Henrietta Maria of France

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Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria (25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669), was Princess of France and Queen Consort

Queen consort

A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning Monarch. Queens consort usually share their husbands' Royal and noble ranks and hold the feminine equivalent of their husbands' monarchical titles....
of England

England

Scotland

conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
and Ireland

Ireland

Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
(13 June 1625 – 30 January 1649) through her marriage to Charles I

Charles I of England

Charles I was List of English monarchs, List of monarchs of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his capital punishment on 30 January 1649....
. She was the mother of two kings, Charles II

Charles II of England

Charles II was the Monarchy of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland.His father Charles I of England Regicide#The regicide of Charles I of England at Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War....
and James II

James II of England

James II and VII was List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic Church monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland....
, and was grandmother to Mary II, William III

William III of England

William III was a Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 onwards, he governed as List_of_stadtholders_for_the_Low_Countries_provinces William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic....
, and Anne of Great Britain

Anne of Great Britain

Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scots and Kingdom of Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding her brother-in-law, William III of England. Her Roman Catholic father, James II of England, was Glorious Revolution in 1688/9; her brother-in-law and her sister then became joint monarchs as William III & II and Mary II of England, the only such c...
. Also through her daughter Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans

Henrietta Anne Stuart

Henrietta Anne of England, Duchess of Orl?ans , in French Henriette d'Angleterre, known familiarly as Minette, was the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England of England and Henrietta Maria of France....
the ancestor of Louis XV, Louis XVI, Louis XVII, Louis XVIII & Charles X

Charles X

Charles X may refer to:* Charles X Gustav of Sweden * Charles X of France ...

enriette-Marie de France was born the daughter of King Henry IV of France and his second wife, Marie de Medici.

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Henrietta Maria (25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669), was Princess of France and Queen Consort

Queen consort

England

Scotland

conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
and Ireland

Ireland

Charles I of England

Charles II of England

James II of England

William III of England

Anne of Great Britain

Henrietta Anne Stuart

Charles X

Charles X may refer to:* Charles X Gustav of Sweden * Charles X of France ...

Early life

Henriette-Marie de France was born the daughter of King Henry IV of France and his second wife, Marie de Medici. As the daughter of the king, she was a Fille de France. She was the youngest sister of the future King Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII reigned as List of French monarchs and List of Navarrese monarchs from 1610 to 1643....
. Her father was killed before she was a year old; her mother was banished from the royal court in 1617.

She was born at the Palais du Louvre

Palais du Louvre

The Palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal palace, situated between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois....
on 25 November 1609, but some historians give her a birthdate of 26 November. In England, where the Julian

Julian

Julian, also spelt Julien, is a common given name in United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Poland, France and elsewhere in Europe, mostly to males but also to females....
calendar was still in use, her date of birth is often recorded as 16 November. Henrietta Maria was brought up as a Roman Catholic

Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
. This made her an unpopular choice of wife for the English King, whom she married by proxy

Proxy marriage

A proxy marriage is marriage in which either the bride or the groom is not physically present for the wedding. During the solemnization of the marriage, based upon a power of attorney, a stand-in, or proxy, acts on behalf of one of the parties....
on 11 May 1625, shortly after his accession to the throne.

Marriage

They were married in person at St. Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent

Canterbury

Canterbury lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, in South East England. It lies on the River Stour....
, on 13 June 1625. However, her religion made it impossible for her to be crowned with her husband in an Anglican service. Initially their relationship was rather frigid. Henrietta Maria had brought a large and expensive retinue with her from France, all of them Roman Catholic. It is said that eventually Charles sent them home to France, only allowing his teenage bride to retain her chaplain

Chaplain

A chaplain is typically a priest, pastor, ordained deacon, rabbi, imam or other member of the clergy serving a group of people who are not organized as a mission or church , or who are unable to attend church for various reasons; such as health, confinement, or military or civil duties; Laity chaplains are also found in other settings such...
and confessor

Confessor

The title confessor is used within Christianity in several ways....
, Robert Phillip

Robert Phillip

Robert Phillip was a Scottish Roman Catholic priest, the confessor to Henrietta Maria of France....
, and two ladies in waiting. Finding her sadly watching the retinue depart for France at the window of a palace, Charles angrily and forcibly dragged his wayward queen

Queen consort

Maria Anna of Spain

Maria Anna , also known as Maria Anna of Austria, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, and after marriage, The Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary, was the youngest daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria ....
, a daughter of Philip III of Spain

Philip III of Spain

Philip III was the monarch of Spain and King of Portugal, where he ruled as Philip II , from 1598 until his death. His Political minister was the Francisco Gom?z de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma....
, but a mission to Spain in 1623 had failed. Perhaps this earlier disappointment explains why relations with his French bride were strained; every time the couple met, they started arguing and would separate, not seeing each other for weeks. When next they met, again they had to separate, because they could not stop arguing.

