The
Holy Roman Emperor ' onMouseout='HidePop("32638")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Kaiser">Kaiser
Kaiser is the German title meaning "Emperor", with Kaiserin being the female equivalent, "Empress". Like the Russian Czar it is directly derived from the Latin Emperors' title of Caesar, which in turn is derived from the name of Julius Caesar...
") is a term used by historians to denote a
Middle AgesThe Middle Ages of European history is a period of European history covering roughly a millennium in the 5th century through 16th centuries. More specific starting and ending points are sometimes adopted by scholars to suit their respective specializations or current focus...
ruler, who as German King had in addition received the title of "
Emperor of the RomansThe Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period . The Romans had no single term for the office: Latin titles such as imperator , augustus, caesar and princeps were all associated with it...
" from the
PopeThe pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
of the
Holy Roman ChurchThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church. With more than a billion members, over half of all Christians and more than one-sixth of the world's population, the Catholic Church is a communion of the Western, or Latin Rite Church, and...
, and after the 16th century, the elected monarch governing the
Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
, a Central European union of territories in existence during the Medieval and the Early Modern period.
The
Holy Roman Emperor ' onMouseout='HidePop("32638")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Kaiser">Kaiser
Kaiser is the German title meaning "Emperor", with Kaiserin being the female equivalent, "Empress". Like the Russian Czar it is directly derived from the Latin Emperors' title of Caesar, which in turn is derived from the name of Julius Caesar...
") is a term used by historians to denote a
Middle AgesThe Middle Ages of European history is a period of European history covering roughly a millennium in the 5th century through 16th centuries. More specific starting and ending points are sometimes adopted by scholars to suit their respective specializations or current focus...
ruler, who as German King had in addition received the title of "
Emperor of the RomansThe Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period . The Romans had no single term for the office: Latin titles such as imperator , augustus, caesar and princeps were all associated with it...
" from the
PopeThe pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
of the
Holy Roman ChurchThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church. With more than a billion members, over half of all Christians and more than one-sixth of the world's population, the Catholic Church is a communion of the Western, or Latin Rite Church, and...
, and after the 16th century, the elected monarch governing the
Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
, a Central European union of territories in existence during the Medieval and the Early Modern period.
CharlemagneCharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe...
of the Carolingian Dynasty was the first to receive papal
coronationA coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a monarch or their consort with regal power, specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head, and the presentation of other items of regalia...
as Emperor of the Romans.
Charles VCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope. The final Holy Roman Emperor-elect,
Francis IIFrancis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz...
, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.
The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (
Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, his was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title. The word
Holy had never been used as part of that title in official documents. The word
Roman was a reflection of the
translatio imperiiTranslatio imperii, Latin for "transfer of rule", is a concept invented in the Middle Ages for describing history as a linear succession of transfers of imperium, that is of supreme power concentrated with a series of single rulers .-Origin:...
(
transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the
Western Roman EmpireThe Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285; the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, today widely known as the Byzantine Empire....
, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of
Julius NeposJulius Nepos was a Roman Emperor of the West during the final stage of the Western Roman Empire. Some historians consider him to be the last de jure Western Emperor, others consider the western line to have ended with Romulus Augustus in 476...
in 480.
Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire
From the time of
Otto the GreatOtto I the Great , son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan...
(912-973) onward, much of the former
CarolingianThe Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the...
kingdom of
Eastern FranciaEast Francia , known variously as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks, was the realm allotted to Louis the German by the 843 Treaty of Verdun...
became the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes elected one of their peers as
King of the GermansThe Kingdom of Germany grew out of East Francia in the tenth century.The eastern partition of the Treaty of Verdun of 843 was never entirely Frankish and consisted also of large populations of Saxons, Bavarii, Thuringii, Alemanni and Frisii...
, after which he would be crowned as emperor by the
PopeThe pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
. After Charles V's coronation, all succeeding emperors were legally
emperors-elect due to the lack of papal coronation, but in all practical purposes they were simply called
emperors.
Conflict with the Papacy
The title of
Emperor (
ImperatorThe Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. It later went on to become a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen...
) carried with it an important role as protector of the
Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church. With more than a billion members, over half of all Christians and more than one-sixth of the world's population, the Catholic Church is a communion of the Western, or Latin Rite Church, and...
. As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The most well-known and bitter conflict was that known as the
Investiture ControversyThe Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such...
fought during the 11th century between
Henry IVHenry IV was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century...
and
Pope Gregory VIIPope Saint Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Sovana , was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death...
.
Succession
Successions to the kingship were controlled by a variety of complicated factors. Elections meant the kingship of
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet, the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as
Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations). The
Electoral councilThe Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors....
was set at seven princes (three archbishops and four secular princes) by the
Golden Bull of 1356The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire...
. It remained so until 1648, when the settlement of the
Thirty Years' WarThe Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe...
required the addition of a new elector to maintain the precarious balance between
ProtestantProtestantism is a branch within Christianity, containing many denominations with some differing practices and doctrines, that principally originated in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. It is considered to be one of the major divisions within Christianity, together with the Roman...
and
CatholicCatholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole...
factions in the Empire. Another elector was added in 1690, and the whole college was reshuffled in 1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.
After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of
HabsburgThe House of Habsburg or Hapsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empire and several other countries...
and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of one
WittelsbachThe Wittelsbach family is a European royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria.Their major principal roles were as Dukes, Electors and Kings of Bavaria , Counts Palatine of the Rhine , Margraves of Brandenburg , Counts of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland , Elector-Archbishops of Cologne , Dukes of...
