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	Topics Socialist Party of America Topic Home The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialistSocialism Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which propert... political partyPolitical party A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in ... in the United StatesUnited States The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., and America, is... . It was formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic PartySocial Democratic Party (United States) The Social Democratic Party is a former political party operating in the United States and a predecessor to the Socialist Pa... and a wing of the older Socialist Labor PartySocialist Labor Party of America The Socialist Labor Party of America is the oldest socialist political party in the United States and the second oldest soci... . It flourished in numerous ethnic enclavesEnclave and exclave In political geography, an enclave is a country or part of a country lying wholly within the boundaries of another, and an '... from 1904 through 1912, with Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs Eugene Victor Debs was an American labor and political leader, one of the founders of the international labor union the Ind... as its presidentialPresident of the United States The President of the United States of America is the head of state of the United States.... candidate. It splintered over World War IWorld War I World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All Wars" was a global m... and RussiaRussia Russia , also the Russian Federation , is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Eurasia.... 's 1917 October Revolution and was a minor political movement after 1920, often nominating Norman ThomasNorman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Part... for president. History Early history From 1901 to the onset of World War IWorld War I World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All Wars" was a global m... , the Socialist Party had numerous elected officials. There were two Socialist members of Congress, Meyer LondonMeyer London Meyer London was one of two Socialist Party members elected to the United States Congress.... of New York CityNew York City New York City is the largest city in the United States and the twelfth largest city in the world, making it a major global c... and Victor Berger of Milwaukee (a part of the sewer socialismSewer Socialism Sewer Socialism was a term, originally more or less pejorative, for the American socialist movement that centered in Milwauk... movement); over 70 mayors, and many state legislators and city councilors. Its voting strength was greatest among recent Jewish, Finnish and German immigrants, coal miners, and former Populist farmers in the Midwest. Early political perspectives ranged from radical socialism to social democracy, with New York party leader Morris HillquitMorris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a prominent Socialist and labor lawyer and leader in New York City's Lower East Side in the early twenti... and Congressman Berger on the more social democratic or right wing of the party and radical socialists and syndicalists, including members of the Industrial Workers of the WorldIndustrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.... (IWW) and the party's frequent candidate, Eugene V. Debs, on the left wing of the party. As well there were agrarianAgrarian Agrarian has two meanings:It can mean pertaining to Agriculture... utopian-leaning radicals, such as Julius WaylandJulius Wayland Julius Wayland* was a Kansan socialist during the Progressive Era.... of Kansas, who edited the party's leading national newspaper, Appeal To ReasonAppeal to Reason The *Appeal to Reason* was a left-wing alternative newspaper that endorsed the Socialist Party of America.... along with trade unionists; Jewish, Finnish, and German immigrants; and intellectuals such as Walter LippmannWalter Lippmann Walter Lippmann was an influential United States writer, journalist, and political commentator.... and the Black activist/intellectual Hubert HarrisonHubert Harrison Hubert Henry Harrison Born Saint Croix V.I.... . The party had a hostile relationship with the American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor The American Federation of Labor was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States.... (AFL). The AFL leadership was strongly opposed to the SPA, but moderate Socialists like Berger and Hillquit urged cooperation with the AFL in hopes of eventually forming a broader Labor Party. Their leading ally in the AFL was Max Hayes, president of the International Typographical UnionFacts About International Typographical Union The International Typographical Union was a labor union founded on May 3, 1852, in the United States as the National Typogra... . These efforts were bitterly spurned, however, by the majority of the Socialist Party, who held to either the IWW view or the Wayland view. The party's opposition to World War IWorld War I World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All