York

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York

York is a walled city, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse

River Ouse, Yorkshire

The River Ouse is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The river is formed from the River Ure at Cuddy Shaw Reach near Linton-on-Ouse, about 6 miles downstream of the confluence of the River Swale with the River Ure....
and Foss

River Foss

North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire is a shire county or shire county, located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial counties of England in that region and also partly in North East England....
, England

England

City status in the United Kingdom

City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarchy to a select group of communities. The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a "city"....
is noted for its rich heritage and it has played an important role throughout much of its almost 2,000 year existence.

The city was founded as Eboracum

Eboracum

Eboracum was a castra and city in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England....
in AD 71 by the Romans

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
and was made the capital of Britannia Inferior

Britannia Inferior

Britannia Inferior was a subdivision of the Roman Empire province of Britannia established c.214 by the emperor Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus....
. During the Roman period influential historical figures, such as Constantine the Great, became associated with the city.

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History

Toponymy

The name 'York' ultimately derives from the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first known recorded mention of York by this name is dated circa 95–104 AD and is an address on a wooden stylus

Stylus

A stylus is a writing utensil. The word is also used for a computer accessory . It usually refers to a narrow elongated staff, similar to a modern ballpoint pen....
tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda

Vindolanda

Vindolanda was a Roman Empire auxiliaries fort located at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England, near the modern border with Scotland; it guarded the Stanegate, the Roman road from the River Tyne, England to the Solway Firth....
in Northumbria

Northumbria

Toponymy

Toponymy is the scientific study of place-names , their origins, meanings, use and typology. The first part of the word is derived from the Greek language t?pos , place; followed by ?noma , meaning name....
of Eboracum is uncertain as the language of the indigenous population

Indigenous peoples

File:Kaiapos.jpegThe term indigenous peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any ethnic group of people who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection, alongside immigrants which have populated the region and which are greater in number....
of the area was never recorded. Based on the generally accepted view of British history, the inhabitants of Britain probably spoke a Celtic language, related to modern Welsh. The most widely accepted theory is therefore that Eboracum is derived from the Proto-Brythonic

Brythonic languages

The Brythonic languages form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic languages language family, the other being Goidelic. The name Brythonic was derived by Wales Celtic studies Sir John Rhys from the Welsh language word Brython, meaning an indigenous Brython as opposed to an Anglo-Saxons or Gaels....
word Eborakon meaning either 'place of the yew

Taxus baccata

Taxus baccata is a Pinophyta native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia. It is the tree originally known as yew, though with other related trees becoming known, it may be now known as the common yew, or European yew....
trees' (cf. yew = efrog in Welsh

Welsh language

Welsh ]], is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh Marches and in the Welsh settlement in Argentina in the Chubut Valley in Argentina Patagonia....
, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic) or perhaps 'field of Eboras'. The name is then thought to have been Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
ised by replacing -akon with -acum, in common with many other place names in Roman Britain (e.g. Verlamion (St Albans

St Albans

Saint Albans is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans....
) became Verulamium).

The name 'Eboracum' became 'Eoforwic' to the Anglian

Angles

The Angles is a modern English language word for a Germanic languages people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany....
rulers of the 7th century. This was probably by conflation of 'ebor' with a Germanic

Germanic

Germanic may refer to* The Germanic languages, descended from Proto-Germanic.* The Germanic peoples**List of Germanic peoples**Confederations of Germanic tribes...
root *eburaz (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for boar had become 'eofor', and Eboracum 'Eoforwic'. The 'wic' simply signified 'place'. When conquered by a Danish army in 866, the name Eoforwic would have been incomprehensible to the invaders, and soon became rendered as 'Jórvík

Jórvík

The Kingdom of J?rv?k was a Norsemen Viking kingdom, covering the area of what would become Yorkshire and at times further parts of Northern England....
'. It has been suggested that this translates as 'horse-bay'; however, regardless of the exact meaning, it is probable it simply represented 'Eoforwic' in sounds familiar to the Danes.

Jórvík was reduced to York in the centuries after the Norman Conquest

Norman conquest of England

The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William I of England, Duke of Normandy , and his victory at the Battle of Hastings....
, moving from the Middle English

Middle English

Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman conquest of England of 1066 and about 1470, when the #Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William...
Yerk to Yourke in the 14th century through to Yourke in the 16th and then Yarke in the 17th century. The form York is first found in the 13th century.

An alternative theory is that the language of the indigenous

Indigenous peoples

Germanic

Germanic may refer to* The Germanic languages, descended from Proto-Germanic.* The Germanic peoples**List of Germanic peoples**Confederations of Germanic tribes...
in the first place, and so Eboracum is directly derived from *eburaz. An older and no longer current theory held that, since York was built by the Legio IX Hispana

Legio IX Hispana

Legio nona Hispana , sometimes known as Legio IX Hispana was a Roman legion. The legion's symbol is unknown, likely a Taurus , as other legions created by Caesar....
, Eboracum might have been named for the Roman city Ebora (modern-day Évora

Évora

?vora is a city and a municipalities of Portugal in Portugal. The city proper has 41,159 inhabitants, and the municipality has a total area of 1,307.0 km? with a population of 55,619 inhabitants....
in Portugal).

To this day many names of companies and places, such as Ebor taxis and the Ebor Racemeeting, refer back to the Roman name.

Early history

There is archaeological evidence that Mesolithic

Mesolithic

The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age....
people settled in the region where York now is from 8000/7000 BC, although it is not known if these were permanent or temporary settlements. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain

Roman conquest of Britain

By AD 43, the time of the main Roman invasion of Britain, Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire....
, the area was occupied by tribes known to the Romans as the Brigantes

Brigantes

The Brigantes were a List of Celtic tribes who in British Iron Age times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands#The English Midlands....
. The Brigantes initially became a Roman client state but later became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion

Legio IX Hispana

Legio nona Hispana , sometimes known as Legio IX Hispana was a Roman legion. The legion's symbol is unknown, likely a Taurus , as other legions created by Caesar....
was sent north of the Humber

Humber

The Humber is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of northern England.The Humber is an estuary formed at Trent Falls, Faxfleet, by the confluence of the tidal River Ouse, Yorkshire and the tidal River Trent....
.

The city itself was founded in AD 71, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a military fortress (castra

Castra

The Latin language word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military defensive position....
) on flat ground above the River Ouse

River Ouse, Yorkshire

Confluence

Confluence may refer to:* Confluence , the point where two or more bodies of water meet and merge* Deformation , the streamline air flow convergence of a fluid air parcel...
with the River Foss

River Foss

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse, Yorkshire. It rises at Oulston reservoir at Yearsley and runs south through the Vale of York to York itself, which stands at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss....
. The fortress was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of , and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. Much of the Roman fortress now lies under the foundations of York Minster

York Minster

York Minster is a Gothic architecture cathedral in York, England and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe alongside Cologne Cathedral....
, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.

The Emperors Hadrian

Hadrian

Publius Aelius Hadrianus , as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after his apotheosis, known as Hadrian in English language, was Roman Emperor of Roman Empire from AD 117 to 138, as well as a Stoicism and Epicureanism philosopher....
, Septimius Severus

Septimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus was a Roman Empire general, and Roman Emperor from April 14 193 to 211. He was born in what is now the Libyan part of Rome's historic Africa Province, making him the first emperor to be born in the Roman province of Africa Province....
and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior

Britannia Inferior

Britannia Inferior was a subdivision of the Roman Empire province of Britannia established c.214 by the emperor Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus....
, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia

Colonia (Roman)

A Roman colonia was originally a Roman Empire outpost established in conquered territory to secure it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of Roman city....
or city. Constantius I died in AD 306 during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great

Constantine I

Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus , commonly known in English_language as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine , was Roman Emperor from 306, and the undisputed holder of that office from 324 until his death in 337....
was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.

In the 7th century York became the chief city of the Angle

Angles

Edwin of Northumbria

Saint Edwin was the List of monarchs of Northumbria of Deira and Bernicia - which would later become known as Northumbria - from about 616 until his death....
of Northumbria

Northumbria

Northumbria is primarily the name of both a medieval petty kingdom of the Angles people, in what is now north east England and southern Scotland, and of the earldom which succeeded it when a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom became England....
. The first Minster church was built at this time, for the baptism of Edwin in 627. Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, but he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor Oswald

Oswald of Northumbria

Oswald was List of monarchs of Northumbria from 634 until his death, and is now venerated as a Christian saint. He was the son of ?thelfrith of Northumbria and came to rule after spending a period in exile; after defeating the British ruler Cadwallon ap Cadfan, Oswald brought the two Northumbrian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira once again un...
.

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of civil war when the Viking

Viking

A Viking is one of the Norsemen explorers, warriors, merchants, and Piracy who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century....
s raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe

Eric Bloodaxe

File:Eric_Bloodaxe_Norse_king_of_York_952_954.jpgEric Haraldsson , nicknamed ?Bloodaxe? , was a 10th-century Scandinavia ruler. He is thought to have had short-lived terms as the second king of Norway and as the last independent ruler of the kingdom of Northumbria ....
, was driven from the city in the year 954 by King Edred

Edred of England

Eadred was the King of England from 946 until his death in 955. He was a son of Edward the Elder by his third marriage, to Edgiva of Kent, daughter of Sigehelm, ealdorman of Kent....
, completing the unification of England.