,
Charles VIICharles VII Albert , a member of the Wittelsbach family, was Prince-elector of Bavaria from 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 until his death in 1745...
.
Maximilian IMaximilian I of Habsburg was King of the Romans from 1493 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, but had ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from circa 1483...
(Emperor 1508-1519) and his successors did no longer travel to Rome for being crowned Emperors by the Pope. Technically, they could therefore not claim the title Emperor of the Romans, but were mere "Emperors-elect of the Romans", as Maximilian named himself in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in fact used (
Erwählter Römischer Kaiser), but it was somewhat forgotten that the word "erwählt" (elect) was a restriction. Of all his successors, only
Charles VCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
, the immediate one, received a papal coronation. Before that date in 1530, he was called Emperor-elect too.
List of Emperors
This list includes all emperors, whether or not they styled themselves
Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps in the tally. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor;
Emperor Henry IIHenry II , called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Ottonian dynasty, from his coronation in Rome in 1014 until his death a decade later. He was crowned King of Germany in 1002 and King of Italy in 1004. He is the only German king to have been canonized.He was...
was numbered as his successor as German King. The Guideschi follow the numeration for the
Duchy of SpoletoThe independent Duchy of Spoleto was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in central Italy by the Lombard dux Faroald.- Lombards :The Lombards, a Germanic people, had invaded Italy in 568 and conquered much of it, establishing a Kingdom divided between several dukes dependent on the King, who had...
.
Western emperors before Otto the Great
19th century historiography claimed a continuity between the
Carolingian EmpireCarolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany...
and the Holy Roman Empire. This is rejected by some modern historians, who date the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire to 962. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the west before 962 were as follows:
Carolingian Dynasty
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Charles ICharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe...
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2 April 742 -Asia:* Chinese poet Li Po is presented before the emperor and given a position in the Imperial court .* Artabasdus is Byzantine Emperor until the capital is stormed by Constantine V, who regains control and resumes the suppression of image-worship.* Emperor Xuanzong of Tang begins to favor Taoism...
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28 January 814-Europe:* Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 * Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor.* The nation of Serbia is formed.-Religion:* Iconoclasts regain power in the Byzantine Empire....
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25 December 800Year 800 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.-Europe:* September 15 – Oldest known mention of Castile....
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28 January 814 -Europe:* Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 * Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor.* The nation of Serbia is formed.-Religion:* Iconoclasts regain power in the Byzantine Empire....
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Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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778 -Europe:* August 15—Battle of Roncevaux Pass : Charlemagne's army suffers a terrible defeat at the hand of the Basques. Among those killed is Roland, lord of the Breton March; the 11th-century Song of Roland is loosely based on the events of this battle.* Charlemagne fights the Moors in Spain.*...
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20 June 840-Europe:* After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fight over the division of the Holy Roman Empire, with Lothar succeeding as Emperor.-Asia:* Tang Wu Zong succeeds Tang Wen Zong as emperor of China.-Deaths:...
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5 October 816 -Europe:* Frankish king Louis the Pious is crowned emperor by Pope Stephen IV.-Religion:* June 22—Pope Stephen IV succeeds Pope Leo III as the 97th pope....
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20 June 840 -Europe:* After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fight over the division of the Holy Roman Empire, with Lothar succeeding as Emperor.-Asia:* Tang Wu Zong succeeds Tang Wen Zong as emperor of China.-Deaths:...
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son of Emperor Charles ICharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe...
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Lothair ILothair I , king of Italy and crowned Carolingian King of Italy, Emperor of the Romans and was Emperor of the Franks .Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of...
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795 -Europe:* In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack Iona, Inisbofin and Inismurray.* City of Paderborn founded by Charlemagne in Westphalia.-Religion:* December 26 – Pope Leo III succeeds Pope Adrian I as the 96th pope....
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29 September 855-Europe:* Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor. Two other sons, Lothar II and Charles, also get parts of the kingdom.* The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius....
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5 April 823 -Byzantine Empire:*Crete is conquered from the Byzantines by the Saracens....
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29 September 855 -Europe:* Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor. Two other sons, Lothar II and Charles, also get parts of the kingdom.* The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius....
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son of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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825 -Europe:*Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun. Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.*Emperor Louis the Pious of the Franks wars against the Wends and Sorbs....
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12 August 875-Europe:* December 29—Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor.* The Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge.* Harald Fairhair subdues the rovers on Orkney and Shetland and adds them to his kingdom.-Asia:...
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1st EasterEaster is the most important annual religious feast in the Christian liturgical year. According to Christian scripture, Jesus was resurrected from the dead on the third day from his crucifixion...
850-Asia:* Emperor Montoku succeeds Emperor Nimmyō as Emperor of Japan.-Europe:* Louis II is crowned co-emperor with his father Lothair I.* First recorded Viking attack on the Welsh coast....
2nd 18 May 872-Europe:* Battle of Hafrsfjord: Harald Fairhair becomes the first king of Norway.* Gascony becomes an independent kingdom, with Sancho I Mitarra as its first king.* Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned for the second time.-Religion:...
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12 August 875 -Europe:* December 29—Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor.* The Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge.* Harald Fairhair subdues the rovers on Orkney and Shetland and adds them to his kingdom.-Asia:...
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son of Emperor Lothair ILothair I , king of Italy and crowned Carolingian King of Italy, Emperor of the Romans and was Emperor of the Franks .Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of...
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Charles II Charles the Bald , Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia , was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith.- Struggle against his brothers :He was born on 13 June 823 in Frankfurt, when his elder...
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13 June 823 -Byzantine Empire:*Crete is conquered from the Byzantines by the Saracens....
