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Sperm Whale


 
 

The sperm whale (Physeter catodon) is the largest of all toothed whaleToothed whale Overview

The toothed whales form a suborder of the cetaceans....
s and largest living toothed animal. The whale was named after the milky-white waxy substance, spermacetiFacts About Spermaceti

Spermaceti is a wax present in the head cavities of the Sperm Whale and in the blubber of all whales....
, found in its head and originally mistaken for spermSperm

The term sperm is derived from the Greek word sperma and refers to the male reproductive cells....
. It has a cosmopolitan distributionCosmopolitan distribution

A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be ...
 across the world's oceans. The species feeds on squidSquid

Squids are a large, diverse group of marine cephalopods....
 and fishFish Overview

A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills, that remains so throughout its life....
, diving as deep as in order to obtain its prey, making it the deepest diving mammal in the world. Pods of females and young live separately from older males. Sperm whales live for 50 years and possibly more.

The sperm whale's enormous head and distinctive shape, as well as its central role in Herman MelvilleHerman Melville

Herman Melville was an American novelist, essayist and poet....
's Moby-DickMoby-Dick

Moby-Dick is an 1851 novel by Herman Melville....
, have led many to describe it as the archetypalArchetype Overview

An archetype is a generic, idealized model of a person, object or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, ...
 whale. Partly because of Melville, the sperm whale is commonly associated with the LeviathanLeviathan

Leviathan was a Biblical sea monster referred to in the Old Testament....
 of the Bible. The fearsome reputation perpetuated by Melville was based on bull whales' ability to fiercely defend themselves from attacks by early whalers, sometimes resulting in the destruction of the whaling ships. Historically the sperm whale has also been known as the common cachalot. The word cachalot is originally PortuguesePortuguese language

Portuguese is an Iberian Romance language, of the Indo-European family....
 (cachalote), probably coming from cachola, a colloquial term for head. Sperm whales were commercially huntedWhaling

Whaling refers to the practice, history and industries associated with the hunting and killing of whales....
 until recently, declined as a consequence of over-harvesting, and are currently listed as vulnerableVulnerable

Vulnerable may refer to:*Vulnerability...
 by the IUCNInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is a nongovernmental organization....
.

Spermaceti

SpermacetiSpermaceti

Spermaceti is a wax present in the head cavities of the Sperm Whale and in the blubber of all whales....
 is the semiliquid, waxy substance found in the head of the sperm whale. The name derives from the late Latin sperma ceti (both words actually loaned from Greek) meaning "sperm of the whale" (strictly, "sperm of the sea monster"). The common name for the species is actually an apocopation of Spermaceti Whale. Early whalers mistook the substance for the whale's semen. Spermaceti is found in the spermaceti organ or case in front of and above the skull of the whale and also in the so-called junk which is right at the front of the whale's head just above the upper jaw. The case consists of a soft white, waxy substance saturated with spermaceti. The junk is a more solid substance.

One function of the spermaceti organs is a buoyancyBuoyancy

In physics, buoyancy is an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid, enabling it to float or at least to appear lighter...
 or diving organ. Before diving, cold water is brought through the organ and the wax is solidified. The increase in specific density generates a down force (approx 40 kg equiv) and allows the whale effortless sinking. During the chase in deep levels (max 3,000m) the stored oxygen is consumed and excess heat melts the spermaceti. Now only hydrodynamic forces (by swimming) keep the whale down before effortlessly surfacing.

Hypotheses on further functions exist: One incidentally discussed in Moby-Dick by Melville, is that the case evolved as a kind of battering ram for use in fights between males. This hypothesis is consistent with the well-documented sinking of the ships EssexWhaleship Essex

The whaling ship Essex left Nantucket, Massachusetts in 1819 on a two-and-a-half-year voyage in the whaling grounds of t...
and Ann AlexanderAnn Alexander (ship)

The Ann Alexander was a ship from New Bedford, Massachusetts, that was rammed by a wounded sperm whale on August 20, 1851 ne...
due to attacks by sperm whales estimated to weigh only one-fifth as much as the ships.