Henrietta Maria took an immediate dislike to George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham

George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham

George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham was the favourite, claimed by some to be the lover, of King James I of England and one of the most rewarded royal courtiers in all history....
, the King's favourite

Favourite

In historical writings, when used in reference to a person, favourite, also spelled favorite , means the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person....
. However, after Buckingham's death in August 1628, her relationship with her husband, Charles I, improved and they finally forged deep bonds of love and affection. Her refusal to give up her Catholic faith alienated her from many of the people and certain powerful courtiers such as William Laud

William Laud

Archbishop William Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. He pursued a High Church course and opposed Radical Reformation of Puritanism....
, Archbishop of Canterbury

Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Diocesan Bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, the Episcopal see that churches must be in communion with in order to be a part of the Anglican Communion....
and Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. Charles, on the other hand, had definite leanings towards Catholicism, and, once he had reached maturity, did not share his father's sexual ambivalence.

English Civil War activities

Henrietta Maria increasingly took part in national affairs as the country moved towards open conflict through the 1630s. She despised Puritan

Puritan

A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group pietism....
courtiers to deflect a diplomatic approach to Spain and sought a coup to pre-empt the Parliamentarians. As war

English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Roundhead and Cavalier. The First English Civil War and Second English Civil War civil wars pitted the supporters of Charles I of England against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the Third English Civil War saw fighting between supporters...
approached she was active in seeking funds and support for her husband, but her concentration on Catholic sources like Pope Urban VIII

Pope Urban VIII

Pope Urban VIII , born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. He was the last Pope to expand the papal territory by force of arms, and was a prominent patron of the arts and reformer of Church missions....
and the French angered many in England and hindered Charles' efforts. She was also sympathetic to her fellow Catholics and even gave a requiem

Requiem

The Requiem or Requiem Mass , also known formally in Latin as the Missa pro defunctis or Missa defunctorum , is a liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, Anglo-Catholic Anglicans, and certain Lutheran Church Churches in the United States....
in her private chapel

Chapel

A chapel is a building used as a place for fellowship and of worship for Christians. It may be attached to an institution such as a large Church , a college, a hospital, a palace, a prison or a cemetery, or may be an entirely free-standing building, sometimes with its own grounds....
at Somerset House

Somerset House

Somerset House is a large building situated on the south side of the Strand, London in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge....
for Father Richard Blount, S.J. upon his death in 1638.

In August 1642, when the conflict began, she was in Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
. She continued to raise money for the Royalist cause, and did not return to England until early 1643. She landed at Bridlington

Bridlington

Bridlington is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It has a population of over 33,000 and is twinned with Millau, France and Bad Salzuflen, Germany....
in Yorkshire

Yorkshire

Yorkshire is a Historic counties of England of northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Because of its great size, over time functions were increasingly undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to History of local government in Yorkshire....
with troops and arms, and joined the Royalist forces in northern England, making her headquarters at York

York

York is a walled city, sited at the confluence of the rivers River Ouse, Yorkshire and River Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city status in the United Kingdom is noted for its rich heritage and it has played an important role throughout much of its almost 2,000 year existence....
. She remained with the army in the north for some months before rejoining the King at Oxford

Oxford

Oxford is a City status in the United Kingdom, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. It has a population of 151,000. The rivers River Cherwell and River Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre....
. The collapse of the king's position following Scottish intervention on the side of Parliament, and his refusal to accept stringent terms for a settlement led her to flee to France with her sons in July 1644. Charles was executed in 1649, leaving her almost destitute.

Widow

She settled in Paris, appointing as her chancellor the eccentric Sir Kenelm Digby

Kenelm Digby

This article is about Kenelm Digby, the seventeenth century English courtier, diplomat and natural philospher. For other people with the same name, see Kenelm Digby ...
. She angered both Royalists in exile and her eldest son by attempting to convert her youngest son, Henry, to Catholicism. She returned to England following the Restoration

English Restoration

The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored under Charles II of England after the Interregnum that followed the English Civil War....
in October 1660 and lived as 'Dowager Queen' and 'Queen Mother' at Somerset House

Somerset House

Somerset House is a large building situated on the south side of the Strand, London in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge....
in London until 1665 when she returned permanently to France. Her financial problems were resolved by a generous pension. She founded a convent at Chaillot, where she settled.