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6 October 877-Europe:* The Danes take Exeter, England.* Aed Whitefoot succeeds Constantine I of Scotland.* Pope John VIII requests the help of Charles the Bald, King of West Francia, against attacks by the Saracens in Italy....
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29 December 875 -Europe:* December 29—Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor.* The Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge.* Harald Fairhair subdues the rovers on Orkney and Shetland and adds them to his kingdom.-Asia:...
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6 October 877 -Europe:* The Danes take Exeter, England.* Aed Whitefoot succeeds Constantine I of Scotland.* Pope John VIII requests the help of Charles the Bald, King of West Francia, against attacks by the Saracens in Italy....
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son of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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Charles III Charles the Fat was the King of Alemannia from 876, King of Italy from 879, Holy Roman Emperor from 881, King of East Francia from 882, and King of West Francia from 884. He was deposed in East Francia, Lotharingia, and possibly Italy, where the records are not clear, in 887...
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13 June 839 -Europe:* Louis the Pious attempts to divide his empire among his sons.* Ethelwulf succeeds Egbert as king of Wessex.* Uen is succeeded by Uurad as king of the Picts.* The reign of Alpin II of Dalriada begins ....
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13 January 888-Europe:* January 13—With the death of Charles the Fat, the Frankish kingdom is split again, and this time permanently. Odo, Count of Paris becomes King of the Western Franks.* ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad succeeds al-Mundhir as emir of Córdoba, Spain.-Deaths:...
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12 February 881 -Europe:* Charles the Fat is crowned Western Emperor.* Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu: Louis III of France routs Norman pirates.* St. Cäcilien, Cäcilienstraße, is founded as a college for women. It is now the Schnütgen Museum.-Births:...
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13 January 888 -Europe:* January 13—With the death of Charles the Fat, the Frankish kingdom is split again, and this time permanently. Odo, Count of Paris becomes King of the Western Franks.* ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad succeeds al-Mundhir as emir of Córdoba, Spain.-Deaths:...
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grandson of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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House of Guideschi
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Guy Guy of Spoleto , sometimes known by the Italian version of his name, Guido, or by the German version, Wido, was the Margrave of Camerino from 880 and then Duke of Spoleto and Camerino from 883...
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855 -Europe:* Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor. Two other sons, Lothar II and Charles, also get parts of the kingdom.* The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius....
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12 December 894-Europe:* Northumbrians and East Angles swear allegiance to Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the south-west of England.* Mojmír II becomes King of Great Moravia after the death of his father Svatopluk I.-Byzantine Empire:...
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MayMay is the fifth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. It is also a month within the northern season of spring....
891-Europe:* Arnulf of Carinthia defeats the Normans at the Battle of Leuven.* April – Duke Guy of Spoleto is crowned Roman Emperor.* The forces of Abdullah ibn Muhammad, Emir of Córdoba, defeat those of the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley in southern Spain....
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12 December 894 -Europe:* Northumbrians and East Angles swear allegiance to Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the south-west of England.* Mojmír II becomes King of Great Moravia after the death of his father Svatopluk I.-Byzantine Empire:...
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great-great grandson of Emperor Charles ICharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe...
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Lambert Lambert II was the King of Italy from 891, Holy Roman Emperor, co-ruling with his father from 892, and Duke of Spoleto and Camerino from his father's death in 894. He was the son of Guy III of Spoleto and Ageltrude, born in San Rufino...
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880 See Interstate 880 for the American freeway-Religion:* Pope John VIII issues the bull Industriae Tuae, creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic is recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides...
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15 October 898-Europe:* A Magyar army headed by Álmos besieges Kiev.* Magyar tribes found the state of Szekesfehervar in Hungary.* Bologna joins the Italian Kingdom.-Asia:* King Kasyapa IV accedes to the throne of Sri Lanka.* Bhaktapur is founded in Nepal....
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30 April 892 -Europe:* Poppo of Thuringia, count of the march in Thuringia, is deposed by the German Carolingian king Arnulf of Carinthia.* Arnulf of Carinthia invades Great Moravia.-Asia:...
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15 October 898 -Europe:* A Magyar army headed by Álmos besieges Kiev.* Magyar tribes found the state of Szekesfehervar in Hungary.* Bologna joins the Italian Kingdom.-Asia:* King Kasyapa IV accedes to the throne of Sri Lanka.* Bhaktapur is founded in Nepal....
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son of Emperor Guy Guy of Spoleto , sometimes known by the Italian version of his name, Guido, or by the German version, Wido, was the Margrave of Camerino from 880 and then Duke of Spoleto and Camerino from 883...
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Carolingian Dynasty
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ArnulphArnulf of Carinthia was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 and Holy Roman Emperor from 896 until his death.-Biography:...
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850 -Asia:* Emperor Montoku succeeds Emperor Nimmyō as Emperor of Japan.-Europe:* Louis II is crowned co-emperor with his father Lothair I.* First recorded Viking attack on the Welsh coast....
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8 December 899-Europe:*Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.*Regino of Prüm is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.* The Magyars heavily damage Reggio Emilia, killing Bishop Azzo II.-Deaths:* May—Zoe Zaoutzaina, Byzantine empress...
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22 February 896 -Europe:* The Bulgarians, under Simeon I, defeat the Byzantine Empire at Bulgarophygon.* The Eastern Franks invade and conquer Italy under the leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia.* Alfred the Great restores the city walls of London.-Religion:...
