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Japanese Garden

 
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, that is, garden
Garden

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials....
s in traditional Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
ese style, can be found at private homes, in neighborhood or city parks, and at historical landmark
Landmark

Originally, a landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by exploration and others to find their way back or through an area.In modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure....
s such as Buddhist
Buddhism

Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal....
 temples and old castle
Japanese castle

were fortresses composed primarily of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries, and came into their most well-known form in the 16th century....
s.

Some of the Japanese gardens most famous in the West
Western world

The term Western world, the West or the Occident can have multiple meanings dependent on its context . Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical circumstances....
, and within Japan as well, are dry gardens or rock garden
Japanese rock garden

A , sometimes called a Zen garden, is an enclosed shallow sandpit containing sand, gravel, Rock s, and occasionally Lawn and/or other natural elements....
s, karesansui. The tradition of the Tea master
Tea ceremony

A tea ceremony is an Asian ritual form of making tea. The term generally refers to the Japanese tea ceremony. One can also refer to the whole set of rituals, tools, mudra, etc....
s has produced highly refined Japanese gardens of quite another style, evoking rural simplicity. In Japanese culture
Culture of Japan

The culture of Japan has evolved greatly over millennia, from the country's prehistoric Jomon culture to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America....
, garden-making is a high art, intimately related to the linked arts of calligraphy
Calligraphy

Calligraphy is the art of writing . A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner" ....
 and ink painting.






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, that is, garden
Garden

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials....
s in traditional Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
ese style, can be found at private homes, in neighborhood or city parks, and at historical landmark
Landmark

Originally, a landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by exploration and others to find their way back or through an area.In modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure....
s such as Buddhist
Buddhism

Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal....
 temples and old castle
Japanese castle

were fortresses composed primarily of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries, and came into their most well-known form in the 16th century....
s.

Some of the Japanese gardens most famous in the West
Western world

The term Western world, the West or the Occident can have multiple meanings dependent on its context . Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical circumstances....
, and within Japan as well, are dry gardens or rock garden
Japanese rock garden

A , sometimes called a Zen garden, is an enclosed shallow sandpit containing sand, gravel, Rock s, and occasionally Lawn and/or other natural elements....
s, karesansui. The tradition of the Tea master
Tea ceremony

A tea ceremony is an Asian ritual form of making tea. The term generally refers to the Japanese tea ceremony. One can also refer to the whole set of rituals, tools, mudra, etc....
s has produced highly refined Japanese gardens of quite another style, evoking rural simplicity. In Japanese culture
Culture of Japan

The culture of Japan has evolved greatly over millennia, from the country's prehistoric Jomon culture to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America....
, garden-making is a high art, intimately related to the linked arts of calligraphy
Calligraphy

Calligraphy is the art of writing . A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner" ....
 and ink painting. Since the end of the 19th century, Japanese gardens have also been adapted to Western settings.

One of the great interest for the historical development of the Japanese garden, bonseki
Bonseki

Bonseki is the ancient Japanese art of creating miniature landscapes on black lacquer trays using white sand, pebbles, and small rocks. Small delicate tools are used in Bonseki such as feathers, small flax brooms, sifters, spoons and wood wedges....
, bonsai
Bonsai

Bonsai 'Bonsai' is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier Chinese term penzai . The word bonsai is used in the West as an umbrella term for all miniature trees in containers or pots....
 and related arts is the c. 1300 Zen monk Kokan Shiren
Kokan Shiren

Kokan Shiren , 1278-1347), Japanese Rinzai Zen patriarch and celebrated poet in Chinese language, was the son of an officer of the palace guard and a mother of the aristocratic Minamoto clan....
 and his rhymeprose essay Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden.

The tradition of Japanese gardening was historically passed down from sensei
Sensei

is a Japanese language Japanese titles used to refer to or address teachers, professors, professionals such as lawyers and Physicians, politicians, clergyman, and other figures of authority....
 to apprentice. In recent decades this has been supplemented by various trade schools. The opening words of Zoen's Illustrations for designing mountain, water and hillside field landscapes (1466) are "If you have not received the oral transmissions, you must not make gardens" and its closing admonition is "You must never show this writing to outsiders. You must keep it secret".

Rikugien5
Tofukujigarden1
Erinjigarden
Hosokawagyobutei
Rikugien3
Stone Lantern Madeira Jg


Typical features

A catalogue of features "typical" of the Japanese garden may be drawn up without inquiring deeply into the aesthetic underlying Japanese practice. Typical Japanese gardens have at their center a home from which the garden is viewed. In addition to residential architecture, Japanese gardens often contain several of these elements:
  • Water, real or symbolic.
  • Rocks.
  • A lantern, typically of stone.
  • A teahouse or pavilion.
  • An enclosure device such as a hedge, fence, or wall of traditional character.
  • A bridge to the island, or stepping stone
    Stepping Stone

    "Stepping Stone" was the first single by Liverpool-based pop group The Farm . It was based upon The Monkees' 1966 song " Steppin' Stone". The single was released in April 1990, having been produced by Suggs of Madness and Terry Farley....
    s.


Styles

Traditional Styles:

Karesansui Gardens

Karesansui Gardens( ???) or "dry landscape” gardens were influenced mainly by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation (Japan Guide). Unlike other traditional gardens, there is no water present in Karesansui gardens. However, there is raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling of water. The rocks/gravel used are chosen for their artistic shapes, and mosses as well as small shrubs are used to further garnish the Karesansui style (Japanese Lifestyle). All in all, the rocks and moss are used to represent ponds, islands, boats, seas, rivers, and mountains in an abstract way (Japan Guide). - Example: Ryoan-ji
Ryoan-ji

is a Zen temple located in northwest Kyoto, Japan. Belonging to the Myoshin-ji school of the Rinzai branch of Zen Buddhism, the temple is one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto, a UNESCO World Heritage Site....
, temple in Kyoto, has a garden famous for representing this style. Daisen-in, created in 1513, is also particularly renowned.