Henrietta Maria died at Château de Colombes, and was buried in the royal tombs at Saint Denis Basilica

Saint Denis Basilica

The Basilica of Saint Denis is the List of cemeteries of almost all the List of French monarchs since Clovis I . Saved and restored by the architect Viollet le Duc, the basilica is located in Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris....
near Paris

Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
.

Commemoration

The U.S. state

U.S. state

A U.S. state is any one of the 50 state of the United States that share sovereignty with the federal government of the United States . Because of this shared sovereignty, an United States is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of Domicile ....
of Maryland

Maryland

Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic States of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the Washington, D.C. to the south and west, Pennsylvania to the north, and Delaware to the east....
was named in her honour by her husband, Charles I. George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore

George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore

George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore was an England politician and colony. He achieved domestic political success as a Member of Parliament and later Secretary of State under James I of England, though he lost much of his political power after his support for a failed marriage alliance between Charles I of England and the Spanish royal famil...
submitted a draft charter for the colony with the name left blank, suggesting that Charles bestow a name in his own honor. Charles, having already honored himself and several family members in other colonial names, decided to honor his wife. The specific name given in the charter was "Terra Mariae, anglice, Maryland". The English name was preferred over the Latin due in part to the undesired association of "Mariae" with the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana

Juan de Mariana

Juan de Mariana , was a Spain Jesuit Catholic priest, historian, member of the Monarchomachs.He studied at the Complutense University of Alcal? de Henares, and was admitted at the age of seventeen into the Society of Jesus....
. Cape Henrietta Maria, at the western meeting of James Bay

James Bay

James Bay is a large body of water on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. Both bodies of water extend from the Arctic Ocean. James Bay borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario; islands within the bay are part of Nunavut....
and Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay is a large , relatively shallow body of water in northeastern Canada. It is approximately 850 miles long and 650 miles wide. It drains a very large area that includes parts of Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana, and the southeastern area of Nunavut...
in Northern Ontario

Northern Ontario

Northern Ontario is the part of the province of Ontario which lies north of Lake Huron , the French River and Lake Nipissing.Northern Ontario has a land area of 802,000 km? and constitutes 87% of the land area of Ontario, although it contains less than 7% of the population....
, is also named for her.

The slave ship

Slave ship

Slave ships were cargo ships specially converted for the purpose of transporting Slavery, especially newly purchased African slaves.The most important routes of the slave ships led from the northern and middle coasts of Africa to South America and the south coast of what is today the Caribbean and the USA....
Henrietta Marie (which carried slaves

Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of primarily African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean....
to what is now the United States

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
and sank 35 miles off the coast of Key West

Key West

Key West is an island in the Straits of Florida on the North American continent at the southernmost tip of the Florida Keys.Key West is politically within the limits of the city of Key West, Florida, Monroe County, Florida, Florida, United States....
after selling 190 slaves to Jamaica

Jamaica

Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. It is about south of Cuba, and west of the island of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated....
in 1701) is also named after Henrietta Maria.