Wars" was a global m... caused a sharp decline in membership. An increase in the membership of its language federationLanguage federation Language Federations were formed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by immigrants to the United States, prim... s from areas involved in the Bolshevik Revolution proved illusory, since these members were soon lost to the Communist Labor PartyCommunist Labor Party ... . The party also lost some of its most prominent members, who had been in favor of America's entry into World War I, including Walter LippmannWalter Lippmann Walter Lippmann was an influential United States writer, journalist, and political commentator.... , John SpargoJohn Spargo John Spargo was a British progressivist writer and muckraker whose expose The Bitter Cry of Children explores the living... , George Phelps Stokes, and William English WallingWilliam English Walling William English Walling was an American labor reformer and socialist born in Louisville, Kentucky.... . They briefly formed an outfit called the National PartyNational Party (United States) The National Party was a short-lived national political organization founded by pro-war defectors from the Socialist Party o... , in an unrealised hope of merging with the remnants of Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. , also known as T.R. and to the public as Teddy, was the 26th President of the United S... 's Progressive PartyProgressive Party (United States, 1912) The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the preside... and the Prohibition PartyProhibition Party The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States.... . In June 1918 the Party's best-known leader, Eugene Victor Debs made an anti-war speech calling for draft resistance; he was arrested under the Sedition Act of 1918Sedition Act of 1918 Summary The Sedition Act of 1918 was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917 passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who... , convicted and sentenced to serve ten years in prison. He was pardoned by President Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding was an American politician and the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 to 1923, ... in 1921. Expulsion of Bolshevists In January 1919 Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known to the world as Vladimir Lenin , was the founder of Russian Communism and the fi... invited the communist wing of the Socialist Party to join in the founding of the Communist Third International, the CominternComintern The Comintern was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the "war communism" period,... . The Bolshevists held a conference in June 1919 to plan to regain control of the party by bringing delegations from the sections of the party that had been expelled to demand that they be seated. However, the language federations, eventually joined by Charles RuthenbergCharles Ruthenberg Charles Ruthenberg was an American communist politician and activist, one of the founders of the Communist Party USA.... and Louis Fraina, broke away from that effort and formed their own party, the Communist Party of AmericaCommunist Party USA The Communist Party of the United States of America is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States.... , at a separate convention in Chicago on September 2 1919. Meanwhile plans led by John Reed and Benjamin GitlowBenjamin Gitlow Benjamin Gitlow was a prominent American socialist of the early twentieth century. ... to crash the Socialist Party convention went ahead. Tipped off, the incumbents called the police, who obligingly expelled the Bolshevists from the hall. The remaining Bolshevist delegates walked out and, meeting with the expelled delegates, formed the Communist Labor PartyCommunist Labor Party ... on September 1, 1919. The Communist Labor Party merged with the Communist Party of America in 1921 to form the predecessor of the Communist Party USACommunist Party USA The Communist Party of the United States of America is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States.... . Expulsion of Socialists from the New York Assembly In 1920, the New York State AssemblyNew York State Assembly The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York Legislature body of the state of New York.... expelled five Socialist members on the grounds that being a member of the Socialist Party constituted as disloyalty. These members included Louis WaldmanFacts About Louis Waldman Louis Waldman was a leading figure in the Socialist Party of America during its first 30 years and a prominent labor lawyer.... , Samuel Orr, Charles Solomon, August Claessens and Sam DewittSam DeWitt Samuel Aaron DeWitt was a businessman and a New York state Legislator representing Bronx's 7th district from 1919 until 1928... . This case was brought before the Supreme Court, and the members were permitted back into the Assembly. Electoral campaigns From 1904 to 1912, the Socialist Party ran Eugene Debs for President at each election. The best showing ever for a Socialist ticket was in 1912, when Debs gained 901,551 total votes, or 6% of the popular vote. In 1920 Debs ran again, this time from prison, and received 913,693 votes, 3.4% of the total. The Socialist Party did not run a presidential candidate in 1924, but supported Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr.Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Robert Marion La Follette, Sr. was an American politician who served as a U.S.... and his ad-hoc Progressive PartyProgressive Party (United States, 1924) The United States Progressive Party of 1924 was a national ticket created by Robert M.... . LaFollette's party disbanded after his death in 1925. In 1928, the Socialist Party returned as an independent electoral entity under the leadership of Norman ThomasNorman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Part... , a Protestant minister in New York City. Thomas repeatedly ran as the party's presidential candidate through 1948. A turn to the left The party experienced a major growth spurt during the Great DepressionGreat Depression The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn which started in 1929 and lasting through most of the 1930s.... , primarily among youth. These youth leaders, however, were quickly won over to the proposition of reconciliation and reunification with the Communist Party, in keeping with new Popular FrontPopular front Overview A popular front is a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists who are unite... policy of the CominternComintern The Comintern was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the "war communism" period,... . Leaders of the United Front faction included Reinhold NiebuhrReinhold Niebuhr Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr was a Protestant theologian best known for his study of the task of relating the Christian faith ... , Andrew BiemillerAndrew Biemiller Andrew John Biemiller was a prominent leader of American liberalism in the 20th century.... , Daniel HoanDaniel Hoan Daniel Webster Hoan was a United States politician.... , and Gus TylerGus Tyler Gus Tyler began his career as the chairman of the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the Socialist Party ... . Most of these figures went on to become the founders of Americans for Democratic ActionAmericans for Democratic Action Americans for Democratic Action is an American political organization advocating liberal policies.... (ADA), a key Cold War liberalAmerican liberalism Overview American liberalismthat is, liberalism in the United States of Americais a broad political and philosophical mindset, favori... organization. The "militants", as they were called, were triumphant at the Socialist Party's national convention in Detroit in June 1934, which precipitated the exodus of the opposing "old guard"—led by Louis WaldmanFacts About Louis Waldman Louis Waldman was a leading figure in the Socialist Party of America during its first 30 years and a prominent labor lawyer.... and David DubinskyDavid Dubinsky David Dubinsky was a American labor leader.... —which favored the formation of a national Farmer-Labor PartyFarmer-Labor Party The first modern Farmer-Labor Party in the United States emerged in Minnesota in 1918.... that would have been likely led by Huey LongHuey Long Summary Huey Pierce Long, Jr., was an American politician from the U.S.... . After this fell through, in 1936 the old guard leaders formed the Social Democratic FederationFacts About Social Democratic Federation (US) The Social Democratic Federation was a political party in the United States.... and reluctantly endorsed Franklin Roosevelt. By this time, however, the militants as well were on the Roosevelt bandwagon, in keeping with the dictates of the Popular FrontPopular front A popular front is a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists who are unite... . The party was then buttressed by the mass entry of the American followers of Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronstein , was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.... from the U.S Workers PartyWorkers Party of the United States A number of parties have gone by differing versions of the name "Workers Party".... in keeping with the so-called French TurnFacts About French Turn The French Turn was the name given to the entry between 1934 and 1936 of the French Trotskyists into the Section Française d... , by which Trotskyists recruited to their revolutionaryRevolutionary A revolutionary is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution.... perspectives. The revolutionary perspectives of the Trotskyists caused enough havoc, however, that they were expelled by 1938. The Socialist Party's youth group, the Young People's Socialist LeagueYoung People's Socialist League The Young People's Socialist League is a democratic socialist youth group originally affiliated with the Socialist Party of ... , left with the Trotskyists. Waning years By 1940, only a small committed core remained in the party which opposed Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States and was elected to four terms in office.... 