Tsukiyama Gardens

Tsukiyama Gardens often copy famous landscapes from China or Japan, and they commonly strive to make a smaller garden appear more spacious (Japan Guide). This is accomplished by utilizing shrubs to block views of surrounding buildings, and the garden's structure usually tries to make onlookers focus on nearby mountains in the distance (Japanese Lifestyle). By doing this, it seems that the garden has the mountains as part of its grounds. Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges, and paths are also used frequently in this style (Japan Guide).

Chaniwa Gardens

Chaniwa Gardens are built for holding tea ceremonies. There is usually a tea house where the ceremonies occur, and the styles of both the hut and garden are based off the simple concepts of the sado (Japan Guide). Usually, there are stepping stones leading to the tea house, stone lanterns, and stone basins (tsukubai) where guests purify themselves before a ceremony(Japan Guide).

Japanese gardens might also fall into one of these styles:
  • Kanshoh-style gardens which are viewed from a residence.
  • Pond gardens, for viewing from a boat.
  • Strolling gardens (kaiyu-shiki), for viewing a sequence of effects from a path which circumnavigates the garden. The 17th-century Katsura
    Katsura

    Katsura or Katsuura might refer to:...
     garden in Kyoto is a famous exemplar.


Other gardens also use similar rocks for decoration, some of which come from distant parts of Japan. In addition, bamboo
Bamboo

The bamboos are a group of woody perennial plant evergreen plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae....
s and related plants, evergreens
Niwaki

Niwaki is the Japanese word for "garden trees".The technique of niwaki is more about what you do to a tree than the tree itself. While Western gardeners enjoy experimenting with a wide range of different plants, Japanese gardeners experiment through training and shaping a relatively limited palette of plants....
 including Japanese black pine
Japanese Black Pine

The Japanese Black Pine is a pine native to coastal areas of Japan and South Korea.Japanese Black Pine can reach the height of 40 m, but rarely achieves this size outside its natural range....
, and such deciduous trees as maple
Maple

Acer is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as Maple. Maples are variously classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae, or included in the family Sapindaceae....
s grow above a carpet of fern
Fern

A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta....
s and mosses.

The use of stones, water, and plantings

Though often thought of as tranquil sanctuaries that allow individuals to escape from the stresses of daily life, Japanese gardens are designed for a variety of purposes. Some gardens invite quiet contemplation, but may have also been intended for recreation, the display of rare plant specimens, or the exhibition of unusual rocks.

Kaiyu-shiki or Strolling Gardens require the observer to walk through the garden to fully appreciate it. A premeditated path takes observers through each unique area of a Japanese garden. Uneven surfaces are placed in specific spaces to prompt people to look down at particular points. When the observer looks up, they will see an eye-catching ornamentation which is intended to enlighten and revive the spirit of the observer. This type of design is known as the Japanese landscape principle of "hide and reveal".

Stones are used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways. Stones can also represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present. They are sometimes placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular shapes, which often are the mountains of China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
.

A water source in a Japanese garden should appear to be part of the natural surroundings; this is why one will not find fountains in traditional gardens. Man-made streams are built with curves and irregularities to create a serene and natural appearance. Lantern
Lantern

A lantern is a portable lighting device used to illuminate broad areas. Lanterns may be used for signaling, or as general light sources for camping....
s are often placed beside some of the most prominent water basins (either a pond or a stream) in a garden. In some gardens one will find a dry pond or stream. Dry ponds and streams have as much impact as do the ones filled with water.

Green plants are another element of Japanese gardens. Japanese traditions prefer subtle green tones, but flowering trees and shrubs are also used. Many plants in imitated Japanese gardens of the West are indigenous to Japan, though some sacrifices must be made to account for the differentiating climates. Some plants, such as sugar maple
Sugar Maple

Acer saccharum is a species of maple native to the hardwood forests of northeastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario, and south to Georgia and Texas....
 and firebush, give the garden a broader palette of seasonal color.

Overview of Japanese Garden History

During the Asuka period
Asuka period

The , was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 , although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The Yamato polity evolved much during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka, Yamato region, about 25 km south to the modern city of Nara, Nara....
 (538-710), gardens were supposed to express Buddhism and Taoism through replicating the mountainous regions in China (Japanese Lifestyle). Ruins of these types of gardens can be found in Fujiwara and Heijyo castle towns (Japanese Lifestyle).

During the Heian period
Heian period

The is the last division of classical History of Japan, running from 794 to 1185. It is the period in Japanese history when Confucianism and other Chinese culture were at their height....
 (794-1185), gardens shifted from solely representing religious beliefs to becoming, "a place for ceremonies, amusement, and contemplation" (Miller). Gardens began to surround mansions that had the shinden-zukuri style (Japanese Lifestyle). In this style, the garden was located at the front of a building, also known as the south side (Japanese Lifestyle). As part of the garden style, there was water flowing through artificial passages that eventually spilled into ponds with little islands in them (Japanese Lifestyle). Very few of these gardens have survived to this day, and thus, are certainly a rarity in modern history. Despite the lack of modern day examples, we have the book of Sakuteiki that describes how people of this era formulated this garden style movement (Japanese Lifestyle). Later in this period, pure-land-style gardens became popular through the Pure Land Buddhism
Pure Land Buddhism

Pure Land Buddhism , also sometimes referred to as Amidism, is a broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism and currently one of the most popular schools of Buddhism in East Asia, along with Ch?n ....
 influence, and these gardens imitated the Paradise in the Western Pureland as a result (Japanese Lifestyle). During this shift in style, the Japanese also began to model their gardens and homes after the Amitabha hall style instead of the shinden style (Japanese Lifestyle). Examples of the Amitabha style can be seen today in Mahayana Hall (Nara), Byodoin (Uji, Kyoto), the Jyoruri Temple, and Motsuji Temple (Hiraizumi, Nishi, Iwai, Iwate) (Japanese Lifestyle).