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8 December 899 -Europe:*Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.*Regino of Prüm is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.* The Magyars heavily damage Reggio Emilia, killing Bishop Azzo II.-Deaths:* May—Zoe Zaoutzaina, Byzantine empress...
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great-grandson of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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Bosonid Dynasty
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Louis III Louis the Blind was the king of Provence from 887, king of Italy from 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. He was the son of Boso, the usurper king of Provence, and Ermengard, a daughter of the Emperor Louis II...
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880 See Interstate 880 for the American freeway-Religion:* Pope John VIII issues the bull Industriae Tuae, creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic is recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides...
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28 June 928This article is about the year. For the car, see Porsche 928-Asia:* Dao Kang Di succeeds Gong Hui Di and is followed in the same year by Tai Zu, all of the Dali Gu Dynasty in southeast China....
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22 February 901 -Asia:* The Kingdom of Hu Goguryeo is established by Gung Ye in the Korean peninsula.* Fuzhou City is expanded with construction of a new city wall .* Zhu Wen seizes the imperial Tang Dynasty capital....
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21 July 905 -Asia:* Under the imperial order of Emperor Daigo, four poets are selected to compile the Kokin Wakashū, an anthology of poetry.* Himerius, the Logothete of the Drome, wins a victory over the Arab fleet in the Aegean Sea....
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grandson of Emperor Louis II |
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Unruoching Dynasty
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Berengar |
845 -Events:* March 28—Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collect a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.* The Vikings also sack Hamburg and Melun....
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7 April 924-Asia:*Emperor Taizu of Liao leads another campaign to the west, reaching the former Uyghur capital on the Orkhon River. The Zubu begin to offer tribute to the Khitans.*Goryeo sends a second mission to Abaoji of the Khitan....
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DecemberDecember is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days....
915-Asia:* The kings of Goryeo and Silla send emissaries to Abaoji of the Khitan while he is encamped on the banks of the Yalu River.-Births:* William III of Aquitaine* Abu Shakur Balkhi, Persian poet* Vratislaus I of Bohemia...
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21 July 905 -Asia:* Under the imperial order of Emperor Daigo, four poets are selected to compile the Kokin Wakashū, an anthology of poetry.* Himerius, the Logothete of the Drome, wins a victory over the Arab fleet in the Aegean Sea....
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grandson of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.
Ottonian (Saxon) Dynasty
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Otto IOtto I the Great , son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan...
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23 November 912 *For the automobile, see Porsche 912.*For the 9-12 Project, see The 912 Project.-Religion:* Nicholas I Mysticus becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.-Births:* November 23—Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor* Nicephorus II, Byzantine Emperor...
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7 May 973-Europe:* Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan.* Otto II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany.-Religion:* January 19—Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as the 134th pope.-Births:* September 15—Al-Biruni, mathematician...
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2 February 962 -Europe:* February 2—Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor.* February 3—Pope John XII and Otto co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum.* December—A Byzantine army under Nikephoros Phokas captures and plunders Aleppo....
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7 May 973 -Europe:* Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan.* Otto II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany.-Religion:* January 19—Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as the 134th pope.-Births:* September 15—Al-Biruni, mathematician...
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great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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Otto IIOtto II , called the Red, was the third ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.-Education, first years of reign:...
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955 -Europe:* August 10—Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars, halting their westward expansion and ending the threat to Germany.* Eadwig becomes King of England.-Religion:* December 16—Pope John XII succeeds Pope Agapetus II as the 130th pope....
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7 December 983-Asia:* Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing .* The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ends.* Sharaf ad-Dawla becomes Amir Buwayhid....
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961 -Asia:* Ani becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty.* The Huqiu Tower is built in China .-Europe:* The Byzantine Empire recaptures Crete from Muslim control....
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25 December 967 -Europe:* The Bishopric of Merseburg is formed in Saxony, with Boso of Merseburg as its first bishop.* Conchobar mac Tadg becomes King of Connacht.* Pandulf Ironhead becomes duke of Spoleto.* Otto II is crowned co-emperor by Pope John XIII....
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7 December 983 -Asia:* Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing .* The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ends.* Sharaf ad-Dawla becomes Amir Buwayhid....
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son of Emperor Otto IOtto I the Great , son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan...
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Otto IIIOtto III was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected king of Germany in 983 on the death of his father Otto II.-Early years:...
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980 -Europe:* Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine.* The Viking ring castle of Trelleborg is constructed in Denmark.* Foundation by Notger of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège which will remain an independent state inside the Holy Roman Empire for more than 900 years, and where the Walloon language...
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23 January 1002 |
JuneJune is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with a length of 30 days. The Roman poet Ovid provides two etymologies for June's name in his poem concerning the months entitled the Fasti...
983-Asia:* Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing .* The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ends.* Sharaf ad-Dawla becomes Amir Buwayhid....
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21 May 996 -Europe:* March/April—Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor. Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope....
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23 January 1002 |
son of Emperor Otto IIOtto II , called the Red, was the third ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.-Education, first years of reign:...
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Henry IIHenry II , called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Ottonian dynasty, from his coronation in Rome in 1014 until his death a decade later. He was crowned King of Germany in 1002 and King of Italy in 1004. He is the only German king to have been canonized.He was...
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6 May 973 -Europe:* Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan.* Otto II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany.-Religion:* January 19—Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as the 134th pope.-Births:* September 15—Al-Biruni, mathematician...
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13 July 1024 |
7 June 1002 |
14 February 1014 |
13 July 1024 |
great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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Salian (Frankish) Dynasty
| Image |
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Conrad II Conrad II was the son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Alsace, who inherited the titles of count of Speyer and of Worms as an infant when Henry died at age twenty...