Post conquest

William the Conqueror

William I of England

William I , better known as William the Conqueror , was Duke of Normandy from 1035 and English monarchy from later 1066 to his death. William is sometimes also referred to as "William II" in relation to his position as the second Duke of Normandy of that name....
at once built two fortresses on mottes in the city, either side of the river - still visible. But in 1069, York was ravaged by him as part of the harrying of the North

Harrying of the North

The Harrying of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, in the winter of 1069–1070 in order to subjugate Northern England and is part of the Norman conquest of England....
. The first stone Minster was badly damaged by fire at this time, and the Normans took the decision to build a new Minster on a fresh site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas

Thomas I of York

Thomas of Bayeux , Archbishop of York, was a native of Bayeux. He was educated at Li?ge in France, before becoming a royal chaplain to Duke William I of England, later King William I of England....
started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster. York started to prosper again, becoming a profitable port and centre of trade, particularly in wool. King Henry I

Henry I of England

Henry I was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror. He succeeded his elder brother William II of England as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106....
granted the city's first charter

Charter

A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified....
, confirming trading rights in England and Europe.

In 1190, York was the site of an infamous pogrom

Pogrom

A pogrom is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers....
of its Jew

Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
ish inhabitants. The Jews sought sanctuary in Clifford's Tower, the fortification within the city belonging to the Crown. The mob besieged the trapped Jews for some days while preparations were made to storm the castle. Eventually a fire was started, whether by the Jews or their persecutors is uncertain, and 150 Jews lost their lives.

The city underwent a period of decline during Tudor

Tudor period

The Tudor period usually refers to the period between 1485 and 1603, specifically in relation to the history of England. This coincides with the rule of the Tudor dynasty in England whose first monarch was Henry VII of England ....
times. Under Henry VIII

Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lordship of Ireland and claimant to the Early Modern France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII of England....
, the Dissolution of the Monasteries

Dissolution of the Monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, denotes the administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII of England disbanded all monastery, nunnery and friary in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets and provided f...
saw the end of the many monastic houses

Monastery

Monastery , a term derived from the Greek language word ???ast?????, neut. of ???ast????? - monasterios denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters and workplace of Monk, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in Cenobium or alone ....
of York, along with their hospitals. Most Northerners were Catholics and were upset with this, leading to the Pilgrimage of Grace

Pilgrimage of Grace

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a Popular revolt in late medieval Europe in York, Yorkshire during 1536, in protest against England's break with Roman Catholic Church and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances....
in Yorkshire. Henry VIII eventually reinstated the Council of the North

Council of the North

The Council of the North was an administrative body originally set up in 1485 by king Richard III of England, the last House of York monarch to hold the Crown of England; its intention was to improve government control and economic prosperity, to benefit the entire area of Northern England....
in York, and this increased in importance under Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I was List of English monarchs and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the House of Tudor....
, leading to a revival in the city's influence.

In 1644, during the Civil War

English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Roundhead and Cavalier. The First English Civil War and Second English Civil War civil wars pitted the supporters of Charles I of England against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the Third English Civil War saw fighting between supporters...
, the Parliamentarians

Roundhead

"Roundheads" was the nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament of England during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they were the supporters of Oliver Cromwell against Charles I of England ....
besieged York

Siege of York

The Siege of York in 1644 was a prolonged contest for York during the English Civil War, between the Scottish Covenanter Army and the Parliament of England Armies of the Northern Association and Eastern Association on the one hand, and the Cavalier Army under the William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle on the other....
, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid but the plot was discovered. With the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some six miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and devastatingly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor

Battle of Marston Moor

The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644, during the First English Civil War of 1642–1646. The combined forces of the Scottish people Covenanters under the Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven and the Parliament of Englands under Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron and the Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester de...
. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, but the city could not hold out for long, and on 15 July the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.

Following the restoration of the monarchy

English Restoration

The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored under Charles II of England after the Interregnum that followed the English Civil War....
in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was again dominated by the local gentry and merchants, with the clergy still important. Competition from the nearby cities of Leeds

Leeds

Leeds is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England. It is the urban core and administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds....
and Hull

Kingston upon Hull

Kingston upon Hull , almost invariably referred to as Hull, is a City status in the United Kingdom and unitary authority area in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England....
, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant townhouse

Townhouse

Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in many other countries, a townhouse was a residence of a peer or member of the aristocracy in the capital or major city....
s such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House (now owned by York Civic Trust) date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms

York Assembly Rooms

The York Assembly Rooms is an 18th century building in York, England, originally used as a place for high class social gatherings in the city. The building is situated on Blake Street and is a Grade I listed building....
, the Theatre Royal, and the Racecourse

York Racecourse

Modern history

George Hudson

George Hudson , England railway financier, known as the "Railway King", was born in Howsham, in the parish of Scrayingham in the East Riding of Yorkshire, north of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, east of York....
was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace, by this time York was a major railway centre. By the turn of the 20th century the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway

North Eastern Railway (UK)

The North Eastern Railway , was an England rail transport company. It was incorporated in 1854, when four existing companies were combined, and was absorbed into the London and North Eastern Railway at the Railways Act 1921 in 1923....
, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works

Rowntree's

Rowntree's was a confectionery business based in York. It is now a historic brand currently owned by Nestl? SA that is used to market a range of fruit gums and pastilles formerly owned by that business....
and Terry's Confectionery Works

Terry's

Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England. Its history stretched back to 1823, but in 1993 it was taken over by Kraft Foods....
, who were major employers in the city.

With the emergence of tourism

Tourism

Tourism is travel for recreational or leisure purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from...
as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major asset, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area

Conservation area

A conservation area is a tract of land that has been awarded protected status in order to ensure that natural features, cultural heritage or biota are safeguarded....
. The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum

National Railway Museum

University of York

The University of York is a campus university located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, York has expanded to more than 30 departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects....
in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city. The fast and frequent railway service, which brings York within two hours journey time of London, has resulted in a number of companies opening offices in the city.

York was voted as European Tourism City of the Year by in June 2007. York beat 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg

Gothenburg

Gothenburg ) is the second largest city in Sweden after Stockholm and the fifth largest amongst the Nordic countries. The city is located on the south west-coast....
in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).

Governance

Local government

York is the traditional county town

County town

A county town is the 'capital' of a county in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland. County towns are usually the location of administrative or judicial functions, or established over time as the de facto main town of a county....
of Yorkshire

Yorkshire

Yorkshire is a Historic counties of England of northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Because of its great size, over time functions were increasingly undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to History of local government in Yorkshire....
, to which it lends its name. Because of this, it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire.

York is an ancient borough

Borough

A borough is an administrative division of various countries. In principle, the term borough designates a self-governing township although, in practice, official use of the term varies widely....
, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835

Municipal Corporations Act 1835

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act, was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed local government in the the incorporated boroughs of England and Wales....
to form a municipal borough

Municipal borough

Municipal boroughs were a type of local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974, in Northern Ireland from 1840 to 1973 and in the Republic of Ireland from 1840 to 2002....
. It gained the status of a county borough

County borough

County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control....
in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888

Local Government Act 1888

The Local Government Act 1888 was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which established county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales....
, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972

Local Government Act 1972

The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in the United Kingdom in England and Wales, on 1 April 1974....
, it became a non-metropolitan district

Non-metropolitan district

Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially 'shire districts', are a type of Districts of England in England. As originally created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan county in a so-called "two-tier" arrangement....
in the county of North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire

1990s UK local government reform

The structure of local government in the United Kingdom underwent large changes in the 1990s. The system of two-tier local government introduced in the 1970s by the Local Government Act 1972 and the Local Government Act 1973 was abolished in Scotland and Wales on April 1, 1996, and replaced with unitary authorities....
, York became one of the many boroughs to regain unitary status, but was the only one to see a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby

Selby (district)

Selby is a Non-metropolitan district of North Yorkshire, England. The local authority, Selby District Council, is based in the town of Selby and provides services to an area which includes Tadcaster and a host of villages....
and Harrogate

Harrogate (borough)

Harrogate is a Non-metropolitan district and borough of North Yorkshire, England. Its council is based in the town of Harrogate but it also includes surrounding towns and villages....
districts, and about half the population of Ryedale

Ryedale

Ryedale is a non-metropolitan district of the shire county of North Yorkshire in England. Settlements include Helmsley, Kirkbymoorside, Malton, North Yorkshire, Norton-on-Derwent, Pickering, North Yorkshire, and Terrington....
district. Unsurprisingly, this caused tension with its neighbours. Ironically, the new boundary had not been promoted by the council, which had proposed the area contained within the A64

A64 road

The A64 is a trunk road in England which links Leeds, York and Scarborough, North Yorkshire. The A64 is dual carriageway in parts.The road approximates a section of the old Roman Road running from Chester to Bridlington, intersecting Ermine Street - the Old North Road - at York....
/A1237 ring road

Beltway

A beltway, loop , ring road, or orbital motorway is a Circumferential Highway found around or within many cities.Beltway, orbital motorway, perimeter loop, beltline, and similar terms refer to an expressway/motorway/freeway style standard road that often originally enclosed the built up area and was later...
. The current boundary was imposed after central Government had rejected the council's proposal.