's New DealNew Deal The New Deal is the name given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under President Franklin D.... . In 1940 Norman Thomas was the only presidential candidate opposed to a pro-SovietSoviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , more commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a Communist state that existed... foreign policy. This also led Thomas to serve as an active spokesman for the isolationist America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee The America First Committee was the foremost pressure group against American entry into the Second World War. ... during 1941. Thomas led his last presidential campaign in 1948, after which he became a critical supporter of the postwar liberal consensus. The party retained some pockets of local success, in cities such as Milwaukee, Bridgeport, ConnecticutBridgeport, Connecticut Bridgeport is a city located in southeastern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States and is the largest city by populat... , and Reading, PennsylvaniaReading, Pennsylvania Reading is the county seat of Berks County, Pennsylvania.... . In New York City, they often ran their own candidates on the Liberal Party line. In 1956, the party reconciled and reunified with the Social Democratic Federation. In 1958 the party admitted to its ranks the members of the Independent Socialist LeagueWorkers Party (US) The Workers Party was a Marxist group in the United States.... led by Max ShachtmanMax Shachtman Max Shachtman was an American Marxist theorist.... . Shachtman's young followers were able to bring new vigor into the party and helped propel it to play an active role in the civil rights movement as well as the early events of the New LeftNew Left The New Left is a term used in political discourse to refer to radical left-wing movements from the 1960s onwards.... . Shachtman, however, successfully blocked merger of the party with the Jewish Labor Bund on account of that organization's historical anti-ZionismAnti-Zionism Anti-Zionism is a term used to describe several different political and religious points of view that have in common some fo... . Split By the late 1960s the most powerful figures in the Socialist Party of America were Max Shachtman and Michael HarringtonMichael Harrington Edward Michael Harrington was an American democratic socialist, writer, and political activist.... , who agreed upon a parallel strategy of maintaining the Socialist Party as an independent third partyThird party (United States) Third parties in the United States are secondary political parties that participate in national and state elections.... that fielded its own candidates, and acting as a pressure group within the Democratic Party. The party itself had become divided into three caucuses. One was the Debs Caucus led by David McReynoldsDavid McReynolds David McReynolds is an American democratic socialist and pacifist activist who described himself, while working for the War ... , which wanted to pursue the traditional position of the Socialist Party as an independent political party and held the most strongly "leftist" position within the group. Another was the "centrist" Coalition Caucus led by Michael HarringtonMichael Harrington Edward Michael Harrington was an American democratic socialist, writer, and political activist.... , which also had a leftist orientation, but wanted to work within the Democratic Party to pull it to the left. Finally, the "rightist" Unity Caucus led by Max Shachtman were strong supporters of the Lyndon Johnson/"Scoop" Jackson wing of the Democratic Party that supported hawkish anti-CommunismAnti-communism Anti-communism is an ideology of opposition to communist organization, government and ideology.... abroad and civil rightsCivil rights Civil rights are the protections and privileges of personal liberty given to all citizens by law.... and the Great SocietyGreat Society The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyn... program domestically. This split was reflected in party members opinions about the Vietnam WarVietnam War The Vietnam War was a conflict in which the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and its allies fought against the Republic of Vi... and the New LeftNew Left The New Left is a term used in political discourse to refer to radical left-wing movements from the 1960s onwards.... – Shachtman and his followers increasingly supported the war and greatly distrusted the New Left, Harrington was strongly opposed to the war, but was nevertheless suspicious of the New Left, while the Debs Caucus opposed the war and embraced the New Left. Conversely, of all the three groups, the Shachtmanites maintained the strongest tendency to Marxist orthodoxy (or their version of it) and democratic centralismDemocratic centralism IdeologyDemocratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political part... , while the other two caucuses were more eclectic in their approach to socialism. This division manifest most strongly during the 1968 Democratic Convention, in which members of the Debs Caucus were among the protesters outside of the convention, while members of the Coalition and Unity