In the Kamakura
Kamakura period

The is a period of History of Japan that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura, Kanagawa by the first shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo....
 and Muromachi period
Muromachi period

The was a division of History of Japan running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Ashikaga shogunate, which was officially established in 1336 by the first Muromachi shogun, Ashikaga Takauji....
s (1185-1573), a great many gardens were created during these two time periods due to improved garden techniques and the development of Syoinzukuri style (Japanese Lifestyle). Zen beliefs were also flourishing at this time and had great influences over garden techniques and purposes. Another factor that allowed gardens to flourish stems from the fact that the shoguns simply enjoyed gardens. Dry landscape style also emerged during this time (Japanese Lifestyle). A notable gardener who appeared during these periods is Soseki Muso: He made Saihoji Temple (Kyoto), Tenruji Temple (Kyoto), and Zuizenji Temple (Kamakura) gardens. (Japanese Lifestyle)

After the Muromachi Period, Japanese tea ceremonies became an intricate part of Japanese culture (Japanese Lifestyle). Sen no Rikyu (1517-1591) created the traditional style of a tea house where there was usually a roji (“dewy path”) leading to the house (Japanese Lifestyle). Besides the tea houses, gardens constructed in the Edo period
Edo period

The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu....
 (1603-1868) reflected the tastes and style of each individual shogun ruler. Instead of being a religious symbol, gardens shifted to being a symbol of a shogun’s prestige and power (Miller). These tea house styled houses and gardens can be seen in Koishikawa Korakuen (Tokyo), Kenrokuen (Kanazawa), Korakuen (Okayama), Ritsurin Park (Takamsatsu), and Suizenji Park (Kumamoto) (Japanese Lifestyle).

In the Meiji period
Meiji period

The , or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running, in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status....
 following the modernization of Japan, famous traditional gardens were owned by businessmen and politicians. Some of these extensive gardens are open to public viewing in Murinan (Kyoto) and Chinzanso (Tokyo) (Japanese Lifestyle). Famous gardeners of this period include 7th generation Jihe Ogawa, known as Ueji, and innovative dry landscape garden designer Mirei Shigemori. (Japanese Lifestyle)

Cultural Aspects of Japanese Gardens


Poetry

Many poems were inspired and written about the different Japanese Gardens. An example of the poems written includes:
  • Chiimei’s haiku about a tea ceremony hut and garden: “I laid a foundation and roughly thatched roof. I fastened hinges to the joints of the beams, the easier to move elsewhere should anything displease me. . . . Since first I hid my traces here in the heart of Mount Hino, I have added a lean-to on the south and a porch of bamboo. On the west I have built a shelf for holy water, and inside the hut, along the west wall, I have installed an image of Amida. . . . Above the sliding door that faces north I have built a little shelf on which I keep three or four black leather baskets that contain books of poetry and music and extracts from the sacred writings. Beside them stand a folding iioto and a lute. Along the east wall I have spread long fern fronds and mats of straw, which serve as my bed for the night. I have cut open a window in the eastern wall, and beneath it have made a desk. Near my pillow is a square brazier in which I burn brushwood. To the north of the hut I have staked out a small plot of land that I have enclosed with a rough fence and made into a garden. I grow many species of herbs there.” (Varley pg. 93)


Literature

  • “Tale of Genji” describes the “shinden-zukun” style garden of the Heian Period (Japan Lifestyle).
  • During the Heian Period the “Sakuteiki” was written- the first book to discuss techniques of allotment of land, stone arrangement, artificial waterfall, water passages, and planting.


Tea Ceremonies

After the tea ceremony was refined by Sen Rikyu, the tea garden, house, and utensils all served as a way to “awaken consciousness and to realize with humility our relationship with all that is around us and with the universe itself(Miller).” Also, tea ceremonies were partly designed to teach participants how to gain absolute control over body and mind (Kato p. 27). As a result, "it emphasizes not disconnection but connection between body movement and mind (Kato p. 27)." Culturally, the Japanese followed the five Confucian virtues (loyalty, righteousness, politeness, wisdom, and trust) to ground these tea ceremony ideals off of (Kato p. 27). In short, the tea ceremonies were a cultural activity to teach Japanese/Confucian virtues that were important for life.

Noteworthy Japanese gardens


In Japan

The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)

The , also known as MEXT or Monkasho, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government.The Meiji era government created the first Ministry of Education in 1871....
 of the government of Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
 designates the most notable of the nation's scenic beauty as Special Places of Scenic Beauty, under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. As of March 1 2007, 29 sites are listed, more than a half of which are Japanese gardens, as below;

Boldface entries specify World Heritage Site
World Heritage Site

A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site that is on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 Sovereign state which are elected by their General Assembly for a four-year term....
s.

  • Tohoku Region
    Tohoku region

    The is a geographical area of Japan. Tohoku is Japanese language for "northeast," and the Tohoku region occupies the northeastern portion of Honshu, the largest island of Japan....
    • Motsu-ji
      Motsu-ji

      Motsu-ji efers to the Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect in Hiraizumi and to the historic area surrounding it containing the ruins of two older temples, Enryu-ji and Kasho-jin a Jodo garden....
       Garden (Hiraizumi, Iwate
      Hiraizumi, Iwate

      is a towns of Japan located in Nishiiwai District, Iwate, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. It was the home of the Hiraizumi Fujiwaras for about 100 years in the late Heian era and most of the following Kamakura period....
      )
  • Kanto region
    Kanto region