The City of York Council has 47 councillors. As a result of the 2007 local elections

United Kingdom local elections, 2007

The 2007 Local government in the United Kingdom elections in the United Kingdom were held on 3 May, 2007. These elections took place in most of England and all of Scotland....
(and a by-election

By-election

A by-election or bye-election is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly-scheduled elections....
in September 2007), no party has an absolute majority

Absolute majority

An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership is a voting basis which usually requires that more than half of all the members of a group must vote in favour of a proposition in order for it to be passed....
, resulting in no overall control

No overall control

Within the context of local councils of the United Kingdom the term No Overall Control refers to a situation in which no single party achieves a majority of seats, and is analogous to a hung parliament....
of the authority. The Liberal Democrats

Liberal Democrats

The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems or just Lib Dem, are a Liberalism political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party ; the two parties had been SDP-Liberal Alliance for seven years, from shortly after the formation of the SDP....
have 20 councillors and in May 2007 they formed a minority administration, and an executive of 9 councillors and the Labour Party

Labour Party (UK)

The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century, it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Left-wing politics in England, Scotland and Wales, but not Northern Ireland, where it has only recently organised again....
formed the Opposition with 18 councillors. The Conservative Party

Conservative Party (UK)

The Conservative and Unionist Party, more commonly known as the Conservative Party, is a conservative political party in the United Kingdom....
has 7 councillors and the Greens

Green Party of England and Wales

The Green Party of England and Wales is the principal Green politics political party in England and Wales. The party is unrepresented in the British House of Commons, but did have a life peer within the House of Lords until his death in April 2008....
have 2.

In 2007, Councillor Irene Waudby was appointed York’s Lord Mayor and Councillor Keith Hyman York’s Sheriff

Sheriff

A sheriff is in principle a legal official with responsibility for a county. In practice, the specific combination of legal, political, and ceremonial duties of a sheriff varies greatly from country to country....
with both appointments lasting a year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing

Chair (official)

The chairman is the highest office of an organized group such as a Board of directors, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is typically elected or appointed by the members of the group....
full meetings of the council.

National government

Most of York is covered by the City of York

City of York (UK Parliament constituency)

The City of York is a United Kingdom constituencies represented in the United Kingdom House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election....
constituency

Constituency

A constituency is any cohesive body of people bound by shared identity, goals, or loyalty. Constituency can be used to describe a business's customer base and shareholders, or a charity's donors or those it serves....
of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislature in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories....
, though the outer parts of the city and local authority area presently fall within the Selby

Selby (UK Parliament constituency)

Selby is a United Kingdom constituencies represented in the British House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election....
, Vale of York

Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency)

Vale of York is a constituency represented in the British House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election....
and Ryedale

Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)

Ryedale is a constituency represented in the British House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election....
constituencies.

The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber

Yorkshire and the Humber (European Parliament constituency)

Yorkshire and the Humber is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 6 Members of the European Parliament using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation....
constituency of the European Parliament

European Parliament

The European Parliament is the only direct election parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union , it forms the bicameral Institutions of the European Union#Legislature of the Institutions of the European Union and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world....
.

Law courts

The city has its own Magistrates' Court

Magistrates' Court

A magistrates' court or court of petty sessions, formerly known as a police court, is the lowest level of Courts of England and Wales in England and Wales and many other common law jurisdictions....
, and more unusually also a Crown Court

Crown Court

The Crown Court of England and Wales is, together with the High Court of Justice of England and Wales and the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, one of the constituent parts of the Supreme Court of Judicature in England and Wales....
and County Court

County Court

A county court is a court based in or with a jurisdiction covering one or more county, which are administrative divisions within a country....
. It is served by the North Yorkshire Police

North Yorkshire Police

North Yorkshire Police is the Home Office police force covering the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire and the unitary authority of York in northern England.The force covers England's largest county and comprises three area command units....
Force. The Crown Court was built by the famous architect John Carr, next to the then prison (including execution area). The prison is now the Castle Museum

York Castle Museum

York Castle Museum is a museum located in York, North Yorkshire, England, on the site of York Castle, originally built by William the Conqueror in 1068....
but still contains the cells.

Twin cities

York is twinned with: Dijon

Dijon

Dijon is a communes of France in eastern France, the capital of the C?te-d'Or Departments of France and of the Bourgogne Regions of France. Dijon is the historical capital of the provinces of France of Burgundy ....
, France Fanteakwa, Ghana

Ghana

The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders C?te d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south....
Münster

Münster

M?nster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region and it is also capital of the government region M?nster ....
, Germany

Geography

Location

York lies within the Vale of York

Vale of York

Pennines

The Pennines are a low-rising mountain range in northern England and southern Scotland. They separate the North West England from Yorkshire and the North East England....
, the North York Moors

North York Moors

The North York Moors is a National parks of England and Wales in North Yorkshire, England. The moors are one of the largest expanses of Calluna moorland in the United Kingdom....
and the Yorkshire Wolds

Yorkshire Wolds

The Yorkshire Wolds are low hills in the Counties of East Riding of Yorkshire and North Yorkshire in North-Eastern England. The name also applies to the district in which the hills lie....
, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse

River Ouse, Yorkshire

River Foss

Moraine

A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age....
left by the last Ice Age

Ice age

The general term "ice age" or, more precisely, "glacial age" denotes a geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in an expansion of continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers....
.

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making it easier to defend. The city is prone to flood

Flood

A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land, a deluge. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide....
ing from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss

River Foss

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse, Yorkshire. It rises at Oulston reservoir at Yearsley and runs south through the Vale of York to York itself, which stands at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss....
where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded. Much land in and around the city has always been too flood-prone for development other than agriculture.

City districts and surrounding villages

Acaster Malbis
Acaster Malbis

Acaster Malbis is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of the city of York, England. It is located on the River Ouse, Yorkshire, south of York and Bishopthorpe....
, Acomb
Acomb, Yorkshire

Acomb is an area within the City of York unitary authority in the north of England, to the western side of York, south of Upper Poppleton and north of Bishopthorpe....
, Askham Bryan
Askham Bryan

Askham Bryan is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, 6 miles south west of York, west of Bishopthorpe, and close to Askham Richard and Copmanthorpe....
, Askham Richard
Askham Richard

Askham Richard is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south west of York, close to Copmanthorpe, Bilbrough and Askham Bryan....
Bishopthorpe
Bishopthorpe

Bishopthorpe is a village and civil parish south of York in the City of York unitary authority and ceremonial counties of England of North Yorkshire, England....
, Bootham
Bootham

Bootham is a district near the centre of the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It is just outside Bootham Bar, one of the ancient gateways through York city walls....
Cawood
Cawood

Cawood is a large village in North Yorkshire, England that is notable as the finding-place of the Cawood sword.In his King's England series, Arthur Mee refers to Cawood as "the Windsor of the North"....
, Clifton, Copmanthorpe
Copmanthorpe

Copmanthorpe is a large village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south west of York, west of Bishopthorpe and close to Acaster Malbis, Askham Bryan and Askham Richard....
, Crockey Hill
Deighton
Deighton, York

Deighton is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the A19 road about five miles south of York. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 308....
Derwenthorpe
Derwenthorpe

Derwenthorpe is a controversial housing development planned to be built in the edge of York, England. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation have submitted plans to build 500 homes on land west of Metcalf Lane....
(new village, planning permission granted)
Dringhouses
Dringhouses

Dringhouses is a suburb, formerly a village, in York, England. It is situated close to the Knavesmire, an open area of land on which York Racecourse is situated....
Dunnington
Dunnington

Dunnington is a village and civil parish in the York unitary authority and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England, approximately 6 km east of the city of York....
Earswick
Earswick

Earswick is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies between Huntington, City of York and Strensall about four miles north of York....
, Elvington
Elvington, City of York

Elvington is a village approximately 7 miles south-east of York, England, on the B1228 York-Howden road. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 the parish had a population of 1,212....
Escrick
Escrick

Escrick is a village in North Yorkshire, situated south of York city centre and north of Selby on the main A19 road.Escrick sits at the southernmost limit of glaciation during the last ice age....
Fishergate
Fishergate

Fishergate is one of the centre wards of York, England. It is situated directly south of the city walls, on the east bank of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, north of Fulford....
, Fulford
Fulford

Fulford is a historic village and civil parish on the outskirts of York, England. Situated to the south of the city, on the east bank of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, it was the site of the 11th century Battle of Fulford....
The Groves
The Groves

The Groves is an area of York, England, covering the area just outside the city centre between Huntington Road and Haxby Road. It consists largely of closely-knit Terraced house, the majority of which date from before World War I....
Haxby
Haxby

Haxby is a town in the unitary authority of City of York, on the River Foss, to the north of York and south of Strensall, in North Yorkshire, England....
, Heslington
Heslington

Heslington is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south-east of the centre of York and is considered as a suburb of the city....
, Hessay
Hessay

Hessay is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England about five miles west of York.According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 181....
, Heworth
Heworth, York

Heworth is part of the City of York, England, about a mile north-east of the centre. It is sometimes referred to as Heworth Village. The name "Heworth" is Old English language and means a "high enclosure"....
, Holgate, Holtby
Holtby

Holtby is a small village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the A166 road about five miles east of York....
, Huntington
Huntington, City of York

Huntington is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, on the River Foss, north of York and south of Strensall....
Kexby
Kexby, North Yorkshire

Kexby is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the A1079 road about five miles east of York.According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 194....
, Knapton
Layerthorpe
Layerthorpe