Another possibility is that the case is used as an aid to echolocationAnimal echolocation

Echolocation, also called Biosonar, is the biological sonar used by several mammals such as bats, dolphins and whales....
 (see melonMelon (whale)

The melon is an oval shaped oily, fatty lump of tissue found at the centre of the forehead of most dolphins and toothed whal...
). The shape of the organ at any given time is likely to focus or widen the beam of emitted soundSound

Sound is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a wave....
. The sperm whale actually has two nostrils — one external nostril, forming the blow hole, and one internal nostril pressing against the bag-like spermaceti container.

Spermaceti was much sought after by 18th, 19th and 20th century whalersWhaling

Whaling refers to the practice, history and industries associated with the hunting and killing of whales....
. The substance found a variety of commercial applications, such as watch oil, automatic transmission fluid, lubricant for photographic lenses and delicate high-altitude instruments, cosmeticsCosmetics

*Permanent makeup*Testing cosmetics on animals ...
, additives in motor oils, glycerine, rust-proofing compounds, detergentDetergent

Detergent is a compound, or a mixture of compounds, intended to assist cleaning....
, chemical fibres, vitamins and 70 or more pharmaceutical compounds.

Distribution

The Sperm Whale is among the most cosmopolitan species in the world, and is found in all the oceans and the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the sou...
. The species is relatively abundant from Arctic waters to the equator. Populations are more dense close to continental shelvesContinental shelf

The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the ...
 and canyons, probably because of easier feeding. Sperm Whales are usually found in deep off-shore waters, but may be seen closer to shore in areas where the continental shelf is small, such as off the AzoresAzores

The Azores are an archipelago of Portuguese islands in the middle of the northern Atlantic Ocean, about 1,500 km from Lisb...
 or the CaribbeanCaribbean Summary

The Caribbean is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts....
 island of DominicaDominica

Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea....
.

Ecology, behaviour and life history

Sperm whales are a prime example of a species that has been K-selectedR/K selection theory

In ecology, r/K selection theory relates to the selection of traits that allow success in particular environments....
, a reproductive strategy associated with very stable environmental conditions that is characterized by a low birth rate, significant parental aid to offspring, slow maturation and high longevity. Females give birth once every four to six years, and the gestation period is at least 12 months and possibly as long as 18 months. NursingBreastfeeding

Breastfeeding is the process of a woman feeding an infant or young child with milk from her breasts, usually directly from t...
 takes place for two to three years. In males, pubertyPuberty

Puberty refers to the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction....
 lasts for about ten years between the ages of about 10 and 20. Males continue to grow into their 30s and 40s and only reach their full size when about 50 years old. Sperm whales live for up to 80 years.

The social structure of the sperm whales species divides on sexual lines. Females are extremely social animals. Females stay in groups of about a dozen individuals and their young. Males leave these "nursery schools" at somewhere between 4 and 21 years of age and join a "bachelor school" with other males of a similar age and size. As males grow older, they tend to disperse into smaller groups, and the oldest males typically live solitary lives. Yet mature males have been stranded on beaches together, suggesting a degree of co-operation not yet fully understood.

The only predator that attacks sperm whales, besides human beings, is the OrcaOrca

The Orca or Killer Whale is not a whale, but the largest species of the oceanic dolphin family ....
. Large, roving pods of Orcas frequently target groups of females with young, usually trying to separate the sperm whale calf and kill it. Often, the female sperm whales can repel these attacks by forming a circle with their calves in the centre and then violently thrashing their tail flukes, so that no Orca can penetrate the formation. If the Orca pod is extremely large, they may sometimes also kill adult females. Large bull sperm whales have no non-human predators, as even Orcas could be killed by these aggressive, powerful creatures.