Caucuses were among the convention delegates. By 1972, the party was even more deeply divided, with the party newspaper, New America, running opposing articles on practically every issue. During the 1972 presidential electionUnited States presidential election, 1972 The U.S. presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism, Vietnam War.... , each caucus supported a different candidate; the Debs Caucus supported the independent candidacy of Benjamin SpockBenjamin Spock Summary Benjamin McLane Spock was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care, published in 1946, is one of the big... , the Coalition Caucus supporting the liberal Democratic nominee George McGovernGeorge McGovern Dr. George Stanley McGovern was a United States Congressman, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee, who lost the 197... , and the Unity Caucus supporting the Democratic primary run of Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, then declaring their neutrality between McGovern and Richard NixonRichard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974.... when Jackson failed to win the nomination. The Debs Caucus finally broke with the party in 1972 to form the Union for Democratic Socialism. (David McReynolds had left the party in 1970, but rejoined the breakaway group.) The UDS became the Socialist Party USASocialist Party USA The Socialist Party USA is one of the heirs to the Socialist Party of America of Eugene V.... in 1973 when all other factions had abandoned the name "Socialist Party". The Socialist Party USA developed into a small third party in U.S. politics, which now has about 1,000 members in good standing and regularly runs candidates for public office, though often these are more educational campaigns than they are serious attempts to win. Michael Harrington and the Coalition Caucus left the party soon after. They became the Democratic Socialist Organizing CommitteeDemocratic Socialist Organizing Committee had a small but significant base of support in the Democratic Party, with members in [[United States Congress... (later the Democratic Socialists of AmericaDemocratic Socialists of America Democratic Socialists of America is a socialist organization in the United States and the principal U.S.... ), which worked within the Democratic Party but in support of its left wing. This left Shachtman and the Unity Caucus in unopposed control of the party (though Shachtman himself died very soon after). In 1973, this group renamed it the Social Democrats USASocial Democrats USA Social Democrats USA, a successor to the Socialist Party of America, is a small coalition of intellectuals and trade unionis... . It evolved into more of a think tank than a political organization, with many of its members later holding important governmental offices in both Democratic and Republican administrations. 1900United States presidential election, 1900 The U.S. presidential election of 1900 was held on November 6, 1900.... — Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs Eugene Victor Debs was an American labor and political leader, one of the founders of the international labor union the Ind... and Job Harriman (87,945 votes, 0.6%) 1904United States presidential election, 1904 Summary The U.S. presidential election of 1904 was held on November 8, 1904.... — Eugene V. Debs and Ben Hanford (402,810 votes, 3.0%) 1908United States presidential election, 1908 The U.S. presidential election of 1908 was held on November 3, 1908.... — Eugene V. Debs and Ben Hanford (420,793 votes, 3.8%) 1912United States presidential election, 1912 The U.S. presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates, two of whom had previously won election to t... — Eugene V. Debs and Emil SeidelEmil Seidel Emil Seidel was the mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912.... (901,551 votes, 6.0%) 1916United States presidential election, 1916 The U.S. presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I.... — Allan L. BensonAllan L. Benson Allan Louis Benson was an American newspaper editor and author who ran for President as the United States Socialist Party ca... and George Kirkpatrick (590,524 votes, 3.2%) 1920United States presidential election, 1920 The United States presidential election of 1920 was dominated by the aftermath of World War I.... — Eugene V. Debs and Seymour StedmanSeymour Stedman Overview Seymour Stedman was a prominent civil liberties lawyer and a leader of the Socialist Party of America.... (913,693 votes, 3.4%) 1928United States presidential election, 1928 The U.S. presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Alfred E.... — Norman ThomasNorman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Part... and James H. Maurer (267,478 votes, 0.7%) 1932United States presidential election, 1932 The U.S. presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression wer... — Norman Thomas and James H. Maurer (884,885 votes, 2.2%) 1936United States presidential election, 1936 The U.S. presidential election of 1936 took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year.... — Norman Thomas and George A. Nelson (187,910 