Layerthorpe is a former village and latterly industrial district to the north-east of the centre of the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It is just outside York city walls....
Middlethorpe, Moor End, Murton
Murton, York

Murton is a small village and a civil parish located on the outskirts of York. To the west there is the A64 road and the village of Osbaldwick, to the south the A166 road to Bridlington, to the north the village of Stockton-on-the-Forest, and to the east the villages of Holtby and Warthill....
Naburn
Naburn

Naburn is a small village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the eastern side of the River Ouse, Yorkshire about four miles south of York....
, Nether Poppleton
Nether Poppleton

Nether Poppleton is a village in the unitary authority of the City of York in the north of England. It is situated on the River Ouse, Yorkshire, west of York and north of Upper Poppleton....
, New Earswick
New Earswick

New Earswick is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, near the River Foss, north of York and south of Haxby....
Osbaldwick
Osbaldwick

Osbaldwick is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of the City of York in the north of England, east of York.According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,726....
Rawcliffe
Rawcliffe, York

Rawcliffe is a village and civil parish in the city of York district of North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the A19 road, about three miles north-west of York between Skelton, York and Clifton Without....
, Rufforth
Rufforth

File:Rufforth1.jpgRufforth is a village within the civil parish of Rufforth with Knapton, in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies about four miles west of York....
Skelton
Skelton, York

Skelton is a village in the unitary authority of the City of York, England. It is four miles northwest of the City of York, west of Haxby, and on the east bank of the River Ouse, Yorkshire....
, South Bank
South Bank, York

South Bank is an area to the south of the River Ouse, Yorkshire in York. The area is dominated by the disused Terry's chocolate factory and the numerous streets of terraced housing that surround it....
, Stockton-on-the-Forest
Stockton-on-the-Forest

Stockton-on-the-Forest is a village in the unitary authority of York, England. It is located to the east of the A64 road to Scarborough, North Yorkshire and the roundabout interchange of the A64 and the A1036 road....
, Strensall
Strensall

Strensall is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of the York in the north of England, on the River Foss north of York and north-east of Haxby....
, Stamford Bridge
Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire

Stamford Bridge is a village and civil parish on the River Derwent, Yorkshire in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, approximately east of York....
Tang Hall
Tang Hall

Tang Hall is a suburban district of the city of York in England....
, Towthorpe
Upper Poppleton
Upper Poppleton

Upper Poppleton is a village in the unitary authority of the City of York in the North of England. It is situated by the River Ouse, Yorkshire south of Nether Poppleton, and west of York....
West Huntington, Wheldrake
Wheldrake

Wheldrake is a village located seven miles south-east of York. Administratively it is in the city of York, North Yorkshire, England.Wheldrake is a village, a parish and a name given to an electoral ward of the City of York, UK....
, Wigginton
Wigginton, North Yorkshire

Wigginton is a village and civil parish four miles north of York, North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 3,714....
, Woodthorpe
Woodthorpe, North Yorkshire

Woodthorpe is an affluent suburb of south west of the city of York, North Yorkshire, England. The surrounding areas are Dringhouses and Foxwood....

The ings are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the strays
Strays of York

The Strays of York is a collective name for four areas of open land, comprising in all over 800 acres , within the City of York. Their individual names are Micklegate Stray , Bootham Stray, Monk Stray and Walmgate Stray....
are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Climate

York has a temperate

Temperate

In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally mild, rather than extreme hot or cold....
climate with four distinct season

Season

A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in weather.Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the Axial tilt....
s. As with the rest of the Vale of York

Vale of York

The Vale of York is an area of flat land in the north-east of England. The vale is a major agricultural area and serves as the main north-south transport corridor for northern England....
the City's climate is dryer and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region. As part of the Vale, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer. In summer the average maximum temperature is 22 °C (72 °F) although some days can see highs of up to 28 °C (82 °F) but nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15 °C (60 °F), although these can consistently dip below 10 °C (50 °F) on colder summer nights. The average daytime temperature in winter is 7 °C (45 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F) at night. Snow can sometimes fall in winter from December and can fall as late as April but quickly melts. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more than . From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours a day.

Demography

At the time of the 2001 UK census

United Kingdom Census 2001

A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th Census in the United Kingdom....
the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% White, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average.

Economy

York's economy is based on the service industry with 87.1% of employment in the city in 2006 being in this area. The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, IT and tourism

Tourism

Tourism is travel for recreational or leisure purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from...
that accounts for 10.9% of employment. Unemployment

Unemployment

File:World map of countries by rate of unemployment.pngUnemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work, but the person is without Wage labour....
in York is low at 1.9% in 2007 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 3%. The three biggest employers in York are the City of York Council with over 6,500 employees, Norwich Union Life

Norwich Union

Norwich Union is an insurance company in the United Kingdom. It is the biggest life insurance in the UK, and has a strong position in motor insurance....
and both with between 3,000 and 5,000 employees. Other major employers include Card Protection Plan, Nestlé

Nestlé

Nestl? is a Multinational corporation packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, and listed on the SWX Swiss Exchange with a turnover of over 87 billion Swiss francs....
, Shepherd Building Group and British Telecom as well are a number of different railway companies.

This is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies. Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people but closed in the mid 1990s. York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees), and home to the KitKat, Smarties
Smarties (Nestlé)

Nestl? Smarties are a colourful sugar-coated chocolate confectionery popular in Europe and the Commonwealth of Nations. They have been manufactured since at least 1882, originally by H.I....
(though not for much longer) and eponymous Yorkie bar

Yorkie (chocolate bar)

Yorkie is a chocolate bar made by Nestl?. It was originally branded by Rowntree's of York, hence the name....
chocolate brands. Terry's

Terry's

Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England. Its history stretched back to 1823, but in 1993 it was taken over by Kraft Foods....
chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange
Terry's Chocolate Orange

Terry's Chocolate Orange is a popular chocolate product originally sold only in the United Kingdom, but now sold all across the world. It is a ball of chocolate mixed with orange oil, divided into 20 "segments", similar to a real orange, and wrapped in orange-coloured foil....
, was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods

Kraft Foods

Kraft Foods, Inc. is the second-largest food and beverage company headquartered in the United States and the third largest in the world .The Philip Morris Company , acquired Kraft for $12.9 billion in 1988, eventually merging it with another food subsidiary, General Foods, which it had acquired in 1985....
, to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

It was announced on the 20 September, 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York. This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Norwich Union

Norwich Union

Norwich Union is an insurance company in the United Kingdom. It is the biggest life insurance in the UK, and has a strong position in motor insurance....
, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory. Despite this, the employment situation in York remains fairly buoyant, with at least one major employer (Norwich Union) still employing more people in the city than it did five years ago.. Since the closure the site has been developed into the headquarters for , Virgin Galactic and two housing schemes, one of which was a Self-build

Self-build

"Self-build" is the practice of creating an individual home for yourself through a variety of different methods....
project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science

Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
, technology

Technology

Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its Natural environment....
and the creative industries

Creative industries

The phrase creative industries refers to a set of interlocking industry Tertiary sector of industry, and are often cited as being a growing part of the Globalisation....
with the creation of a science park

Science park

A science park or science and technology park is an area with a collection of buildings dedicated to scientific research on a business footing....
near the University of York

University of York

The University of York is a campus university located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, York has expanded to more than 30 departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects....
and the city becoming a founding National Science City. Between 1998 and 2008 York has gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.

Regional gross value figures added for York, at current basic prices in pounds sterling, are:

Year	Agriculture	Industry	Services	Total
1995	30	579	1,443	2,052
2000	13	782	2,168	2,963
2003	16	779	2,505	3,299

Education

The University of York

University of York

Heslington

Heslington is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south-east of the centre of York and is considered as a suburb of the city....
, with Archaeology and Medieval Studies in the King's Manor in the city centre. It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University

York St John University

University of Leeds

The University of Leeds is a major teaching and research university in Leeds, West Yorkshire and, with over 33,000 full-time students, one of the largest universities in the United Kingdom....
, attained full university status as York St John University

York St John University

The College of Law

The College of Law of England and Wales is a private educational institution in England which provides legal education for students and professionals....
.

The University of York also boasts one of the most highly rated. medical schools, Hull York Medical School

Hull York Medical School

The Hull York Medical School is a medical school in England which took its first intake of students in 2003. The school was opened as a part of the British Government's attempts to train more doctors, which also saw Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Peninsula Medical School and University of East Anglia Medical School open their doors....
.

The city has two major further education institutions. York College

York College (York)

York College is a further education and higher education college in York, England. It was formed in 1999 by a merger of York Sixth Form College and York College of Further and Higher Education ....
is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves. Askham Bryan College

Askham Bryan College

Askham Bryan College is a further education agriculture college based in Askham Bryan, York, England. It also has centres in Thirsk, Bedale, Harrogate, Guisborough, Wakefield and Scarborough, North Yorkshire....
offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as Horticulture

Horticulture

'Horticulture' is the industry and science of plant cultivation. Horticulturists work and conduct research in the disciplines of plant propagation and cultivation, Crop , plant breeding and genetic engineering, plant biochemistry, and plant physiology....
, Agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
, Animal Management and even Golf Course Management.