Feeding


Sperm whales feed on several species, notably giant squidGiant squid

Giant squid, once believed to be mythical creatures, are squid of the Architeuthidae family, represented by as many as...
, krill, octopusOctopus Summary

The octopus is a cephalopod of the order Octopoda that inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral r...
, and diverse fish like demersalDemersal zone

The demersal zone is the part of the sea or ocean comprising the water column that is near to the seabed and the benthos....
 rayBatoidea Summary

Batoidea is a superorder of cartilaginous fishes containing more than 500 described species in thirteen familes....
s, but the main part of their diet consists of medium sized squidSquid

Squids are a large, diverse group of marine cephalopods....
. Most of what is known about deep sea squid has been learned from specimens found in captured sperm whale stomachs, although more recent studies have analysed fecal matter instead. One study, carried out around the Galápagos, found that squid from the genera Histioteutbis (62%), Ancistrocbeirus (16%), and Octopoteutbis (7%) were the most commonly taken, and that most squid were between 12-650 kg in weight. An older study, examining the contents of whales captured by the New Zealand whaling fleet in the Cook StraitCook Strait

Cook Strait is the strait between the North Island and the South Island of New Zealand....
 region, found a 1.69:1 ratio of squid to fish by weight. Stealing of Sablefish and Toothfish from long lines has been documented and well known also (see below). Battles between sperm whales and colossal squidColossal Squid

The Colossal Squid, sometimes called the Antarctic or Giant Cranch Squid, is believed to be the largest squid sp...
 (which have been measured to weigh nearly 500 kg) have never been observed by humans, however white scars on the bodies of sperm whales are believed to be caused by squid. In one case three Sperm Whales were observed attacking or playing with a megamouth sharkMegamouth shark

The megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios, is an extremely rare and unusual species of shark, discovered in 1976, with 36...
, a rare and large deep-sea species only discovered by man in the 1970s.

It is hypothesised that the sharp beak of a consumed squid lodged in the whale's intestine leads to the production of ambergrisAmbergris

Ambergris is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated like mar...
, analogous to the production of pearlFacts About Pearl

A pearl is a hard, rounded object produced by certain animals, primarily mollusks such as oysters....
s. The irritation of the intestines caused by the beaks stimulates the secretion of this lubricant-like substance. Sperm whales are prodigious feeders and eat around 3% of their body weightBody weight

Body weight is simply the weight of anything, including humans....
 per day. The total annual consumption of prey by sperm whales worldwide is estimated to be about 100 million tons — a figure greater than the total consumption of marine animals by humans each year.

It is difficult to see why the sperm whale has such a large head in comparison to the lower jaw. One theory explaining this is that the Sperm Whale's ability to echolocateAnimal echolocation

Echolocation, also called Biosonar, is the biological sonar used by several mammals such as bats, dolphins and whales....
 through its head aids in hunting. Within the head, it contains a structure called monkey lips, which it blows air through. This can create clicks that have a source level exceeding 230 dB re 1 micropascal referenced to a distance of 1 metre. It has been hypothesised that these were directed at prey in order to stun them, however experimental studies attempting to duplicate this effect have been unable to replicate the supposed injuries, and have cast doubt on this idea.

Long-line fishingLong-line fishing

Long-line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a sing...
 operations in the Gulf of AlaskaGulf of Alaska

The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the ...
 have complained that numerous sperm whales have taken advantage of their fishing operations to eat desirable species straight off the line, sparing the whales the need to hunt them themselves. However, the amount of fish taken is very little compared to what the sperm whale needs per day. New video footage has been captured of a large male sperm whale "bouncing" a long line, to gain the fish.

