medication used in the treatment of Chagas disease....
 and Nifurtimox
Nifurtimox

Nifurtimox is a 5-nitrofuran and is used to treat diseases caused by trypanosomas . It is given by mouth and not by injection....
.

Bibliography