There are over 55 schools in the City of York

List of schools in Yorkshire and the Humber

The following is a partial list of currently operating schools in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. You may also find :Category:Schools in England of use to find a particular school....
area. The Local Education Authority

Local Education Authority

A Local Education Authority is the part of a local government in the United Kingdom, or local authority , in England and Wales that is responsible for education within that council's jurisdiction....
is the City of York Council, who manage most primary and secondary schools within the city. About 40 primary schools

Primary education

A primary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of compulsory education known as Primary education. Primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth of Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization ....
cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age three. From 11–16 education is then provided by 11 secondary school

Secondary school

Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place....
s, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.

York also has several private schools. St Peter's School

St Peter's School, York

St Peter's School is one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom, founded in the England City of York by St Paulinus of York in 627.An early headmaster Alcuin , went on to be Chancellor to the Emperor Charlemagne, and founded several of the earliest schools in mainland Europe....
is famous for its age - the great scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught here. —and it was the school attended by Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes or Guido Fawkes was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists from England that planned the Gunpowder Plot. The plot's aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I of England and the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were i...
. Two others have Quaker origins: Bootham School

Bootham School

Bootham School is an Independent school Quaker boarding school in the city of York in North Yorkshire, England. It was founded by the Religious Society of Friends in 1823....
is co-educational and The Mount School

The Mount School, York

The Mount School is a Quaker independent day and boarding school in York, England, for girls aged 11-18. It was founded in 1831. Its Preparatory school is called Tregelles School,York, accepts both boys and girls and has a nursery department....
is all-girls. On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret's School

Queen Margaret's School, York

Queen Margaret's School is an independent day and boarding school for girls aged 11–18 in Escrick near York. Queen Margaret's was originally established at Scarborough, North Yorkshire in 1901 by the Woodard Foundation....
. One other is The Minster School, whose pupils sing in York Minster choir.

On 10 September 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school. The new school is known as York High School, and the headteacher is David Ellis, who was previously headteacher at Oaklands. In January 2009 the school hopes to move back to the Oaklands site on Cornlands Road.

Transport

York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.

River transport

The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse

River Ouse, Yorkshire

River Foss

Tidal river

A tidal river is a river, or more typically a stretch of a river, whose flow and level is influenced by tides. An example of a tidal river is the portion of the Connecticut River flowing from Windsor Locks, Connecticut, to the Atlantic Ocean....
, accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn

Naburn

Naburn is a small village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the eastern side of the River Ouse, Yorkshire about four miles south of York....
on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barge

Barge

A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be towed by tugboats or pushed by towboats....
s to carry freight between York and the port of Hull

Kingston upon Hull

Newsprint

Newsprint is low-cost, Preservation paper most commonly used to print newspapers, plus other publications and advertising material. It usually has an off-white cast and distinctive feel....
to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. YorkBoat provides cruises on the river.

Road transport

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road

A19 road

The A19 is a major road in England, running parallel to and east of the A1 road . It provides a viable alternative to the A1 between Dishforth in Yorkshire and Tyneside....
from Doncaster

Doncaster

Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England, and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. The town is located about from Sheffield and is popularly referred to as "Donny"....
to Tyneside

Tyneside

Tyneside is a conurbation in northern England, which is home to over 80% of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. It includes Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, Hebburn, Jarrow, North Shields, and South Shields — all settlements on the banks of the River Tyne, England....
, the A59 road

A59 road

The A59 is a major road in the United Kingdom that runs from Liverpool in Merseyside, to York in North Yorkshire.RouteMerseyside...
from Liverpool

Liverpool

Liverpool [] is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a History of borough status in England and Wales in 1207 and was granted City status in the United Kingdom in 1880....
to York, the A64 road

A64 road

Leeds

Leeds is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England. It is the urban core and administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds....
to Scarborough, and the A1079 road

A1079 road

The A1079 is a major road in northern England. It links the cities of York and Kingston upon Hull, both in Yorkshire....
from York to Hull

Kingston upon Hull

Motorway

Motorway is a term for both a type of road and a classification or designation. Motorways are high capacity roads designed to carry fast motor traffic safely....
network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1

M1 motorway

The M1 is a major north?south motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1 road near Aberford. While the M1 is considered to be the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the United Kingdom, the first road to be built to motorway standard in the country was the Preston Bypass route, which later bec...
motorways at a distance of about from the city.

The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some from the centre of this city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from mediaeval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free

Car-free zone

Car-free zones are areas of a city or town in which automobile traffic is prohibited. They are instituted by communities who feel that it is desirable to have areas not dominated by the automobile....
during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, five bus based park and ride

York park and ride

York park and ride is a park and ride system operated by First York in the England city of York. It was designed and introduced to relieve York's overcrowded city centre car parks....
sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the city, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.

Rail transport

York Railway Station and Royal York Hotel April 10 2005

York has been a major railway centre since the beginning of the railway age, with the first line arriving in 1839. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway

North Eastern Railway (UK)

York railway station

York railway station is a main-line Train station in the historic city of York, England. It lies on the East Coast Main Line north of London's London King's Cross railway station towards Edinburgh's Edinburgh Waverley railway station....
is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line

East Coast Main Line

The East Coast Main Line is the electrified high-speed railway link between London and Edinburgh connecting Yorkshire, North East England and Scotland....
from London to Newcastle

Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Situated on the north bank of the River Tyne, the city developed from a Roman Empire settlement called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the Newcastle Castle built in 1080, by Robert Curthose, the eldest son of...
and Edinburgh

Edinburgh

Edinburgh ; is the Capital city of Scotland, a position it has held since 1437. It is the seventh largest city in the United Kingdom and the second largest Scottish City status in the United Kingdom after Glasgow....
. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on Cross Country services

Cross Country services

Cross Country services on the UK Rail Network are those which, by definition, carry passengers on routes other than the main lines radiating from the principal hubs....
linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham

Birmingham

Birmingham is a city status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. Birmingham is the most populous of England's English Core Cities Group, and is the List of United Kingdom cities by population British city after London, with a population of 1,010,200 ....
.

TransPennine Express

First TransPennine Express

First TransPennine Express is a List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom. It is a joint operation between First Group and Keolis ....
provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Leeds

Leeds

Leeds is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England. It is the urban core and administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds....
, Manchester

Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. Manchester was granted City status in the United Kingdom in 1853....
, Manchester Airport, and Liverpool

Liverpool

Northern Rail

Northern Rail is a train operating company that has operated local passenger services in the north of England since 2004. Northern Rail's owner, Serco-NedRailways, is a consortium formed of NedRailways and Serco, an international operator of public transport systems....
connect York to Bridlington

Bridlington

Bridlington is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It has a population of over 33,000 and is twinned with Millau, France and Bad Salzuflen, Germany....
, Harrogate

Harrogate

Harrogate is a large, wealthy spa town in North Yorkshire, England. The town is a popular tourist destination; its spa waters and the Harlow Carr are among the visitor attractions....
, Hull

Kingston upon Hull

Kingston upon Hull , almost invariably referred to as Hull, is a City status in the United Kingdom and unitary authority area in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England....
, Leeds, Sheffield

Sheffield

Sheffield is a city status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. It is so named because of its origins in a field on the River Sheaf that runs through the city....
and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.

Air transport

York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington

RAF Elvington

RAF Elvington located at Elvington, City of York, south east of York in Yorkshire was a former RAF bomber base which operated from the beginning of World War II until 1992....
, some south-east of the city centre, which is also the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum

Yorkshire Air Museum

The Yorkshire Air Museum, , is an air museum in England. The museum was first opened to the public on 31 May 1986.Highlights include the museums recreation of a Handley Page Halifax and A Handley Page Handley Page Victor, one of the 3 V-Bombers....
. Elvington is used for private aviation

Private aviation

Private aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves flying not for hire. In most countries, private flights are always general aviation flights, but the opposite is not true: many general aviation flights are commercial aviation in that the pilot is hired and paid....
. Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.

York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express

First TransPennine Express

First TransPennine Express is a List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom. It is a joint operation between First Group and Keolis ....
train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. The nearer Leeds-Bradford Airport is linked to York by the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York

First York

First York is the largest bus operator in York, England. It is part of First Group, a major bus and train operator with a turnover of nearly ?2.5 billion a year and 62,000 employees across the UK and North America....
. Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
and New York

New York City

The City of New York is the List of United States cities by population in the United States, while the New York metropolitan area ranks among the List of urban areas by population....
.

Local public transport

Public transport within the city is largely bus

Bus

A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. A bus can generally seat a maximum of anywhere from 8 to 200 passengers; many more passengers than a minivan....
based. The principal bus operator is First York

First York

FirstGroup plc

FirstGroup plc is a Scotland transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Canada and USA with headquarters in Aberdeen....
. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride

York park and ride

York park and ride is a park and ride system operated by First York in the England city of York. It was designed and introduced to relieve York's overcrowded city centre car parks....
services. York is also the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, ftr bus concept, which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern tram

Tram

A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railroad car, of lighter weight and construction than a train, designed for the transport of passengers within, close to, or between villages, towns and/or cities, on tracks running primarily on streets....
way system at a lower cost.

Transdev York
Transdev York

Transdev York is one of seven companies within the Blazefield Group. Blazefield is owned by Transdev, a large French transport operator and the sixth largest bus operator in the UK....
also operate a number of local bus services.