Diving and breathing

Sperm whales, along with bottlenose whaleBottlenose whale

A bottlenose whale is one of two species of whale in the Ziphid family....
s and elephant sealElephant seal

There are two species of elephant seal....
s, are the deepest-diving mammals in the world. Sperm whales are believed to be able to dive up to 3 km (1.9 miles) in depth and 90 minutes in duration to the ocean floor. More typical dives are around 400 m (437 yards) in depth and 30–45 minutes' duration and generally move in a northerly direction. They carry three tonnes of blood which holds enough oxygen to help it achieve its diving depth.

The physiology of the sperm whale has several adaptations to cope with drastic changes in pressure when diving. The ribcage is flexible to allow lung collapse, and the heart rate can decrease to preserve oxygenOxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with the chemical symbol O and atomic number 8....
 supplies. MyoglobinMyoglobin

Myoglobin is a single-chain protein of 153 amino acids, containing a heme group in the center....
 stores oxygen in muscle tissue. BloodBlood

Blood is a highly specialised circulating tissue consisting of several types of cell suspended in a fluid medium known as pl...
 can be directed towards the brain and other essential organs only, when oxygen levels deplete. The spermaceti organ may also play a role (see above).

Because of the great depths to which they dive, sperm whales sometimes drown when entangled in transoceanic telephone cablesSubmarine communications cable

A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry telecommunications between countries....
.

While sperm whales are well adapted to diving, repeated dives to great depths do have long term effects on the whales. Skeletons of sperm whales show pitting of the bones that is often a sign of decompression sicknessDecompression sickness

Decompression sickness ', the divers disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a va...
 in humans. Skeletons of the oldest whales showed the most extensive pitting, whereas skeletons of sperm whale calves showed no damage. This damage may indicate that sperm whales are susceptible to decompression sickness, and sudden surfacing could be lethal to them.

Between dives, the sperm whale will come up to the surface for breath and remain more or less still for eight to ten minutes before diving again. Odontoceti (toothed whales) breathe air at the surface of the water through a single, s-shaped blowhole. The blowhole is located on the left side of the front of the head. Sperm whales spout (breathe) 3–5 times per minute at rest, but the rate increases to 6–7 times per minute after a dive. The blow is a noisy, single stream that rises up to 15 m (50 ft) above the surface of the water and points forward and to the left of the whale at a 45° angle.

Taxonomy and naming

The sperm whale is one of the many species originally described by LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linn, , was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist...
 in 1758 in his 18th century work, Systema NaturaeSystema Naturae

The book Systema naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus....
; he recognised four species in the genus Physeter. Experts soon realised that just one such species exists, although its correct name is a matter of dispute (see below), with some workers using the name Physeter catodon (e.g. see this ) but others using Physeter macrocephalus (as per ).

The sperm whale is the sole extant species of its genus, Physeter, which is placed in the family Physeteridae. Two species of the related extant genus Kogia, the pygmy sperm whalePygmy Sperm Whale

The Pygmy Sperm Whale is one of three species of whale in the sperm whale family....
 Kogia breviceps and the dwarf sperm whaleDwarf Sperm Whale

The Dwarf Sperm Whale is one of three species of whale in the sperm whale family....
 K. simus, are sometimes also placed in this family, but more often in their own family, Kogiidae.

The correct scientific name for the sperm whale is currently unclear. Until 1974 the species was generally known as P. catodon, however in that year Husson & Holthuis proposed that the correct name should be P. macrocephalus, the second name in the genus Physeter published by Linnaeus concurrently with P. catodon, on the grounds that the names were synonyms published simultaneously and therefore the ICZN principle of "First Reviser" should apply, in this instance leading to the choice of P. macrocephalus over P. catodon, a view re-stated in Holthuis, 1987. This has been adopted by some subsequent authors, however Schevill (1986 and 1987) argued that macrocephalus was published with an inaccurate description and that therefore only the species catodon was valid, rendering the principle of "First Reviser" inapplicable. At the present time, the name P. catodon is used in the most high profile species information systems, for example the and the , however some other sources use P. macrocephalus, for example in the and in various papers and book chapters, e.g. Whitehead, 2002; therefore, to retrieve maximum relevant information, it is currently advisable to search under both names. According to the relevant species page on , the Integrated Taxonomic Information System, "Physeter catodon and Physeter macrocephalus are awaiting a ruling regarding their usage by the ICZN".