    The is a geographical area of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. The region encompasses seven Prefectures of Japan which overlaps the Greater Tokyo Area: Gunma Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Tokyo, Chiba Prefecture, and Kanagawa Prefecture....
    • Rikugi-en (Bunkyo, Tokyo
      Bunkyo, Tokyo

      is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. Situated in the middle of the ward area, Bunkyo is a residential and educational center. Beginning in the Meiji period, literati like Natsume Soseki, as well as scholars and politicians have lived there....
      )
    • Kyu Hamarikyu Gardens
      Hamarikyu Gardens

      is a public park in Tokyo, Japan. Located at the mouth of the Sumida River in Chuo, Tokyo, it was opened April 1, 1946. The park is a 250,165 m? landscaped garden surrounding Shioiri Pond, the park itself surrounded by a seawater moat filled by Tokyo Bay....
        (Chuo, Tokyo
      Chuo, Tokyo

      is one of the 23 special wards that form the heart of Tokyo, Japan. The ward refers to itself as Chuo City in English.Its Japanese name literally means "Central Ward," and it is historically the main commercial center of Tokyo, although Shinjuku has risen to challenge it since the end of World War II....
      )
  • Chubu region
    Chubu region

    The is the central region of Honshu, Japan's main island. Chubu has a population estimate of 21,886,324 as of 2008.Chubu, which means "central region", encompasses nine prefectures: Aichi Prefecture, Fukui Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Niigata Prefecture, Shizuoka Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Yamanashi...
    • Kenroku-en
      Kenroku-en

      Kenroku-en , located in Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, is an old private garden developed from the 1620s to 1840s by the Maeda clan, the daimyo who ruled the former Kaga Domain....
        (Kanazawa, Ishikawa
      Kanazawa, Ishikawa

      is the capital cities of Japan of Ishikawa Prefecture in Japan....
      )
  • Kansai Region
    • Jisho-ji
      Ginkaku-ji

      , the "Temple of the Silver Pavilion," is a Buddhist temple in the Sakyo-ku, Kyoto of Kyoto, Japan.Ashikaga Yoshimasa initiated plans for creating a retirement villa and gardens as early as 1460; and after his death, Yoshimasa would arrange for this property to become a Buddhist temple....
       Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • Nijo Castle
      Nijo Castle

      is a flatland castle located in Kyoto, Japan. The castle consists of two concentric rings of fortifications, the Ninomaru Palace, the ruins of the Honmaru Palace, various support buildings and several gardens....
       Ninomaru Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • Rokuon-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • Ryoan-ji
      Ryoan-ji

      is a Zen temple located in northwest Kyoto, Japan. Belonging to the Myoshin-ji school of the Rinzai branch of Zen Buddhism, the temple is one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto, a UNESCO World Heritage Site....
       Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • Tenryu-ji
      Tenryu-ji

      ?more formally known as ?is the head temple of the Tenryu sect of Rinzai Zen Buddhism, located in Susukinobaba-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto, Japan. The temple was founded by Ashikaga Takauji in 1339, primarily to venerate Gautama Buddha, and its first chief priest was Muso Soseki....
       Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • The garden of Sanboin in Daigo-ji
      Daigo-ji

      is a Shingon Buddhism temple in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan. The main image is Bhaisajyaguru....
       (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • The moss
      Moss

      Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1?10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations....
       garden of Saiho-ji
      Saiho-ji

      is a Rinzai school Zen temple located in Matsuo, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto, Japan. The temple, which is famed for its moss garden, is commonly referred to as , meaning "moss temple", and is also known as ....
       (the "Moss Temple") (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • Daitoku-ji
      Daitoku-ji

      is a Buddhist temple, one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japan Zen, founded in 1315 or 1319 by Shuho Myocho and located in Kita-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan....
       Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
    • The garden of Daisen-in in Daitoku-ji
      Daitoku-ji

      is a Buddhist temple, one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japan Zen, founded in 1315 or 1319 by Shuho Myocho and located in Kita-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan....
        (Kyoto, Kyoto)
  • Chugoku region
    Chugoku region

    The or is the westernmost region of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. It consists of the prefectures of Hiroshima Prefecture, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Shimane Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture, and Okayama Prefecture....
    • Adachi Museum of Art Garden (Yasugi, Shimane
      Yasugi, Shimane

      is a cities of Japan located in Shimane Prefecture, Japan.As of 2008, the city has an estimated population of 43,903 and a population density of 363.50 persons per square kilometer....
      )
    • Koraku-en
      Koraku-en

      , is a Japanese garden located in Okayama Prefecture. It is one of the Three Great Gardens of Japan, along with Kenroku-en and Kairaku-en. Korakuen was built in 1700 by Ikeda Tsunamasa, lord of Okayama, Okayama....
       (Okayama, Okayama
      Okayama, Okayama

      is the prefectural capital cities of Japan of Okayama Prefecture in the Chugoku region of Japan.The city was founded on June 1,1889. As of March 2007, the city has an estimated population of 698,946 and the density of 884.87 persons per km?....
      )
  • Shikoku
    Shikoku

    is the smallest and least populous of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshu and east of Kyushu island. Its ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima , Iyo-shima , and Futana-shima ....
     Region
    • Ritsurin Park
      Ritsurin Park

      is one of the most famous and most beautiful historical parks in Japan. The park is situated in the city of Takamatsu and is considered one of its main attractions....
       (Takamatsu, Kagawa
      Takamatsu, Kagawa

      is located in central Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku in Japan, and is the seat of the prefectural government. It is designated a core city by the Japanese Government....
      )
  • Ryukyu Islands
    Ryukyu Islands

    The Ryukyu Islands are part of the . From around 1800 on, they have spelled Luchu, Loo-choo, or Lewchew, from the Chinese Liuqiu. They consist of a chain of Islands of Japan in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit of the East China Sea and stretch southwest from the island of Kyushu to the island of Taiwan....
    • Shikina-en (Naha, Okinawa
      Naha, Okinawa

      is the capital city of the Prefectures of Japan of Okinawa Prefecture. The modern city was officially founded on May 20, 1921, but prior to that Naha had already been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in the Ryukyu Islands....
      )


However, the Education Minister is not eligible to have jurisdiction over any imperial property. These two gardens, administered by Imperial Household Agency
Imperial Household Agency

The is a government agency of Japan in charge of the state matters concerning Imperial Household of Japan and also keeping the Privy Seal of Japan and the State Seal of Japan....
, are also considered to be great masterpieces.