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990 -Religion:* The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the church in southern France attempting to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy, is promulgated.-Births:* Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor * Edmund II of England,...
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4 June 1039 |
1024 |
26 March 1027 |
4 June 1039 |
great-great-grandson of Emperor Otto IOtto I the Great , son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan...
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Henry IIIHenry III , called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia and his father made him duke of Bavaria in 1026, after the death of Duke Henry V...
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29 October 1017
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5 October 1056 |
1028 |
25 December 1046 |
5 October 1056 |
son of Emperor Conrad II Conrad II was the son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Alsace, who inherited the titles of count of Speyer and of Worms as an infant when Henry died at age twenty...
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Henry IVHenry IV was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century...
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11 November 1050
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7 August 1106 |
1053 |
31 March 1084 |
DecemberDecember is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days....
1105 |
son of Emperor Henry IIIHenry III , called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia and his father made him duke of Bavaria in 1026, after the death of Duke Henry V...
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Henry V Henry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
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8 November 1086
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23 May 1125 |
6 January 1099 |
13 April 1111 |
23 May 1125 |
son of Emperor Henry IVHenry IV was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century...
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Supplinburger dynasty
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Lothair III Lothair III of Supplinburg , was Duke of Saxony , King of Germany , and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137. He was the son of Count Gebhard of Supplinburg.-A note on the ordinal:...
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9 June 1075
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4 December 1137 |
1125 |
4 June 1133 |
4 December 1137 |
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Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty
| Image |
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Frederick IFrederick I Barbarossa was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178...
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1122
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10 June 1190 |
4 March 1152 |
18 June 1155 |
10 June 1190 |
great-grandson of Emperor Henry IVHenry IV was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century...
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Henry VIHenry VI was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197.-Early years:Born in Nijmegen,...
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NovemberNovember is the 11th month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. November retained its name when January and February were added to the Roman calendar....
1165
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28 September 1197 |
?AprilApril is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, and one of four months with a length of 30 days. April was originally the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC...
1169 |
14 April 1191 |
28 September 1197 |
son of Emperor Frederick IFrederick I Barbarossa was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178...
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House of Welf
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Otto IV Otto IV of Brunswick was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on, sole king from 1208 on, and emperor from 1209 on. The only king of the Welf dynasty, he was deposed in 1215.-Biography:...
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1175 or 1176
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19 May 1218 |
9 June 1198 |
4 October 1209 |
1215 |
great-grandson of Emperor Lothair III Lothair III of Supplinburg , was Duke of Saxony , King of Germany , and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137. He was the son of Count Gebhard of Supplinburg.-A note on the ordinal:...
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Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty
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Ceased to be Emperor |
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Frederick IIFrederick II of Hohenstaufen was Holy Roman Emperor from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy...
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26 December 1194
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13 December 1250 |
1196
1215 re-election |
22 November 1220 |
13 December 1250 |
son of Emperor Henry VIHenry VI was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197.-Early years:Born in Nijmegen,...
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House of Luxembourg
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Henry VII Henry VII was the King of Germany from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312. He was the first emperor of the House of Luxembourg...
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1275/1279
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24 August 1313 |
1308 |
29 June 1312 |
24 August 1313 |
13th generation descendant of Emperor Louis III Louis the Blind was the king of Provence from 887, king of Italy from 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. He was the son of Boso, the usurper king of Provence, and Ermengard, a daughter of the Emperor Louis II...
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House of Wittelsbach
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Louis IV Louis IV , called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the King of Germany from 1314, the King of Italy from 1327 and the Holy Roman Emperor from 1328....
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1 April 1282
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11 October 1347 |
OctoberOctober is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old Roman calendar, October retained its name after July and August, after Julius and Augustus Caesar respectively; when the calendar was originally...
1314 |
17 January 1328 |
11 October 1347 |
sixth generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III Lothair III of Supplinburg , was Duke of Saxony , King of Germany , and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137. He was the son of Count Gebhard of Supplinburg.-A note on the ordinal:...
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House of Luxembourg
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Charles IV Charles IV , born Wenceslaus , was the second king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg, and Holy Roman Emperor....
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14 May 1316
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29 November 1378 |
11 July 1346/
17 June 1349 re-election |
5 April 1355 |
29 November 1378 |
grandson of Emperor Henry VII Henry VII was the King of Germany from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312. He was the first emperor of the House of Luxembourg...
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SigismundSigismund was one of the longest ruling Kings of Hungary, reigning for fifty years from 1387 to 1437, and was also Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, and the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg. He was also King of Bohemia from 1419, of Lombardia from 1431, and of Germany...
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14 February 1368
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9 December 1437 |
10 September 1410/
21 July 1411 re-election |
31 May 1433 |
9 December 1437 |
son of Emperor Charles IV Charles IV , born Wenceslaus , was the second king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg, and Holy Roman Emperor....
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House of Habsburg
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Frederick III Frederick or Friedrich of Habsburg was Duke of Austria as Frederick V since 1424, successor of Albert II as German King as Frederick IV since 1440, and Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III since 1452...
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21 September 1415
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19 August 1493 |
1440 |
19 March 1452 |
19 August 1493 |
10th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III Lothair III of Supplinburg , was Duke of Saxony , King of Germany , and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137. He was the son of Count Gebhard of Supplinburg.-A note on the ordinal:...
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Maximilian IMaximilian I of Habsburg was King of the Romans from 1493 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, but had ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from circa 1483...