The following is an extract from Melville'sHerman Melville

Herman Melville was an American novelist, essayist and poet....
 Moby-DickMoby-Dick Overview

Moby-Dick is an 1851 novel by Herman Melville....
, in which he expatiates about the vernacular naming and common lore surrounding the sperm whale:

Evolution

Sperm whales are believed to have diverged from other toothed whales early in the evolution of the suborder—around 30 million years ago, and a number of fossil genera and species have been described from the Late OligoceneOligocene

The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present....
 period and beyond (refer main article Sperm whale familySperm whale family

The sperm whale family or simply the sperm whales is the collective name given to three species of whale, the Sperm Wh...
).

Relationship with humans

Cultural importance

The teeth of Sperm Whales, when mounted on rope, are important cultural objects in FijiFiji Overview

Fiji , officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands, is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Vanuatu, w...
, where they are known as tabuaTábua

[[pt:T?bua ]...
. They were traditionally given as gifts for atonementAtonement

The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism....
 or esteem (called sevusevu), and were important in negotiations between rival chiefs. Today the tabua remains an important item in Fijian life. The teeth were originally rare in Fiji and TongaTonga

Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga, , is an independent archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean....
 (which exported the teeth), however with the arrival of Europeans the market was flooded with teeth, so many that it collapsed. The oversupply led in turn to the development of the European art of scrimshawScrimshaw

Scrimshaw is the name given to handiwork created by whalers made from the byproducts of harvesting marine mammals....
.

The sperm whale is also the state animalList of U.S. state mammals

A state mammal is the "official" or representative animal of a U.S....
 of ConnecticutConnecticut Overview

Connecticut is a state in the New England region of the United States, located in the northeastern part of the country....
.

Population and hunting

The number of sperm whales throughout the world is unknown. Crude estimates, obtained by surveying small areas and extrapolating the result to all the world's oceans, range from 200,000 to 2,000,000 individuals. Although the sperm whale was hunted for several centuries for its meat, oil and spermaceti, the conservational outlook for sperm whales is brighter than that for many other whales. Although a small-scale coastal fishery still occurs in Indonesia, they are protected practically worldwide. Fishermen do not catch the deep-sea creatures that sperm whales eat, and the deep sea is likely to be more resistant to pollution than surface layers.

In 1820, a sperm whale claimed to be about 25.9 m (85 ft) long attacked the Nantucket whaleship EssexWhaleship Essex

The whaling ship Essex left Nantucket, Massachusetts in 1819 on a two-and-a-half-year voyage in the whaling grounds of t...
. Only 8 out of the 20 sailors managed to survive and be rescued by other ships.

However, the recovery from the whaling years is a slow process, particularly in the South Pacific, where the toll on males of a breeding age was severe.

Watching sperm whales

Sperm whales are not the easiest of whales to watchWhale watching

Whale watching is the practice of observing whales and other cetaceans in their natural habitat....
, due to their long dive times and ability to travel long distances underwater. However, due to the distinctive look and large size of the whale, watching is increasingly popular. Sperm whale watchers often use hydrophoneHydrophone

A hydrophone is a sound-to-electricity transducer for use in water or other liquids, analogous to a microphone for air....
s to listen to the clicks of the whales and locate them before they surface. Popular locations for sperm whale watching include the picturesque KaikouraKaikoura

Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand....
 on New ZealandNew Zealand

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean consisting of two large islands and many much smaller islands, m...
's South IslandSouth Island

The South Island is one of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the North Island....
, where the continental shelf is so narrow that whales can be observed from the shore, AndenesAndenes