Longer distance bus services in York are provided by a number of operators:

Arriva Yorkshire
Arriva Yorkshire

Arriva Yorkshire is a division of Arriva which operates bus services around West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire and the southern areas of North Yorkshire in England....

Selby

East Yorkshire Motor Services
East Yorkshire Motor Services

East Yorkshire Motor Services operates a fleet of approximately 350 buses and coaches throughout Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, the North Yorkshire coast and the North York Moors....

routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington etc.

Transdev
Transdev

Transdev is a major international multi-modal transport group based in Paris, France. It has operations in France, the United Kingdom, Australia, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Canada and Italy....
Harrogate & District
Harrogate & District

Transdev Harrogate & District is a local bus company based in Harrogate in North Yorkshire, England. It is part of the Blazefield Group which is itself owned by the international transport company Transdev....

Knaresborough
Knaresborough

Knaresborough is an historic market town and spa town in the Harrogate , North Yorkshire, England, located on the River Nidd, four miles east of Harrogate....
, Harrogate
Harrogate

Harrogate is a large, wealthy spa town in North Yorkshire, England. The town is a popular tourist destination; its spa waters and the Harlow Carr are among the visitor attractions....

Transdev
Transdev

Transdev is a major international multi-modal transport group based in Paris, France. It has operations in France, the United Kingdom, Australia, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Canada and Italy....
Yorkshire Coastliner
Yorkshire Coastliner

Yorkshire Coastliner is a bus company based in Malton, North Yorkshire in North Yorkshire, England. It is owned by the Blazefield Group who also own, amongst others, Harrogate & District and Keighley & District in Yorkshire....
,

Linking Leeds
Leeds

Leeds is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England. It is the urban core and administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds....
via York with Scarborough, Filey
Filey

Filey is a small town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It forms part of the Scarborough and is located between Scarborough, North Yorkshire and Bridlington on the North Sea coast....
, Bridlington
Bridlington

Bridlington is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It has a population of over 33,000 and is twinned with Millau, France and Bad Salzuflen, Germany....
and Whitby
Whitby

Whitby is a town and civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. Nowadays it is a fishing port and tourist destination....
.

Rural services are provided by a number of companies, linking local towns and villages with York.

Open Top Buses are operated by Top Line Travel on behalf of City Sightseeing

City Sightseeing

City Sightseeing is a global sightseeing bus brand, started by Ensignbus and the Spanish , which operates tour bus rides worldwide.Typically the tours consist of an open top bus double-decker bus....
.

Sites of interest

York Minster

York Minster is a Gothic architecture cathedral in York, England and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe alongside Cologne Cathedral....
, the second largest Gothic

Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
cathedral in northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions:...
, stands at the city's centre. York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls

York city walls

The England city of York has, since Roman Britain times, been defended with defensive wall of one form or another. To this day, substantial portions of the walls remain, and York has more miles of intact wall than any other city in England....
, which are a popular walk. The entire circuit is about , including a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. (This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.)

Clifford's Tower

York Castle

York Castle is a fortification in the city of York, England. The principal remains of the 13th century - 14th century castle are the keep and some of the Curtain wall ....
, a stone quatrefoil

Quatrefoil

File:Quatrefoil, St. Guthlac, Croyland Abbey.JPGThe word quatrefoil etymologically means "four leaves", and applies to general four-lobed shapes in various contexts....
keep

Keep

A keep is a strong central tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress. Often, the keep is the most defended area of a castle, and as such may form the main Human habitat area, or contain important stores such as the Armory , food, and the main water well, which would ensure survival during a siege....
built on top of a Norman motte

Motte-and-bailey

A motte-and-bailey is a form of castle. Many were built in Britain in the Middle Ages, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries, favoured as a relatively cheap but effective defensive fortification that could repel most small attack forces....
, was the site of a massacre in 1190 when the small Jew

Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
ish community of York sought protection in the tower on the feast of Shabbat ha-Gadol

Special Sabbaths

Special Sabbaths are fixed Jewish Shabbat days, which precede or coincide with certain Jewish holidays during the year. Each one has a special name....
. Many Jews took their own lives rather than face a violent mob in an event regarded as one of the most notorious examples of antisemitism in medieval England.

The Shambles

The Shambles (York)

The Shambles is an old street in York, England, with overhanging Timber framing buildings, some dating back as far as the fourteenth century. It was once known as The Great Flesh Shambles, probably from the Anglo-Saxon language Fleshammels , the word for the shelves that butchers used to display their meat....
is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow

Margaret Clitherow

Margaret Clitherow is an English saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. She is sometimes called "the Pearl of York"....
, although it is not located in the house where she lived. Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the fourteenth century Lady's Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.

Another feature of central York is the Snickelways

Snickelways of York

The Snickelways of York are a collection of small streets and footpaths in the city of York, England. The word Snickelway was coined by local author Mark W Jones in 1983 in his book A Walk Around the Snickelways of York, and is a portmanteau of the words snicket , ginnel and alleyway ....
, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and Sampson Square. The city has many museums, including the Castle Museum

York Castle Museum

York Castle Museum is a museum located in York, North Yorkshire, England, on the site of York Castle, originally built by William the Conqueror in 1068....
, Yorkshire Museum

Yorkshire Museum

The Yorkshire Museum is a museum in York, England. It is the home of the Cawood sword, and has four permanent collections, covering biology, geology, archaeology and astronomy....
and Museum Gardens, JORVIK Viking Centre

Jorvik Viking Centre

The JORVIK Viking Centre is a museum and visitor attraction in York, England. It was created by the York Archaeological Trust....
, the York Art Gallery

York Art Gallery

York Art Gallery in York, North Yorkshire, England is a public art gallery with a collection of paintings, from 14th century to contemporary, and 20th century ceramics....
, Richard III Museum

Richard III Museum

The Richard III Museum is located in the tallest of the four gatehouses, Monk Bar, in the historical city walls of York, England. It presents to visitors the life of Richard III of England, the last king of the Plantagenet dynasty....
, the Merchant Adventurers' Hall

Merchant Adventurers' Hall

The Merchant Adventurers' Hall is a medieval guild–hall in the city of York, England. The major part of it was built in the fourteenth century by the Guild of Our Lord Jesus and the Blessed Virgin Mary, of mercers, which was granted the status of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of York by Queen Elizabeth I in the sixteenth centur...
, the medieval house Barley Hall owned by the York Archaeological Trust, Fairfax House owned by the York Civic Trust

Civic Trust

The Civic Trust of England and Wales is a charitable organization founded in 1957. Its prime purpose is to improve the quality of new and historic buildings and public spaces, and to help improve the general quality of urban life....
and the Treasurer's House owned by the National Trust

National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty

The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales and Northern Ireland....
. The National Railway Museum

National Railway Museum

The National Railway Museum is a museum in York forming part of the United Kingdom National Museum of Science and Industry and telling the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society....
is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying Scotsman

LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

The LNER LNER Class A3 4-6-2 steam locomotive no. 4472 "Flying Scotsman" was built in 1923 for the London and North Eastern Railway at Doncaster railway works to a design of Sir Nigel Gresley....
, which is being overhauled in the Museum.

York is noted for its wealth of churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall

Bedern Hall

Bedern Hall is a fine 13th century meeting-hall in York, hidden away barely 100 metres from the east front of York Minster. ?Bedern? is linked with the current German word ?beten?, which means ?to pray? ....
, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the Minster.

Culture

Gastronomy

In September York has an annual Festival of Food and Drink, which has been held in the city since 1997.

York ham

York ham, a type of boiled ham, is a mild-flavoured ham

Ham

Ham is the thigh and rump of pork, cut from the haunch of a pig or boar. Although it may be cooked and served fresh, most ham is Curing in some fashion....
that has delicate pink meat and does not need further cooking before eating. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce. It is a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, which is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.. Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's butcher

Butcher

A butcher is someone who prepares various meats and other related goods for sale. Many butchers sell their goods in specialized stores, although in the Western world today most meat is sold through supermarkets....
y shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original “York Ham” and the reason why the premises became famous.

Bettys

In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café

Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate

Bettys is Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate, an Anglo-Swiss family company with seven locations in North Yorkshire, England. Bettys Caf? Tea Rooms are traditional tea rooms serving traditional meals with influences both from Switzerland and Yorkshire....
Tea Rooms. Bettys founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary
RMS Queen Mary

Royal Mail Ship Queen Mary is a retired ocean liner that sailed the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line . Built by John Brown and Company, Clydebank, Scotland, she was designed to be the first of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service from Southampton to Cherbourg to New York, in answer to the mainland Eur...
in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Marys’ designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’, became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.

Theatre

York has a number of theatres, the Theatre Royal

York Theatre Royal

The York Theatre Royal is a theatre in St. Leonard?s Place, York, England, which dates back to 1744. The theatre currently seats 847 people. This reduced capacity takes into account removal of the mixing position seats and the stage side boxes which are normally not sold....
, the Grand Opera House

Grand Opera House (York)

The Grand Opera House is a Theater in the City of York, England. It is currently operated as part of the Live Nation UK group. It plays host to touring productions of Play , musical theatre, opera and ballet, one-off performances by comedians, and other theatrical and musical events....
and Joseph Rowntree Theatre. It also has many amateur companies, and is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company

Riding Lights Theatre Company

Riding Lights is a United Kingdom independent theatre company who have been touring shows nationally and internationally since 1977.Based at Friargate Theatre, York since 2000, the company has staged numerous original productions such as "Science Friction" and "Dick Turpin", that have toured nationally....
and The Strolling Theatricals

The Strolling Theatricals

The Strolling Theatricals is a United Kingdom theatre company, located primarily in York....
. The Theatre department of York St John University is involved with the studio theatre and their VC is chair of the board of directors. The Department of Theatre, Film and Television, and Student Societies of the University of York, also put on public drama performances. From 18 July to 23 August 2008, the Theatre Royal performed the play The Railway Children in the National Railway Museum, including a real steam locomotive.