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22 March 1459
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12 January 1519 |
16 February 1486 |
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12 January 1519 |
son of Emperor Frederick III Frederick or Friedrich of Habsburg was Duke of Austria as Frederick V since 1424, successor of Albert II as German King as Frederick IV since 1440, and Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III since 1452...
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Charles VCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
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24 February 1500
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21 September 1558 |
28 June 1519 |
FebruaryFebruary is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the shortest month and the only month with fewer than 30 days. The month has 29 days in leap years, when the year number is divisible by four...
1530 |
16 January 1556 |
grandson of Emperor Maximilian IMaximilian I of Habsburg was King of the Romans from 1493 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, but had ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from circa 1483...
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Ferdinand IFerdinand I was a Central European monarch from the House of Habsburg. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, King of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526. He ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs most of his public life, at the behest of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and...
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10 March 1503
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25 July 1564 |
1531 |
-
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25 July 1564 |
grandson of Emperor Maximilian IMaximilian I of Habsburg was King of the Romans from 1493 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, but had ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from circa 1483...
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Maximilian IIMaximilian II was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 and king of the Romans until his death. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.-Biography:...
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31 July 1527
-
12 October 1576 |
NovemberNovember is the 11th month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. November retained its name when January and February were added to the Roman calendar....
1562 |
-
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12 October 1576 |
son of Emperor Ferdinand IFerdinand I was a Central European monarch from the House of Habsburg. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, King of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526. He ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs most of his public life, at the behest of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and...
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Rudolph IIRudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor as Rudolf II , King of Hungary as Rudolf , King of Bohemia as Rudolf II and Archduke of Austria as Rudolf V...
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18 July 1552
-
20 January 1612 |
1575 |
-
|
20 January 1612 |
son of Emperor Maximilian IIMaximilian II was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 and king of the Romans until his death. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.-Biography:...
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MatthiasMatthias was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612, King of Hungary from 1608 and King of Bohemia from 1611...
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24 February 1557
-
20 March 1619 |
1612 |
-
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20 March 1619 |
son of Emperor Maximilian IIMaximilian II was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 and king of the Romans until his death. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.-Biography:...
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Ferdinand II Ferdinand II , of the House of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , King of Hungary .-Life:...
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9 July 1578
-
15 February 1637 |
1618 |
-
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15 February 1637 |
grandson of Emperor Ferdinand IFerdinand I was a Central European monarch from the House of Habsburg. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, King of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526. He ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs most of his public life, at the behest of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and...
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Ferdinand IIIFerdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor 15 February 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans.-Life:...
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13 July 1608
-
2 April 1657 |
1636 |
-
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2 April 1657 |
son of Emperor Ferdinand II Ferdinand II , of the House of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , King of Hungary .-Life:...
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Leopold I| align=right | Leopold I Habsburg , Holy Roman emperor, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margarita of Austria...
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9 June 1640
-
5 May 1705 |
JulyJuly is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. It is, on average, the warmest month in most of the Northern hemisphere and the coldest month in much of the Southern hemisphere. The second half of the year commences in...
1658 |
-
|
5 May 1705 |
son of Emperor Ferdinand IIIFerdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor 15 February 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans.-Life:...
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Joseph IJoseph I , Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary, King of the Romans was the elder son of Emperor Leopold I and his third wife, Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg, who was the daughter of Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine.Born in Vienna, he was educated strictly by Prince Dietrich...
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26 July 1678
-
17 April 1711 |
6 January 1690 |
-
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17 April 1711 |
son of Emperor Leopold I| align=right | Leopold I Habsburg , Holy Roman emperor, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margarita of Austria...
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Charles VICharles VI was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary , King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria from 1711 to 1740...
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1 October 1685
-
20 October 1740 |
22 December 1711 |
-
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20 October 1740 |
son of Emperor Leopold I| align=right | Leopold I Habsburg , Holy Roman emperor, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margarita of Austria...
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House of Wittelsbach
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Charles VIICharles VII Albert , a member of the Wittelsbach family, was Prince-elector of Bavaria from 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 until his death in 1745...
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6 August 1697
-
20 January 1745 |
24 January 1742 |
12 February 1742 |
20 January 1745 |
great-great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand II Ferdinand II , of the House of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , King of Hungary .-Life:...
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House of Habsburg-Lorraine
| Image |
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Francis Ialign=right | Francis I was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions...
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8 December 1708
-
18 August 1765 |
13 September 1745 |
-
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18 August 1765 |
great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand IIIFerdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor 15 February 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans.-Life:...
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Joseph IIJoseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I...
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13 March 1741
-
20 February 1790 |
after 18 August 1765 |
-
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20 February 1790 |
son of Emperor Francis Ialign=right | Francis I was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions...
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Leopold IILeopold II , born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, archduke of Austria, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa...
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5 May 1747
-
1 March 1792 |
after 20 February 1790 |
-
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1 March 1792 |
son of Emperor Francis Ialign=right | Francis I was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions...
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Francis IIFrancis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz...
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12 February 1768
-
2 March 1835 |
after 1 March 1792 |
-
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6 August 1806 |
son of Emperor Leopold IILeopold II , born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, archduke of Austria, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa...
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Coronation
The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the
PopeThe pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
in
RomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated municipality , with over 2.7 million residents in , while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 3.46 million. The metropolitan area of Rome is estimated by OECD to have a population of 3.7 million...
, using the
Imperial RegaliaThe Imperial Regalia, insignia, or crown jewels are the regalia of the Emperors and Kings of the Holy Roman Empire. The most important parts are the Imperial Crown, the Holy Lance and the Imperial Sword...
. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed
Maximilian IMaximilian I of Habsburg was King of the Romans from 1493 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, but had ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from circa 1483...
to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as
Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's first successor
Charles VCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
was the last to be crowned Emperor.
| Emperor |
Coronation date |
Officiant |
Location |
Charles ICharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe...
|
25 December 800 |
Pope Leo IIIPope Saint Leo III was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor....
|
Rome |
Louis ILouis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
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816 |
Pope Stephen VPope Stephen V, , succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. In his dealings with Constantinople in the matter of Photius, as also in his relations with the young Slavonic church, he pursued the policy of Pope Nicholas I....
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Reims |
Lothair ILothair I , king of Italy and crowned Carolingian King of Italy, Emperor of the Romans and was Emperor of the Franks .Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of...
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5 April 823 |
Pope Paschal IPope Saint Paschal I was pope from January 25, 817 to February 11, 824. A native of Rome and son of Bonosus, he was raised to the pontificate by the acclamation of the clergy, shortly after the death of Pope Stephen IV, and before the sanction of the emperor Louis the Pious had been obtained - a...
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Rome |
Louis IILouis II the Younger was the King of Italy from 844 and then Emperor from 855 until his death.He was the eldest son of the Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. He was designated King of Italy in 839 and took up his residence in that country and was crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II on...
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850 |
Pope Leo IVPope Saint Leo IV was pope from April 10, 847 to July 17, 855.A Roman by birth, he was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. When he was elected, on April 10, 847, he was cardinal of Santi Quattro Coronati, and had been subdeacon of Gregory IV and archpriest under his predecessor...
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Rome |
| Charles II Charles the Bald , Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia , was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith.- Struggle against his brothers :He was born on 13 June 823 in Frankfurt, when his elder...
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29 December 875 |
Pope John VIIIJohn VIII was pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century and the last bright spot on the papacy until Leo IX two centuries later....
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Rome |
| Charles III Charles the Fat was the King of Alemannia from 876, King of Italy from 879, Holy Roman Emperor from 881, King of East Francia from 882, and King of West Francia from 884. He was deposed in East Francia, Lotharingia, and possibly Italy, where the records are not clear, in 887...
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12 February 881 |
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| Guy III of Spoleto Guy of Spoleto , sometimes known by the Italian version of his name, Guido, or by the German version, Wido, was the Margrave of Camerino from 880 and then Duke of Spoleto and Camerino from 883...
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May 891 |
Pope Stephen VPope Stephen V, , succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. In his dealings with Constantinople in the matter of Photius, as also in his relations with the young Slavonic church, he pursued the policy of Pope Nicholas I....
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| Lambert II of Spoleto Lambert II was the King of Italy from 891, Holy Roman Emperor, co-ruling with his father from 892, and Duke of Spoleto and Camerino from his father's death in 894. He was the son of Guy III of Spoleto and Ageltrude, born in San Rufino...
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30 April 892 |
Pope FormosusFormosus was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 891 to 896. His brief reign as Pope was troubled, and his remains were exhumed and put on trial in the notorious Cadaver Synod.-Biography:...
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Ravenna |
Arnulf of CarinthiaArnulf of Carinthia was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 and Holy Roman Emperor from 896 until his death.-Biography:...
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22 February 896 |
Rome |
| Louis III Louis the Blind was the king of Provence from 887, king of Italy from 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. He was the son of Boso, the usurper king of Provence, and Ermengard, a daughter of the Emperor Louis II...
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901 |
Pope Benedict IVBenedict IV was Pope from 900 to 903. He was the son of Mammalus, a native of Rome. The tenth-century historian Frodoard, who nicknamed him the Great, commended his noble birth and public generosity...
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Rome |
| Berengar Berengar of Friuli was the Margrave of Friuli from 874 until no earlier than 890 and no later than 896, King of Italy from 887 until his death, and Holy Roman Emperor from 915 until his death.Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of Charles the Fat before he...
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December 915 |
Pope John XJohn X, Pope from March, 914 to May, 928, was deacon at Bologna when he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome, through whose influence he was elevated first to the see of Bologna and then to the archbishopric of Ravenna.In...
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Rome |
Otto IOtto I the Great , son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan...
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2 February, 962 |
Pope John XIIJohn XII, born Octavianus , was Pope from December 16, 955 to May 14, 964. The son of Alberic II, Patrician of Rome , and his stepsister Alda of Vienne, he was a seventh generation descendant of Charlemagne on his mother's side.Before his death, Alberic administered an oath to the Roman nobles in St...
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Otto IIOtto II , called the Red, was the third ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.-Education, first years of reign:...
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25 December, 967 |
Pope John XIIIJohn XIII of Crescenzi family served as Pope from October 1, 965 until his death.Born in Rome, he spent his career in the papal court. He was elected Pope John XIII five months after the death of Pope Leo VIII , as a compromise candidate, with the agreement of Emperor Otto I...
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Otto IIIOtto III was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected king of Germany in 983 on the death of his father Otto II.-Early years:...
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21 May, 996 |
Pope Gregory VGregory V, né Bruno von Kärnthen , Pope from May 3, 996 to February 18, 999, son of the Salian Otto I, Duke of Carinthia, who was a grandson of the Emperor Otto I the Great . Gregory V succeeded Pope John XV , when only twenty-four years of age...
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Henry IIHenry II , called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Ottonian dynasty, from his coronation in Rome in 1014 until his death a decade later. He was crowned King of Germany in 1002 and King of Italy in 1004. He is the only German king to have been canonized.He was...
