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Exophthalmos

 
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Exophthalmos
 
 
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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmia) is a bulging of the eye
Eye

Eyes are Organ that detect light, and send signals along the optic nerve to the visual system and other areas of the brain. Complex optical systems with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system....
 anteriorly out of the orbit
Orbit (anatomy)

In anatomy, the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its adnexa are situated.It can also mean the skin which surrounds the eye of a bird....
. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' Disease
Graves-Basedow disease

Graves' disease is a thyroid disorder characterized by Goitre, exophthalmos, "orange-peel" skin, and hyperthyroidism. It is caused by an antibody-mediated auto-immune reaction, but the trigger for this reaction is still unknown....
) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.

In the case of Graves' Disease, the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles which can be visualized by CT or MRI.

If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eye lids to fail to close during sleep leading to corneal
Cornea

The cornea is the transparency front part of the eye that covers the Iris , pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the cilliary muscles, the cornea reflects light, and as a result helps the eye to dilate, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power....
 dryness and damage.






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Encyclopedia


Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmia) is a bulging of the eye
Eye

Eyes are Organ that detect light, and send signals along the optic nerve to the visual system and other areas of the brain. Complex optical systems with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system....
 anteriorly out of the orbit
Orbit (anatomy)

In anatomy, the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its adnexa are situated.It can also mean the skin which surrounds the eye of a bird....
. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' Disease
Graves-Basedow disease

Graves' disease is a thyroid disorder characterized by Goitre, exophthalmos, "orange-peel" skin, and hyperthyroidism. It is caused by an antibody-mediated auto-immune reaction, but the trigger for this reaction is still unknown....
) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.

In the case of Graves' Disease, the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles which can be visualized by CT or MRI.

If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eye lids to fail to close during sleep leading to corneal
Cornea

The cornea is the transparency front part of the eye that covers the Iris , pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the cilliary muscles, the cornea reflects light, and as a result helps the eye to dilate, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power....
 dryness and damage. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve
Optic nerve

The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve II, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain....
 or ophthalmic artery
Ophthalmic artery

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit . It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal....
 leading to blindness
Blindness

Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors.Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision loss and define "blindness." Total blindness is the complete lack of form and visual light perception and is clinically recorded as "NLP," an abbreviation for "no ligh...
.

Exophthalmos vs. proptosis

Some sources define exophthalmos as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm and proptosis as a protusion equal to or less than 18 mm. (Epstein et al, 2003). Others define "exophthalmos" as protrusion secondary to endocrine dysfunction and "proptosis" as any non-endocrine-mediated protrusion .

Causes

Anophthalmos Leukemias Cellulitis, Orbital Meningioma, Sphenoid Wing Dacryoadenitis Mucormycosis Dermoid, Orbital Orbital Fracture, Apex Duane Syndrome Orbital Fracture, Floor Fistula, Carotid Cavernous Orbital Fracture, Medial Wall Glaucoma, Juvenile Orbital Fracture, Zygomatic Globe Retraction Ptosis, Adult, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, Hemangioma, Cavernous Ptosis, Congenital Horner Syndrome Thyroid Ophthalmopathy

Exophthalmos in dogs

Exophthalmos in Pug


Exophthalmos is commonly found in dog
Dog

The dog is a domesticated subspecies of the Gray Wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties....
s. It is a normal condition in brachycephalic
Cephalic index

Cephalic index is the ratio of the maximum width of the head to its maximum length , sometimes multiplied by 100 for convenience. It was widely used by anthropologists in the early twentieth century to categorize human populations, and by Carleton S....
 (short nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit
Orbit (anatomy)

In anatomy, the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its adnexa are situated.It can also mean the skin which surrounds the eye of a bird....
. However, it can lead to keratitis
Keratitis

Keratitis is a condition in which the eye's cornea, the front part of the eye, becomes inflamed. The condition is often marked by moderate to intense pain and usually involves impaired eyesight....
 secondary to exposure of the cornea
Cornea

The cornea is the transparency front part of the eye that covers the Iris , pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the cilliary muscles, the cornea reflects light, and as a result helps the eye to dilate, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power....
. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the Pug
Pug

The Pug is a small dog breed of dog with a wrinkly, short muzzled face . The word "pug" may have come from the Old English pugg or "puge", which were affectionate terms for a playful little devil or monkey....
, Boston Terrier
Boston Terrier

The Boston Terrier is a dog breed of dog of the Terrier dog Dog type, originating in the United States of America....
, Pekingese
Pekingese

The Pekingese or Peke is an ancient dog breed of toy dog, originating in China. They were the favored pet of the Chinese sovereign court, and the name relates to the city of Beijing where the Forbidden City resides....
, and Shih Tzu
Shih Tzu

The Shih Tzu , , is a dog breed which originated in China. The name is both singular and plural. The spelling "Shih Tzu", most commonly used for the breed, is according to the Wade-Giles system of romanization; the Chinese pronunciation is very close to SHIRR-dzi....
.

See also

  • Boston's sign
    Boston's sign

    Boston's sign is the spasmodic lowering of the upper eyelid on downward rotation of the eye, indicating exophthalmos Goitre.Similar to von Graefe's sign, it is observed in people with Graves-Basedow disease, a type of hyperthyroidism....
  • Enophthalmos
    Enophthalmos

    Enophthalmos is recession of the eyeball within the orbit.It may be a congenital anomaly, or be acquired as a result of Physical trauma, Horner's syndrome, silent sinus syndrome, or phthisis bulbi....
  • Marty Feldman
    Marty Feldman

    Martin Alan "Marty" Feldman was an England writer, comedian and actor, notable for Exophthalmos, the result of a thyroid condition known as Graves' disease....
  • Von Graefe's sign
    Von Graefe's sign

    Von Graefe's sign is the immobility or lagging of the upper eyelid on downward rotation of the eye, indicating exophthalmos Goitre.A pseudo Graefe's sign shows a similar lag, but is due to aberrant regeneration of fibres of the oculomotor nerve into the elevator of the upper lid....
  • Graves ophthalmopathy
  • Heino
    Heino

    Heino is a Germany singer of popular music and traditional Volksmusik.With his booming voice, bright blonde hair, and ever present sunglasses , Heino is considered by many an icon of kitsch and in the English-speaking world the Latin American themes of many of his songs lending themselves to jokes about ODESSA after World War II....


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