Music

York has a fine musical heritage and modern day York has a rich tapestry of live music performances all year round. Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the Academy of St Olave's

Academy of St Olave's

The Academy of St Olaves is an English chamber music orchestra based in York, England....
, a chamber orchestra who give concerts in the beautiful setting of St Olave's Church, Marygate

St Olave's Church, York

St Olave's is an Anglican church in York, England. It is situated on Marygate by St Mary's Abbey, York.The church is situated within St Mary's Abbey walls, which was ruined in the Dissolution of the Monasteries....
.

A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate

Medieval churches of York

York had around forty-five parish churches in 1300. Twenty survive, in whole or in part, a number surpassed in England only by Norwich, although few are currently used for worship....
, is now the National Centre for Early Music

National Centre for Early Music

The National Centre for Early Music is an educational resource located in York, England. It is based in the converted and extended Middle Ages Church of Medieval_churches_of_York#St_Margaret.2C_Walmgate....
, host to concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music Festival

York Early Music Festival

The York Early Music Festival is an England arts festival devoted mainly to European classical music from the 18th century and earlier. It was established in 1977, and takes place in York each July at various venues such as York Minster, the Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall at the University of York and the National Centre for Early Music....
. The York Waits are an expert reconstruction of the medieval city group of players.

Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University

York St John University

York St John University is located in York, England. It is one of several higher education institutions with a Church of England foundation, others include Canterbury Christ Church University and Bishop_Grosseteste_University_College_Lincoln....
music department regular perform the well known lunchtime concerts in the University chapel, alongside special performances such as the annual Christmas concert.

The staff and students of the University of York

University of York

Media

The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press
The Press (York)

The Press is the local daily paper for a substantial area of North and East Yorkshire, based on the city of York. It is printed by the Newsquest Ltd, a subsidiary of the Newsquest Media Group....
(known as the Evening Press until April 2006) and two local radio stations Minster FM

Minster FM

Minster FM is an independent commercial local radio station based in Dunnington near York, Yorkshire, England and covering the city of North Yorkshire....
and BBC Radio York

BBC Radio York

BBC Radio York is the BBC Local Radio service for the England Counties of England of North Yorkshire....
. It is also served by York@54, a local free-to-air television station.

York St John University

York St John University

York St John University is located in York, England. It is one of several higher education institutions with a Church of England foundation, others include Canterbury Christ Church University and Bishop_Grosseteste_University_College_Lincoln....
has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.

The University of York

University of York

The University of York is a campus university located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, York has expanded to more than 30 departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects....
has its own television broadcasting channel York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers nouse
Nouse

Nouse is a student newspaper and website at the University of York. Founded in 1964 by student Nigel Fountain, some twenty years before its rival York Vision....
and Vision
Vision (York)

York Vision is one of two student newspapers at the University of York. It is distinguished from its campus rival, Nouse, by its tabloid design, tone and anarchic sense of humour....
, with Vision currently holding the title of Guardian Student Newspaper of the Year–a position that either one of the two newspapers have held for 4 out of the last 6 years. Its radio station URY

University Radio York

University Radio York is a college radio covering the campus of the University of York, UK. It is the oldest legal independent radio station in the UK....
is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1

BBC Radio 1

BBC Radio 1 is a United Kingdom international radio station operated by the BBC, specialising in current popular music throughout the day, with a slight bias to Rock music & Independent music music....
Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.

Sports

The city's football

Football (soccer)

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players, and is widely considered to be the most popular sport in the world....
team is York City

York City F.C.

York City Football Club is an English football club based in York, North Yorkshire. The club participates in the Conference National, the fifth tier of English football....
, currently playing in the Football Conference

Conference National

Conference National is the top division of the Football Conference. It is the highest level of the National League System and fifth highest of the overall English football league system....
. York have played as high as the old Second Division

Football League Second Division

From 1892 until 1992, the Football League Second Division was the second highest division overall in England football .This ended with the creation of the FA Premier League, prior to the start of the 1992-93 season, which caused an administrative split between The Football League and the teams making up the new FA Premier League, which had...
but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup

FA Cup

The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a Single-elimination tournament cup competition in Football in England, run by and named after The Football Association....
semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United

Manchester United F.C.

Manchester United Football Club is an English association football club, based at Old Trafford in Trafford, Greater Manchester, and is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with over 330 million supporters worldwide ? almost 5% of the world's population....
3–0 during the 1995 League Cup

League Cup

In association football a League Cup generally signifies a single-elimination tournament competition for which entry is restricted only to teams in the top national league ....
. Their matches are played at KitKat Crescent.

York also has a strong rugby league

Rugby league

Rugby league football is a competitive Full-contact sport team sport played with a spheroid-shaped ball by two teams of thirteen on a rectangular grass field....
history. York F.C., later known as York Wasps

York City Knights

York City Knights Rugby League Club are a United Kingdom rugby league team hailing from York. They play at the Huntington Stadium, situated to the north of York city centre....
were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium

Huntington Stadium

The Huntington Stadium is the stadium of England rugby league team York City Knights.The stadium was completed in October 1989 by contractors Birse Construction Ltd....
, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002. The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights

York City Knights

York City Knights Rugby League Club are a United Kingdom rugby league team hailing from York. They play at the Huntington Stadium, situated to the north of York city centre....
, who now play at the same stadium in National League Two. There are three amateur rugby league teams in York, New Earswick

New Earswick

New Earswick is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, near the River Foss, north of York and south of Haxby....
All Blacks, York Acorn and Heworth. An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge.

York Racecourse

York Racecourse is a horse racing track in the southwest of the city of York in North Yorkshire, England with a spectator capacity of 60,000. The most famous race to be held at York on an annual basis is the Ebor Handicap, which is run during the Ebor Festival meeting in August....
was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire

Knavesmire

The Knavesmire is one of a number of large, marshy undeveloped areas within the city of York, England which are collectively known as Strays of York....
and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005. In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor Festival

Ebor Festival

The Ebor Festival is a three day race meeting held at York Racecourse in Great Britain during the month of August. In 2006 it was held between August 22 and August 24....
that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini

Marco Gabbiadini

Marco Gabbiadini is a former England-Italian people football player whose career lasted 18 years from 1985 to 2003. He totalled nearly ?3 million in transfer fees and played for 12 different clubs....
and former England

England national football team

The English national football team represents England in international Association football and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England....
manager Steve McClaren

Steve McClaren

Stephen McClaren is an English football coach and former player. He is currently manager of Netherlands side FC Twente. He managed the Premier League side with whom he won the Football League Cup in 2004 and finished runners-up in the UEFA Cup in 2006....
, who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe School

Millthorpe School

Millthorpe School is a coeducational secondary school in York. It comprises five blocks lettered A-E, and has over 1,100 pupils and 200 staff. It teaches a wide range of subjects from Information technology to Manufacturing....
).

Motorbike speedway took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.

York International 9s

York International 9s

York International 9s is an international rugby league nines tournament taking place in York, England. It is held at Heworth ARLC's Elmpark Way ground on the north east side of the city....
is a rugby league nines

Rugby league nines

Rugby league nines is a version of rugby league played with 9 players on each side. The game is substantially the same as full rugby league, however all kicks at goal must be made by drop-kicks....
tournament which takes place in York each year.

Religion

Religion in York 2001
UK Census 2001 United Kingdom Census 2001 A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th Census in the United Kingdom....	York	Yorkshire Yorkshire Yorkshire is a Historic counties of England of northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Because of its great size, over time functions were increasingly undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to History of local government in Yorkshire....	England
Christian	74.42%	73.07%	71.74%
No religion	16.57%	14.09%	14.59%
Muslim	0.58%	3.81%	3.1%
Buddhist	0.21%	0.14%	0.28%
Hindu	0.19%	0.32%	1.11%
Jewish	0.11%	0.23%	0.52%
Sikh	0.05%	0.38%	0.67%
Other religions	0.30%	0.19%	0.29%
Religion not stated	7.57%	7.77%	7.69%

Christianity

Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life....
is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census. These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England.

There are 32 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York

Archbishop of York

File:Williamtemple1.jpgArchbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and metropolitan bishop of the Province of York, which covers the northern portion of England as well as the Isle of Man....
and the Mother Church

Mother Church

In Christianity, the term mother church or Mother Church may have one of the following meanings:# The first mission church in an area, or a pioneer cathedral...
, York Minster

York Minster

York Minster is a Gothic architecture cathedral in York, England and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe alongside Cologne Cathedral....
, and administrative centre of the Diocese of York

Diocese of York

The Diocese of York is an administrative division of the Church of England, part of the Province of York. It covers the city of York, the eastern part of North Yorkshire, and most of the East Riding of Yorkshire....
. York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.