votes, 0.4%) 1940United States presidential election, 1940 The U.S. presidential election of 1940 was fought in the shadow of World War II, which had started the previous September.... — Norman Thomas and Maynard C. Krueger (116,599 votes, 0.2%) 1944United States presidential election, 1944 The U.S. presidential election of 1944 took place while the homefront was preoccupied with fighting World War II.... — Norman Thomas and Darlington HoopesDarlington Hoopes Darlington Hoopes was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections... (79,017 votes, 0.2%) 1948United States presidential election, 1948 The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history.... — Norman Thomas and Tucker P. Smith (139,569 votes, 0.3%) 1952Facts About United States presidential election, 1952 The U.S. presidential election of 1952 took place after over two years of stalemate in the Korean War and a volatile economy... — Darlington Hoopes and Samuel H. Friedman (20,065 votes, <0.1%) 1956United States presidential election, 1956 The U.S. presidential election of 1956 saw a popular Dwight D.... — Darlington Hoopes and Samuel H. Friedman (2,044 votes, <0.1%) In 1924United States presidential election, 1924 The U.S. presidential election of 1924 was won by incumbent President Calvin Coolidge in a landslide as he presided over a b... the SP supported the Progressive PartyProgressive Party (United States, 1924) The United States Progressive Party of 1924 was a national ticket created by Robert M.... 's presidential ticket of Robert M. La Follette, Sr.Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Robert Marion La Follette, Sr. was an American politician who served as a U.S.... and Burton K. WheelerBurton K. Wheeler Summary Burton Kendall Wheeler was a Montana politician of the Democratic Party and a United States Senator from 1923 until 1947.... . Prominent members Left with founding of the Communist Party USACommunist Party USA The Communist Party of the United States of America is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States.... Went on to join the Socialist Party USASocialist Party USA The Socialist Party USA is one of the heirs to the Socialist Party of America of Eugene V.... See also Sewer SocialismSewer Socialism Sewer Socialism was a term, originally more or less pejorative, for the American socialist movement that centered in Milwauk... Bibliography Bell Daniel. Marxian Socialism in the United States. Princeton University PressPrinceton University Press Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections, both formal and informal, to Princeton Univer... , 1967. Harrington, Michael. Socialism 1970. Robert Hyfler; Prophets of the Left: American Socialist Thought in the Twentieth Century Greenwood PressGreenwood Press Greenwood Press, based in Connecticut, is an imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.... . 1984. Ira Kipnis; The American Socialist Movement, 1897-1912 Columbia University PressColumbia University Press Columbia University Press is an academic press based in New York City and affiliated with Columbia University.... , 1952 Laslett John M., and Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. Failure of a Dream? Essays in the History of American Socialism. 1974. Lipset, Seymour Martin and Gary Marks, "It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States?" New York: Norton, 2000. H. Wayne Morgan; Eugene v. Debs: Socialist for President. Greenwood Press, 1973 Miller, Sally M. Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910-1920. Greenwood, 1973. Quint, Howard. The Forging of American Socialism. 1953. Nick Salvatore. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (2007), the standard scholarly biography David A. Shannon. "The Socialist Party Before the First World War: An Analysis" The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 38, No. 2. (Sep., 1951), pp. 279-288. Shannon, David A. The Socialist Party of America. 1967. Swanberg W. A. Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist. 1976 Weinstein James. The Decline of Socialism in America: 1912-1925. 1969. External links Books attacking World War I. Articles . Frank ZeidlerFrank P. Zeidler Frank P. Zeidler was an American socialist and mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, serving three terms from 1948 to 1960: the mos... , Mayor of Milwaukee (1948-1960). Interviewer, Amy Goodman. Democracy Now!Democracy Now! *Democracy Now!* is a syndicated news and opinion radio and television program that, as of 2006, airs on over 500 radio an... . Monday, June 21 2004. Retrieved May 12 2005. . Published by Socialist OrganizerSocialist Organizer Socialist Organizer is a Trotskyist political party in the United States.... . Retrieved August 27, 2006. . Articles on the Reading, PennsylvaniaReading, Pennsylvania Reading is the county seat of Berks County, Pennsylvania.... Socialist Party. Other in . Retrieved August 23, 2006. on Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved April 20 2005. on Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved April 20 2005. . Retrieved May 29, 2006. . Retrieved May 29, 2006.