  • Katsura Imperial Villa
    Katsura Imperial Villa

    The , or Katsura Detached Palace, is a villa with associated gardens and outbuildings in the western suburbs of Kyoto, Japan . It is one of Japan's most important large-scale cultural treasures....
  • Shugaku-in Imperial Villa
    Shugaku-in Imperial Villa

    The , or Shugaku-in Detached Palace, is a set of gardens and outbuildings in the hills of the eastern suburbs of Kyoto, Japan . It is one of Japan's most important large-scale cultural treasures; its gardens are one of the great masterpieces of Japanese gardening....


In the English-speaking world

The aesthetic of Japanese gardens was introduced to the English-speaking community by Josiah Conder's Landscape Gardening in Japan ((Kelly & Walsh) 1893. It sparked the first Japanese gardens in the West. A second edition was required in 1912. Conder's principles have sometimes proved hard to follow:
"Robbed of its local garb and mannerisms, the Japanese method reveals aesthetic principles applicable to the gardens of any country, teaching, as it does, how to convert into a poem or picture a composition, which, with all its variety of detail, otherwise lacks unity and intent"


Samuel Newsom's Japanese Garden Construction (1939) offered Japanese aesthetic as a corrective in the construction of rock gardens, which owed their quite separate origins in the West to the mid-19th century desire to grow alpines in an approximation of Alpine scree.
Australia
  • Cowra Japanese Garden
    Cowra, New South Wales

    Cowra is a town in the Central West, New South Wales of New South Wales, Australia in Cowra Shire. It is located 310m above sea-level and about 300 kilometres west of Sydney on the banks of the Lachlan River....
    , Cowra, New South Wales
    Cowra, New South Wales

    Cowra is a town in the Central West, New South Wales of New South Wales, Australia in Cowra Shire. It is located 310m above sea-level and about 300 kilometres west of Sydney on the banks of the Lachlan River....
  • Himeji Gardens, Adelaide
    Himeji Gardens, Adelaide

    The Himeji Gardens was a gift from sister city Himeji, Japan in 1982. Located in the south Adelaide Park Lands, the entrance is from South Terrace, in between Pultney street and Hutt street, it is one of the few classical Japanese gardens in Adelaide....
  • "Tsuki-yama-chisen" Japanese Garden
    Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha

    The Brisbane Botanic Gardens are located 7 km from the city of Brisbane in Toowong, Queensland, at the foot of Brisbane's tallest mountain, Mount Coot-tha, Queensland....
    , Brisbane
  • , Ipswich


Canada
  • Nitobe Memorial Garden
    Nitobe Memorial Garden

    The Nitobe Memorial Garden is a traditional Japanese garden located at the University of British Columbia in the University Endowment Lands, just outside the city limits of Vancouver, Canada....
    , Vancouver
    Vancouver

    Vancouver is a coastal city and major seaport located in the Lower Mainland of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is the largest city in British Columbia and the second largest metropolitan area in the Pacific Northwest region....
    , British Columbia
    British Columbia

    British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's Provinces and territories of Canada and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ....
  • The Devonian Botanical Garden
    Devonian Botanical Garden

    The Devonian Botanical Garden is Canada's most northerly botanical garden. It was established in 1959 by the University of Alberta, and is located near the town of Devon, Alberta....
    , Edmonton
    Edmonton

    Edmonton is the capital of the Canada Provinces and territories of Canada of Alberta. The city is located on the North Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province, an area with some of the most fertile farmland on the prairies....
    , Alberta
    Alberta

    Alberta is one of Canada Canadian Prairies Provinces and territories of Canada. It became a province on September 1, 1905.Alberta is located in western Canada, bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U.S....
    , which contains an extensive Japanese garden
  • Nikka Yuko Garden, Lethbridge
    Lethbridge

    Lethbridge is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada, and the largest city in southern Alberta. It is Alberta's fourth-largest city by population after Calgary, Edmonton and Red Deer, Alberta, and the third-largest by area after Calgary and Edmonton....
    , Alberta
    Alberta

    Alberta is one of Canada Canadian Prairies Provinces and territories of Canada. It became a province on September 1, 1905.Alberta is located in western Canada, bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U.S....
     
  • The Japanese Garden and Pavilion, Montreal Botanical Garden, Quebec
    Quebec

    Quebec , in French language, Qu?bec , is a Provinces and territories of Canada in the Central Canada and Eastern Canada regions of Canada....
  • Kariya Park, Mississauga, Ontario
    Ontario

    Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
     


United Kingdom
  • England
    • Compton Acres
      Compton Acres (garden)

      Compton Acres is a large privately-owned garden in Poole, Dorset, England. It was founded in 1920 by Thomas William Simpson, an entrepreneur who had become wealthy through the manufacture of margarine....
      , Dorset
      Dorset

      Dorset , is a Counties of England in South West England on the English Channel coast. The county town is Dorchester, Dorset, situated in the south of the county at ....
    • Dartington Hall
      Dartington Hall

      The Dartington Hall Trust, near Totnes, Devon, United Kingdom, is a pioneering charity, nurturing ideas to address pressing problems. The charity works for the advancement of the arts, sustainabaility and social justice....
      , Devon
      Devon

      Devon is a large Counties of England in South West England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name, rarely used inside of the county but often indicating a shire....
    • Harewood House
      Harewood House

      Harewood House is a country house located in Harewood , near Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is a member of Treasure Houses of England, a marketing consortium for nine of the foremost stately homes in England....
      , Leeds
      Leeds