Andenes is a small town in the municipality/commune of Andy in the county of Nordland, Norway, and had 5,549 inhabitants as ...
 and TromsøTromsø Overview

Troms is a city and municipality in the county of Troms, Norway....
 in Arctic NorwayNorway

Insert non-formatted text hereNorway is a Nordic country on the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering S...
 and at the AzoresAzores

The Azores are an archipelago of Portuguese islands in the middle of the northern Atlantic Ocean, about 1,500 km from Lisb...
 where it can be seen throughout the year as opposed to other whales that are only seen during migration. DominicaDominica

Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea....
 is believed to be the only Caribbean island with a year-round residential pod of females and calves.

In the news



In July 2003 a huge blob of white flesh was found washed up on a beach on the coast of southern ChileChile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long coastal strip between the And...
. The 12-metre (40 ft) long mass of gelatinous tissue gave rise to speculation that a previously unknown giant octopusOctopus

The octopus is a cephalopod of the order Octopoda that inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral r...
 had been discovered. However, researchers at the Museum of Natural HistoryMuseum of Natural History

Museum of Natural History most often refers to the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City, United States....
, Santiago concluded that the mass was in fact the innards of a sperm whale, a conclusion drawn by looking at the dermal glands. When a sperm whale dies, its internal organs rot, until the animal becomes little more than a semi-liquid mass trapped inside the skin. Eventually, the skin will burst, causing the internal mass to float free and possibly wash up on the beach.

Dead sperm whales float towards shore quite often. Apart from the disposal issues identified above, beach managers fear that sharkShark

Sharks are fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a streamlined body....
s, in particular the great white sharkGreat white shark

The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as white pointer, 'white shark, or white death...
, will be attracted towards the beach by the rotting flesh, and potentially cause danger to beach users. For this reason, dead sperm whales are often towed out to sea before they become properly beached. This occurred twice in May 2004, once off OahuOahu

Oahu , the "Gathering Place", is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands and most populous island in the State of Ha...
 in HawaiiFacts About Hawaii

Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959....
 where a dead whale was towed out to sea but floated back to shore two days later.
Exploding whales
Perhaps the most famous piece of sperm whale lore dates from 1970, when a long-dead, 8 short tonShort ton Summary

The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb....
 (7.25 tonneTonne

A tonne , sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms....
), 45 foot (13.7 m) long specimen came to a beach in OregonOregon

Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States....
. For a time, it was a curiosity to local residents. As the beach is public right-of-wayEasement

An easement is the right of use over the real property of another....
, it was the duty of the Oregon Department of Transportation to dispose of it. They filled the animal with a half-ton of dynamiteDynamite

Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin using diatomaceous earth as an adsorbent....
. On Thursday, November 12, the dynamite was set offExploding whale

Exploding whales have been documented on two notable occasions, as well as several lesser-known ones....
, but the blast did not go toward the Pacific as planned. No one was hurt, but a car was crushed by falling blubber. Onlookers were covered with noxious-smelling bits of dead whale.

January 2004 saw a more dramatic entry of the sperm whale into the global media spotlight. A dead specimen of the whale, 17 metres long and weighing 50 tonnes, had washed up on a local beach in Tainan CityTainan City

Tainan City is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China and is the fourth largest city after Taipei, Kaohsiun...
, TaiwanTaiwan

Taiwan is an island in East Asia, but the term "Taiwan" is also commonly used to collectively refer to the territories gove...
. On being transported to a university in the city, gas pressure from decomposition built up inside the body, causing an explosion. Nobody was hurt, but blood and entrails were spread over several cars and surrounding pedestrians.
Accidents
In March 2007, a Japanese fisherman drowned after his boat was capsized by a panicked sperm whale he was trying to rescue. The whale had wandered into the relatively shallow waters in a bay in ShikokuShikoku

For the 1999 Japanese film, see Shikoku ....
.

External links

  • Herman Melville
  • Photographs, video.