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14 February, 1014 |
Pope Benedict VIIIBenedict VIII , born Theophylactus, Pope from 1012 to 1024, of the noble family of the counts of Tusculum , descended from Theophylact, Count of Tusculum like his predecessor Pope Benedict VI...
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| Conrad II Conrad II was the son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Alsace, who inherited the titles of count of Speyer and of Worms as an infant when Henry died at age twenty...
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26 March, 1027 |
Pope John XIXJohn XIX , born Romanus, was Pope from 1024 to 1032.He succeeded his brother, Pope Benedict VIII , both being members of the powerful house of Tusculum. Prior to being elected Pope he was an unordained layman...
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Henry IIIHenry III , called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia and his father made him duke of Bavaria in 1026, after the death of Duke Henry V...
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25 December, 1046 |
Pope Clement IIClement II, born Suidger of Morsleben and Hornburg , was Pope from December 25, 1046 to his death. He was the first in a series of reform-minded Popes from Germany....
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Henry IVHenry IV was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century...
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31 March, 1084 |
Antipope Clement IIIGuibert or Wibert of Ravenna was a cleric made Antipope in 1080 due to perceived abuses of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy, a title that lasted unto his death...
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| Henry V Henry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
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13 April, 1111 |
Pope Paschal IIPaschal II, born Ranierius, was Pope from August 13, 1099, until his death. A monk of the Cluniac order, he was created cardinal priest of the Titulus S...
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| Henry V Henry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
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23 March, 1117 |
Antipope Gregory VIII Gregory VIII was antipope from March 10, 1118 to April 22, 1121.-Biography:He was born Mauritius Burdinus in the Limousin, part of Aquitaine, Occitania, France. He was educated at Cluny, at Limoges, and in Castile, where he was a deacon at Toledo. In 1098/1099 his Cluniac connections recommended...
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| Lothair III Lothair III of Supplinburg , was Duke of Saxony , King of Germany , and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137. He was the son of Count Gebhard of Supplinburg.-A note on the ordinal:...
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4 June, 1133 |
Pope Innocent IIPope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:...
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Basilica of St. John LateranThe Basilica of St. John Lateran is the cathedral of the Church of Rome, Italy, and the official ecclesiastical seat of the Bishop of Rome, who is the Pope...
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Frederick IFrederick I Barbarossa was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178...
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18 June, 1155 |
Pope Adrian IVPope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...
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Henry VIHenry VI was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197.-Early years:Born in Nijmegen,...
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14 April, 1191 |
Pope Celestine IIIPope Celestine III , born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on March 21, 1191, and reigned until his death. He was born into the noble Orsini family, though he was only a deacon before becoming Pope...
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| Otto IV Otto IV of Brunswick was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on, sole king from 1208 on, and emperor from 1209 on. The only king of the Welf dynasty, he was deposed in 1215.-Biography:...
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4 October, 1209 |
Pope Innocent IIIPope Innocent III was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. He was born with the name Lotario de Conti.-Early life and election to the Papacy:Lotario de' Conti was born Gavignano, near Anagni...
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Frederick IIFrederick II of Hohenstaufen was Holy Roman Emperor from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy...
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22 November 1220 |
Pope Honorius IIIPope Honorius III , born with the name Cencio, was Pope from 1216 to 1227.-Early work:He was born in Rome as son of Aimerico...
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| Henry VII Henry VII was the King of Germany from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312. He was the first emperor of the House of Luxembourg...
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29 June 1312 |
Cardinals |
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| Louis IV Louis IV , called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the King of Germany from 1314, the King of Italy from 1327 and the Holy Roman Emperor from 1328....
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17 January 1328 |
Sciarra Colonna Sciarra Colonna, byname of Giacomo Colonna , was a member of the powerful Colonna family, and a strong enemy of Pope Boniface VIII. During the Outrage of Anagni, in September 1303, Sciarra reportedly slapped the pope in the face. He was brother to Stefano Colonna the Elder.The Colonna family was...
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| Charles IV Charles IV , born Wenceslaus , was the second king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg, and Holy Roman Emperor....
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5 April, 1355 |
Cardinal |
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SigismundSigismund was one of the longest ruling Kings of Hungary, reigning for fifty years from 1387 to 1437, and was also Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, and the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg. He was also King of Bohemia from 1419, of Lombardia from 1431, and of Germany...
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31 May, 1433 |
Pope Eugenius IV |
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| Frederick III Frederick or Friedrich of Habsburg was Duke of Austria as Frederick V since 1424, successor of Albert II as German King as Frederick IV since 1440, and Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III since 1452...
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19 March, 1452 |
Pope Nicholas VPope Nicholas V , born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from March 6, 1447 to his death in 1455.-Biography:He was born at Sarzana, Liguria, where his father was a physician...
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Charles VCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
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February 1530 |
Pope Clement VIIPope Clement VII , born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was Pope from 1523 to 1534.-Early life:...
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Bologna Bologna is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna, in the Po Valley of northern Italy...
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See also
- Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms...
- Emperor
An emperor is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right...
for other uses of the title "Emperor" in western EuropeWestern Europe is the collection of countries in the westernmost region of Europe, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a cultural entity—the region lying west of Central Europe...
.
- First Council of the Lateran
The Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of Ecumenical councils by the Catholic Church. It was convoked by Pope Callixtus II in December, 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms...
- Holy Roman Emperors family tree
- Holy Roman Empress
- King of the Romans
King of the Romans was the title used by the elected ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus prior to his imperial coronation performed by the Pope, King of the Romans was the title used by the elected ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus ("Emperor to-be"—...
- List of German monarchs