      Leeds is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England. It is the urban core and administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds....
    • Holland Park
      Holland Park

      Holland Park is a district and a public park in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in west central London in England. Holland Park is widely regarded as one of the most romantic parks in London, due to its abundant wildlife and secluded hideaways....
      , London
      London

      London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
    • Japanese Garden and nursery, St Mawgan in Pydar, Cornwall
      Cornwall

      Cornwall , constitutional Duchy and palatine, is a metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England of England, United Kingdom, located at the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain....
    • Tatton Park
      Tatton Park

      Tatton Park is a historic Estate in Cheshire, England, to the north of the town of Knutsford. It contains a mansion, Tatton Hall, a manor house dating from medieval times, Tatton Old Hall, gardens, a farm and a Medieval deer park of ....
      , Cheshire
      Cheshire

      Cheshire is a Counties of England in North West England. The county town, and the location of the county council, is the City status in the United Kingdom of Chester, although Cheshire's largest town in terms of area and population is Warrington....
    • School of Oriental and African Studies
      School of Oriental and African Studies

      The School of Oriental and African Studies is a constituent college of the University of London, specialising in the laws, politics, economics, languages and humanities concerning Asia, Africa and the Near East and Middle East....
      , London
      London

      London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
  • Northern Ireland
    • Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park
      Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park

      The Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park is a park located in South Belfast. The park spans almost and is accessible from the Upper Malone Road. The park features a series of themed Rose gardens, meadows, copses, woodland and a Japanese garden....
      , Belfast
  • Scotland
    • Lauriston Castle
      Lauriston Castle

      Lauriston Castle is a 16th century tower house with 19th century extensions overlooking the Firth of Forth, in Edinburgh, Scotland....
      , Edinburgh
      Edinburgh

      Edinburgh ; is the Capital city of Scotland, a position it has held since 1437. It is the seventh largest city in the United Kingdom and the second largest Scottish City status in the United Kingdom after Glasgow....
      —garden opened 2002


Ireland
  • The at the Irish National Stud
    Irish National Stud

    The Irish National Stud is a horse breeding facility based at Kildare, County Kildare, Ireland. It was formally established by incorporation on 11 April 1946 under the List of Acts of the Oireachtas and is owned by the Irish Government....
    , Kildare
    Kildare

    Kildare is a town in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. Its population of 7,538 makes it the seventh largest town in Kildare and the 55th largest in the Republic of Ireland, with a growth rate of 32.4pc since the 2002 census....
    , Co. Kildare


Singapore
  • Japanese Garden
    Japanese Garden, Singapore

    File:Chinese Gardens Pagoda.JPGJapanese Garden , also commonly known as Jurong Gardens, is a park in Jurong East, Singapore. It is built on an artificial island in the Jurong Lake area connected to the adjacent Chinese Garden, Singapore island by bridge....
     - an garden island located in Jurong Lake
    Jurong Lake

    File:JurongLakeMiddleUpper.JPGFile:JurongLakeMiddleLower.JPGFile:JurongLakeUpper.JPGJurong Lake is a freshwater lake and reservoir located in the West Region, Singapore of Singapore formed with the damming of Sungei Jurong further downstream....


United States of America
  • Anderson Japanese Gardens
    Anderson Japanese Gardens

    The Anderson Japanese Gardens is a group of Japanese gardens located in Rockford, Illinois....
     (Rockford, Illinois
    Rockford, Illinois

    Rockford is a mid-sized city located on both banks of the Rock River in far northern Illinois. Rockford is often referred to as "The Forest City" and is the county seat of Winnebago County, Illinois, United States....
    )
  • Brooklyn Botanical Gardens (Brooklyn
    Brooklyn

    Brooklyn is one of the five Borough of New York City, located at the western end of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area....
    , New York
    New York

    The State of New York is a U.S. state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States and is the nation's List of U.S....
    )
  • Chicago Botanic Garden
    Chicago Botanic Garden

    Located at 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, USA, the Chicago Botanic Garden is a living plant museum situated on nine islands featuring 23 display gardens surrounded by lakes, as well as a prairie and woodlands....
     (Glencoe, Illinois
    Glencoe, Illinois

    Glencoe is a village in Cook County, Illinois, Illinois, United States. As of the United States Census, 2000, the village population was 8,762....
    )
  • Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden
    Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden

    The Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden is a Japanese garden encompassing on the campus of California State University, Long Beach, in Long Beach, California, United States....
     (California State University, Long Beach
    California State University, Long Beach

    California State University, Long Beach is the largest campus of the California State University system and the second largest university in the state of California by enrollment....
    )
  • Fort Worth Japanese Garden
    Fort Worth Japanese Garden

    The Fort Worth Japanese Garden is a Japanese Garden in the Fort Worth Botanic Garden. The garden was built in 1970 and many of the plants and construction materials were donated by Fort Worth, Texas's sister city Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan....
     at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden
    Fort Worth Botanic Garden

    The Fort Worth Botanic Garden is a botanical garden located at 3220 Botanic Garden Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas. It is open daily; an admission fee is charged for the Conservatory and Japanese Garden....
     (Fort Worth, Texas
    Fort Worth, Texas

    Fort Worth is the List of United States cities by population in the United States and the fifth-largest city within the state of Texas. Situated in and a cultural gateway into the Western United States, the city covers nearly in Tarrant County, Texas and Denton County, Texas counties, serving as the county seat for Tarrant County....
    )
  • Hagiwara Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California
    San Francisco, California

    The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the List of United States cities by population in the United States, with a 2007 estimated population of 799,183....
    )
  • Hayward Japanese Gardens (Hayward, California
    Hayward, California

    Hayward is a city located in the East Bay in Alameda County, California. The sixth largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area, it is one of the larger suburbs of Oakland, California....
    )
  • The Huntington (San Marino, California
    San Marino, California