Other Christian denominations that are active in York include Religious Society of Friends

Religious Society of Friends

The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers, was founded in England in the 17th century as a Christian denomination by people who were dissatisfied with the existing denominations and sects of Christianity....
who have three meeting houses

Friends meeting house

A Friends meeting house is a meeting house of the Religious Society of Friends , where meeting for worship may be held. Quakers do not believe that meeting for worship should take place in any special place....
in York, Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District, and Unitarians

Unitarianism

Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God, in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity . It is the philosophy upon which the modern Unitarian movement was based, and, according to its proponents, is the Early Christianity of Christianity....
.

There is one Mosque

Mosque

A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid, ? . The word "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, "collective" mosque ,...
in York which also contains a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre.

Various Buddhist

Buddhism

Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal....
traditions are represented in and around York.

Noted York people

Alcuin
Alcuin

Alcuin of York or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus was a scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria....
(735–804) scholar, ecclesiastic, poet
William of York (1110–1154), archbishop, patron saint
Patron saint

A patron saint is a saint who is regarded as the intercessor and advocate in heaven of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, or person. Patron saints, because they have already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges....
of York
John Ball
John Ball (priest)

John Ball was an English Lollard priest who took a prominent part in the Peasants' Revolt....
(1330–1381), Lollard priest, rebel
Margaret Clitherow
Margaret Clitherow

Margaret Clitherow is an English saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. She is sometimes called "the Pearl of York"....
(1556–1586), Catholic saint, martyr
Guy Fawkes
Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes or Guido Fawkes was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists from England that planned the Gunpowder Plot. The plot's aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I of England and the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were i...
(1570–1606), Catholic revolutionary
John Earle
John Earle (bishop)

John Earle was an England bishop....
(1601–1665), clergyman, author
John Aislabie
John Aislabie

John Aislabie or Aslabie was a United Kingdom politician, notable for his involvement in the South Sea Bubble and for creating the water garden at Studley Royal Water Garden....
, (1670–1742), politician
Peter Harrison
Peter Harrison

Peter Harrison was a colonial American architect who was born in York, England and emigrated to Rhode Island in 1740. Peter Harrison and his brother came to the American colonies and established themselves as merchants and captains of their own vessels....
(1716–1775), architect
Richard Hotham
Richard Hotham

Sir Richard Hotham was an England eighteenth century property developer and politician who rose from humble origins to a position of some power and influence....
(1722–1799), developer, politician
Tuke family
Tuke family

The Tuke family of York were "a remarkable family of Quaker innovators". They were involved in establishing*Rowntree's Cocoa Works*The Retreat...
(1732–1895), social campaigners for the insane
John Flaxman
John Flaxman

John Flaxman , was an England sculpture and drawing....
(1755–1826), sculptor, draughtsman
Nathan Drake
Nathan Drake

Nathan Drake , England essayist and physician, son of Nathan Drake, an artist, was born at York.He was apprenticed to a doctor in York in 1780, and in 1786 proceeded to Edinburgh University, where he took his degree as M.D....
(1766–1836), essayist, physician
William Etty
William Etty

William Etty was an England Painting, best known for his paintings of nudes.He should not be confused with William Etty architect of Holy Trinity Church in Sunderland and many other churches....
(1787–1849), painter
George Hennet
George Hennet

George Hennet was a railway engineer and contractor. He undertook many contracts for Isambard Kingdom Brunel's broad gauge railways in the South West of England and funded the provision of extra facilities on the South Devon Railway Company, these formed the basis of a general trading business that he conducted....
(1799–1857), railway contractor, entrepreneur
William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse
William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse Order of St Patrick built several telescopes including the world's largest telescope in 1845 and it remained the world's largest for the rest of the century....
(1800–1867), astronomer
George Hudson
George Hudson

George Hudson , England railway financier, known as the "Railway King", was born in Howsham, in the parish of Scrayingham in the East Riding of Yorkshire, north of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, east of York....
(1800–1871), railway pioneer, politician - born at Howsham
Joseph Hansom
Joseph Hansom

Joseph Aloysius Hansom was a prolific English architect working principally in the Gothic Revival style, who invented the Hansom cab and was one of the founders of the eminent architectural journal, The Builder, in 1843....
, (1803–1882), architect, inventor
William Hepworth Thompson
William Hepworth Thompson

William Hepworth Thompson was an England classics scholar and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.Thompson was born at York and was privately educated before entering University of Cambridge....
(1810–1886), classical scholar
John Snow
John Snow (physician)

John Snow was a British physician and a leader in the adoption of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered to be one of the fathers of epidemiology, because of his work in tracing the source of a 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak....
(1813–1858), physician
James Hack Tuke
James Hack Tuke

James Hack Tuke was born at York, England, the son of Samuel Tuke .He was educated at the Religious Society of Friends school there, and after working for a time in his father's wholesale tea business, became in 1852 a partner in the banking firm of Sharples and Co., and went to live at Hitchin in Hertfordshire....
(1819–1896), social campaigner for Ireland
Joseph Rowntree
Joseph Rowntree (philanthropist)

Joseph Rowntree was a Religious Society of Friends philanthropist and businessman from York, England. Rowntree is perhaps best known for being a champion of social reform and his time as a chocolatier at family business Rowntree's, one of the most important in Britain....
(1836–1925), chocolatier, philanthropist
Albert Joseph Moore
Albert Joseph Moore

Albert Joseph Moore was an England painter, known for his depictions of langorous female figures set against the luxury and decadence of the classical world....
(1841–1893), painter
Silvanus P. Thompson
Silvanus P. Thompson

Silvanus Phillips Thompson Fellow of the Royal Society was a professor of physics at the City and Guilds Technical College in Finsbury, England....
(1851–1916), author, electrical engineer
Henry Scott Tuke
Henry Scott Tuke

Henry Scott Tuke, Royal Academician , a United Kingdom Painting and photographer, is best remembered for his paintings of naked boys and young men, which have earned him a status as a pioneer of gay culture....
(1858–1929), painter
Seebohm Rowntree
Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree

Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree often known simply as Seebohm Rowntree was a United Kingdom sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist....
(1871–1954), chocolatier, social reformer
W. H. Auden
W. H. Auden

Wystan Hugh Auden who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century....
(1907–1973), poet
Christopher Hill
Christopher Hill (historian)

John Edward Christopher Hill, usually known simply as Christopher Hill, February 6, 1912–February 23, 2003 was an England Marxist historian and author of many history textbooks....
(1912–2003), author, historian
Frankie Howerd
Frankie Howerd

Frankie Howerd Order of the British Empire , was a distinctive England comedian and comic actor whose career spanned six decades....
(1917–1992), comedian, actor
Charles Whiting
Charles Whiting

Charles Whiting , was a British writer and military historian and with some 350 books of fiction and non-fiction to his credit, under his own name and a variety of pseudonyms including Duncan Harding, John Kerrigan, Klaus Konrad and Leo Kessler....
(1926–2007), author
John Barry
John Barry (composer)

John Barry, Order of the British Empire is a renowned Golden Globe Award and five-time Academy Award-winning English film score composer. He is best known for composing 11 James Bond movies and was hugely influential on the 007 series' distinctive style....
(born 1933), composer
Judi Dench
Judi Dench

Dame Judith Olivia Dench, Order of the Companions of Honour, Order of the British Empire, Royal Society of Arts is an England actress. She has won nine BAFTAs, seven Laurence Olivier Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards's and a Tony Award....
(born 1934), actress
Frank Dobson
Frank Dobson

Frank Gordon Dobson is a British the Labour Party politician. He is currently the Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Holborn and St Pancras ....
(born 1940), politician
Martin Rees (born 1942), cosmologyst and astrophysicist
Mark Herman
Mark Herman

Mark Herman is an England film director and screenwriter notable for writing & directing the 2008 holocaust film The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ....
(born 1954), film director, screenwriter and lyricist
Steve McClaren
Steve McClaren

Stephen McClaren is an English football coach and former player. He is currently manager of Netherlands side FC Twente. He managed the Premier League side with whom he won the Football League Cup in 2004 and finished runners-up in the UEFA Cup in 2006....
(born 1961), footballer, manager
Mark Addy
Mark Addy

Mark Addy Johnson is a United Kingdom actor, best known for his appearances in the US sitcom Still Standing and the British film The Full Monty....
(born 1964), actor

Photo gallery

External links

Guides and maps

Extensive food guide for York featuring a wide range of restaurants,pubs & takeaways including full opening times, searchable menus, special offers and news
Comprehensive music and live events guide
Local independent website for events, business listings, clubs and societies, weddings, jobs and useful information.
Places of interest in York
Online since 2001 studies of York by independent York residents
Staal, Maria, Romans, Vikings, Churches and Chocolate: The History of York in a Nutshell (2007, FTK Publishing ISBN 978-0-955-73440-3 Paperback)

Early maps of York include the following

1673: early military survey
1727 (rev. 1748): map by John Cossins
John Cossins

John Cossins was an early map maker, renowned for the following:* plan of Leeds titled "A New and Exact Plan of the Town of Leedes"* map of York : "New and Exact Plan of the City of York" This displayed fashionable new houses around the margin of the map....
1736: F. Drake
1750: Pierre Chassereau

Local media

The local newspaper's site with news, sport, what's on and tourism information.
England's oldest student TV station
, Independent TV station

Academic

History

Audio Drama Documentary about the forgotten battle of 1066 fought in York

Photos and images

Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.
Panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.