Ancestors

**Henrietta Maria's ancestors in three generations**
Henrietta Maria of France	Father: Henry IV of France Henry IV of France Henry de Bourbon, , ruled as Henry III, List of Navarrese monarchs, from 1572 to 1610, and as Henry IV, List of French monarchs, from 1589 to 1610....	Paternal Grandfather: Antoine of Navarre Antoine of Navarre Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vend?me , was head of the House of Bourbon from 1537 to 1562, and jure uxoris king of Navarre from 1555 to 1562....	Paternal Great-grandfather: Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Françoise of Alençon Françoise of Alençon Fran?oise of Alen?on was the eldest daughter of Ren? of Alen?on and Margaret of Lorraine. The sister and heiress of Charles IV of Alen?on, she was despoiled of her heritage by her sister-in-law Marguerite de Navarre, sister of King Francis I of France, but her son Antoine of Navarre went on to marry Jeanne III of Navarre, born of the second...
		Paternal Grandmother: Jeanne III of Navarre	Paternal Great-grandfather: Henry II of Navarre Henry II of Navarre Henry II , was the eldest son of John III of Navarre and Catherine of Navarre, sister and heiress of Francis Phoebus, King of Navarre; he was born at Sang?esa - Zangoza in April 1503....
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Marguerite de Navarre Marguerite de Navarre Marguerite de Navarre , also known as Marguerite of Angouleme and Margaret of Navarre, was the queen consort of King Henry II of Navarre....
	Mother: Marie de' Medici Marie de' Medici Marie de' Medici , was queen consort of France. She was the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon branch of the kings of France....	Maternal Grandfather: Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 to 1587....	Maternal Great-grandfather: Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo I de' Medici was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574, reigning as the first Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569....
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Eleonora di Toledo Eleonora di Toledo Eleanor of Toledo Eleanor was born in Toledo, Spain, the second daughter of the Viceroy of Naples, Don Pedro ?lvarez de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Villafranca - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor's lieutenant-governor....
		Maternal Grandmother: Johanna of Austria Johanna of Austria Johanna of Austria , was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. By marriage, she was a Grand Duchess of Tuscany; one of her daughters was the famous Marie de Medici, Queen-consort and second wife of King Henri IV of France....	Maternal Great-grandfather: Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I was a Central European monarch from the Habsburg. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, King of Bohemia and King of Hungary and Croatia from 1526....
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, also sometimes known as Anna Jagellonica was, by marriage to Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans and later Holy Roman Emperor, Queen of the Romans....

Issue

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall	13 March 1629	13 March 1629	Stillborn
Charles II Charles II of England Charles II was the Monarchy of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland.His father Charles I of England Regicide#The regicide of Charles I of England at Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War....	29 May 1630	6 February 1685	Married Catherine of Braganza Catherine of Braganza Catherine of Braganza was a Portugal Infanta and the queen consort of Charles II of England of England, Scotland and Ireland.... (1638–1705) in 1663. No legitimate issue.
Mary, Princess Royal Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange Mary, Princess Royal, Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau was the eldest daughter of Charles I of England of England, Scotland, and Ireland and his queen, Henrietta Maria....	4 November 1631	24 December 1660	Married William II, Prince of Orange (1626–1650) in 1641. Had issue.
James II, King of England James II of England James II and VII was List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic Church monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland....	14 October 1633	16 September 1701	Married (1) Anne Hyde (1637–1671) in 1659; had issue (2) Mary of Modena Mary of Modena Mary of Modena was queen consort to James II of England.... (1658–1718) in 1673; had issue
Elizabeth, Princess of England Princess Elizabeth of England Elizabeth of England and Scotland was the second daughter of King Charles I of England and Scotland and Henrietta Maria of France. Elizabeth was born on 28 December 1635 at St....	29 December 1635	8 September 1650	Died young; no issue. Buried Newport, Isle of Wight Newport, Isle of Wight Newport is a civil parish and the county town of the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. Newport has a population of 23,957 according to the United Kingdom Census 2001 The town is situated slightly to the north of the centre of the island, at the head of the navigable section of the River Medina, which flows northward t...
Anne, Princess of England Princess Anne of England Princess Anne of England was the daughter of Charles I of England and his queen consort, Henrietta Maria of France. She was born in St. James's Palace and died of natural causes in the Richmond Palace at the age of three....	17 March 1637	8 December 1640	Died young; no issue. Buried Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic architecture Church , in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster....
Catherine, Princess of England	29 January 1639	29 January 1639	Stillborn; buried Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic architecture Church , in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.... .
Henry, Duke of Gloucester Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester was the third adult son of Charles I of England and his queen consort, Henrietta Maria of France. He is also known as Henry of Oatland....	8 July 1640	18 September 1660	Died unmarried; no issue. Buried Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic architecture Church , in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster....
Henrietta Anne, Princess of England Henrietta Anne Stuart Henrietta Anne of England, Duchess of Orl?ans , in French Henriette d'Angleterre, known familiarly as Minette, was the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England of England and Henrietta Maria of France....	16 June 1644	30 June 1670	Married Philip I, Duke of Orléans (1640–1701) in 1661; had issue

See also descendants of Henrietta Maria de Bourbon, which maps how the Medici

Medici

The M?dici family was a powerful and influential Florence family from the 14th to 18th century. The family had three popes , numerous rulers of Florence and later members of the French and English royalty....
became part of the European Royal families, eventually leading to Prince William of Wales

Prince William of Wales

Prince William of Wales is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales, and grandson of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh....
, future King of the United Kingdom Descendents of Charles I and Henrietta Maria

External links

A short profile of her alongside other influential women of her age: http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1600.htm

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