    San Marino is an affluent city in Los Angeles County, California, California, United States. Its ZIP code of 91108 ranks the city as the 47th most expensive place to live in the United States, with the median home sale price in 2008 of $1.55 million....
    )
  • Japanese Friendship Garden
    Ro Ho En

    Ro Ho En, the Japanese Friendship Garden is located in Phoenix, Arizona at 1125 N. 3d Ave. The Garden encompasses and includes a tea garden and tea house....
     (Phoenix, Arizona
    Phoenix, Arizona

    Phoenix is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the fifth most populous city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,552,259 residents, and is the anchor of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area with 4,179,427 residents....
    )
  • Japanese Garden at Marjorie McNeely Conservatory
    Como Zoo and Conservatory

    The Como Park Zoo and Marjorie McNeely Conservatory are located in Como Park at 1225 Estabrook Drive, Saint Paul, Minnesota, Minnesota. The park, zoo and conservatory are owned by the City of Saint Paul and are a division of Saint Paul Parks and Recreation....
     (St Paul, Minnesota)
  • Japanese garden at Minnesota Landscape Arboretum
    Minnesota Landscape Arboretum

    The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum is a horticulture garden and arboretum located about west of Chanhassen, Minnesota at 3675 Arboretum Drive, Chaska, Minnesota, Minnesota....
     (near Chanhassen, Minnesota
    Chanhassen, Minnesota

    Chanhassen is a city in Carver County, Minnesota and Hennepin County, Minnesota counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 20,321 at the United States Census, 2000, with a 2006 estimated population of 23,520....
    )
  • (San Antonio, Texas
    San Antonio, Texas

    San Antonio is the second-largest city in the state of Texas and the List of United States cities by population. Located in , the city is a cultural and geographical gateway into the ....
    )
  • (Delray Beach, Florida
    Delray Beach, Florida

    Delray Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, Florida, United States. As of the United States Census 2000, the city had a total population of 60,020....
    )
  • (Bloomington, Minnesota
    Bloomington, Minnesota

    Bloomington is the List of cities in Minnesota in the U.S. state of Minnesota in Hennepin County, Minnesota, and the third core city of the Minneapolis-St....
    )
  • Portland Japanese Garden
    Portland Japanese Garden

    The Portland Japanese Garden is a traditional Japanese garden occupying 5.5 acres , located within Washington Park in the Tualatin Mountains of Portland, Oregon, United States at ....
     (Portland, Oregon
    Portland, Oregon

    Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States United States, near the confluence of the Willamette River and Columbia River rivers in the state of Oregon....
    )
  • Roji-en Japanese Gardens
    Roji-en Japanese Gardens

    The Roji-en: Garden of the Drops of Dew, The George D. and Harriet W. Cornell Japanese Gardens consists of six gardens representing different periods in the development of the Japanese garden....
     at the Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens
    Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens

    The Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens is a center for Japanese arts and Culture of Japan located west of Delray Beach, Florida in Palm Beach County, Florida, Florida, United States....
     (Delray Beach, Florida
    Delray Beach, Florida

    Delray Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, Florida, United States. As of the United States Census 2000, the city had a total population of 60,020....
    )
  • Seattle Japanese Garden
    Seattle Japanese Garden

    The Seattle Japanese Garden is a 3.5 acre Japanese garden in Seattle, Washington, located in the southwest corner of the Washington Park Arboretum along Lake Washington Boulevard E....
     at the Washington Park Arboretum
    Washington Park Arboretum

    Washington Park is a public park in Seattle, Washington, United States, most of which is taken up by the Washington Park Arboretum, a joint project of the University of Washington, the Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation, and the nonproft Arboretum Foundation....
    , Kubota Garden
    Kubota Garden

    Kubota Garden is a 20 acre Japanese garden in the Rainier Beach, Seattle, Washington neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. A public park since 1987, it was begun in 1927 by Fujitaro Kubota, who had arrived from Shikoku, Japan, 20 years before, and started his own gardening company in 1923....
     (Seattle, Washington
    Seattle, Washington

    Seattle is the most populous city in the US state of Washington and the Northwestern United States. The encompassing Seattle metropolitan area is the 15th largest in the United States, and the largest in the Pacific Northwest....
    )
  • The Japanese Garden
    The Japanese Garden

    The Japanese Garden 6.5 acres is located on the grounds of the at 6100 Woodley Avenue, Van Nuys, California, United States, in the midst of the San Fernando Valley....
     (Los Angeles, California
    Los Angeles, California

    Los Angeles is the largest city in the U.S. state of California and the List of United States cities by population in the United States. Often abbreviated as L.A. and nicknamed The City of Angels, Los Angeles is rated as a beta global city, has an estimated population of 3.8 million and spans over in Southern California....
    )
  • Seiwa-en
    Seiwa-en

    Seiwa-en is a Japanese garden located in the Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri. At 5 ha , it is the largest such garden in North America....
     at the Missouri Botanical Garden
    Missouri Botanical Garden

    The Missouri Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in St. Louis, Missouri, and is also known informally as "Shaw's Garden" .Founded in 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States and a National Historic Landmark....
     (St. Louis, Missouri
    St. Louis, Missouri

    St. Louis is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri, located near the confluence of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River. St....
    )
  • Yuko-En on the Elkhorn
    Yuko-En on the Elkhorn

    Yuko-En on the Elkhorn, the official Kentucky-Japan Friendship Garden, is located in Georgetown, Kentucky on the north fork of Elkhorn Creek. The garden is designed to have the appearance of a Japanese garden....
     (Georgetown, Kentucky
    Georgetown, Kentucky

    Georgetown is a city in Scott County, Kentucky, Kentucky, United States. The population was 18,080 at the 2000 United States Census. It is the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky....
    )
  • at Lansing Community College, Lansing, Michigan


In other countries

  • Argentina: The Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens
    Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens

    File:Buenos Aires Jard?n Japon?s.jpgFile:Buenos Aires - Jard?n Japon?s - 200806a.jpgThe Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens are a public space administered by the NGO Japanese Argentine Cultural Foundation and are one of the largest gardens of their type in the World, outside Japan....
     (), of the Fundación Cultural Argentino Japonesa
  • Belgium: Japanse tuin (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_Tuin_(Hasselt) ), Hasselt
    Hasselt

    ||-||-||}Hasselt is a Belgium city and Municipalities in Belgium, and capital of the Flemish Region Provinces of Belgium of Limburg . The Hasselt municipality includes the city of Hasselt and the old communes of Sint-Lambrechts-Herk, Wimmertingen, Kermt, Spalbeek, Kuringen, Stokrooie, Stevoort and Runkst....
  • Brazil
    • Parque Santos Dummont, São José dos Campos
      São José dos Campos

      S?o Jos? dos Campos is a municipality and a major city in the state of S?o Paulo , Brazil and one of the most important industrial and research centers in Latin America....
      , São Paulo
      São Paulo

      S?o Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, and along with Tokyo, Seoul and Mexico City is among the four largest metropolitan regions of the world....
    • Bosque Municipal Fábio Barreto, Ribeirão Preto
      Ribeirão Preto

      Ribeir?o Preto is a municipality and city in the Northeastern region of the state of S?o Paulo in Brazil. It is nicknamed Brazilian California, because of a combination of an economy based on agrobusiness plus high technology, wealth and sunny weather all year long....
      , São Paulo
      São Paulo

      S?o Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, and along with Tokyo, Seoul and Mexico City is among the four largest metropolitan regions of the world....
  • France: Jardin japonais du Musée départemental Albert-Kahn
    Albert Kahn (banker)

    Albert Kahn, born at Marmoutier, Bas-Rhin, France on March 3 1860, died at Boulogne-Billancourt, Seine , France on the night of November 14 1940, was a Bank and French Philanthropy....
    , Boulogne-Billancourt
    Boulogne-Billancourt

    Boulogne-Billancourt is a commune in France in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located . from the Kilometre Zero. Boulogne-Billancourt is a sous-pr?fecture of the Hauts-de-Seine d?partement in France, being the seat of the Arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt....


  • the Netherlands:
    • The of Clingendael park
    • The karesansui garden in Lelystad is a private Modern Japanese Zen (karesansui, dry rock) garden in The Netherlands. All details including the realization are documented on the website


  • Poland: The in Wroclaw
    Wroclaw

    Wroclaw is the chief city of the historical region of Lower Silesia in south-western Poland, situated on the Oder River river. Over the centuries the city has been part of Kingdom of Poland , Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, and Germany....
     - founded 1913, restored 1996-1997, destroyed by flood, restored 1999
  • Sweden
    Sweden

    Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
    : in Ronneby
    Ronneby

    Ronneby is a Urban areas in Sweden in Blekinge and the seat of Ronneby Municipality, Blekinge County in south-eastern Sweden. Ronneby is regarded as the heart of "the Garden of Sweden", and in 2005 the park "Brunnsparken" in Ronneby was voted Sweden's most beautiful park....
     Brunnspark, Blekinge
    Blekinge

    is one of the provinces of Sweden , situated in the south of the country. It borders Sm?land, Sk?ne and the Baltic Sea.Blekinge consists of 5 towns; Karlskrona, Ronneby, Karlshamn, S?lvesborg and Olofstr?m....
    .


See also

  • Japanese rock garden
    Japanese rock garden

    A , sometimes called a Zen garden, is an enclosed shallow sandpit containing sand, gravel, Rock s, and occasionally Lawn and/or other natural elements....
  • Japanese Friendship Garden
    Japanese Friendship Garden

    Japanese Friendship Garden is used to describe many gardens including:*Japanese Friendship Garden in San Diego, California*Japanese Friendship Garden in San Jose, California...
  • Tea garden
    Tea garden

    A tea garden was a place to drink tea and stroll around lawns, ponds and view statues. These smaller versions of pleasure gardens flourished in the late 18th century....
  • Chinese garden
    Chinese garden

    The Chinese Garden is a place for solitary or social contemplation of nature. To be considered authentic, a garden must be built and planned around seventeen essential elements: 1) proximity to the home; 2) small; 3) walled; 4) small individual sections; 5) asymmetrical; 6) various types of spatial connections; 7) architecture; 8) rocks; 9...
  • Korean gardens
    Korean gardens

    A Korean garden is natural, simple, and unforced - though influenced by the Chinese garden, they are less formal and seek to merge with the natural world....
  • Niwaki
    Niwaki

    Niwaki is the Japanese word for "garden trees".The technique of niwaki is more about what you do to a tree than the tree itself. While Western gardeners enjoy experimenting with a wide range of different plants, Japanese gardeners experiment through training and shaping a relatively limited palette of plants....
  • Koi
    Koi

    , or more specifically , are ornamental domesticated varieties of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. They are also sometimes called Japanese carp....


External links

[Miller, P. (2005), The Japanese Garden: Gateway to the Human Spirit, International Journal of Humanities & Peace 2005, Vol. 21 Issue 1, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://researchport.umd.edu/V/GIAXG9HJB7QRYJ7MJJBK3BMR89JQBHBSYXLYXSBJ2T7N1PE6T1-91684?func=quick-3-full-save&doc_number=001159822&format=999&encoding=UTF_TO_WEB_MAIL] [Kato, E. (2004), The Tea Ceremony and Women’s Empowerment in Modern Japan, RoutledgeCurzon, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/Reader/] [Varely, P. (2000), Japanese Culture Fourth Edition, The Maple – Vaile Book Manufacturing Group, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/Reader/] [Japan Lifestyles. (2008), Japanese Garden History, GNU Free Documentation License, Retrieved August 2, 2008 from: http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/garden/japanese_garden_history.html] [(1996-2008), Gardens, Japan Guide, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2099.html]