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York


 
 
History Toponymy The name 'York' ultimately derives from the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first known recorded mention of York by this name is dated circa 95-104 AD and is an address on a wooden stylusStylus

-A stylus is a writing utensil.Also used for computers....
 tablet from the Roman fortress of VindolandaVindolanda

Vindolanda...
 in NorthumbriaNorthumbria

Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th...
.

The toponymyToponymy

Toponymy is the taxonomic study of toponyms, their origins and their meanings....
 of Eboracum is uncertain as the language of the indigenous populationIndigenous peoples

The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition....
 of the area was never recorded. Based on the generally accepted view of British history , the inhabitants of Britain probably spoke a celtic language, related to modern Welsh. The most widely accepted theory is therefore that Eboracum is derived from the Proto-BrythonicBrythonic languages

The Brythonic languages form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family....
 word Eborakon meaning either 'place of the yewTaxus baccata

Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest...
 trees' (cf.






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Timeline

211   The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire.

866   A "great Viking army" captures York.

1190   Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Clifford's Tower

1405   Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, meets Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home and then imprisons them

1405   Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, executed in York on Henry IV's orders

1536   The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske






Encyclopedia


History

Toponymy

The name 'York' ultimately derives from the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first known recorded mention of York by this name is dated circa 95-104 AD and is an address on a wooden stylusStylus

-A stylus is a writing utensil.Also used for computers....
 tablet from the Roman fortress of VindolandaVindolanda

Vindolanda...
 in NorthumbriaNorthumbria

Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th...
.

The toponymyToponymy

Toponymy is the taxonomic study of toponyms, their origins and their meanings....
 of Eboracum is uncertain as the language of the indigenous populationIndigenous peoples

The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition....
 of the area was never recorded. Based on the generally accepted view of British history , the inhabitants of Britain probably spoke a celtic language, related to modern Welsh. The most widely accepted theory is therefore that Eboracum is derived from the Proto-BrythonicBrythonic languages

The Brythonic languages form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family....
 word Eborakon meaning either 'place of the yewTaxus baccata

Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest...
 trees' (cf. yew = efrog in Welsh, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and iorc in Scottish Gaelic) or perhaps 'field of Eboras'. The name is then thought to have been LatinLatin Overview

Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome....
ised by replacing -akon with -acum, in common with many other place names in Roman Britain (e.g. Verlamion.

The name 'Eboracum' became 'Eoforwic' to the Anglo-saxon rulers of the 7th century. This was probably by conflation of 'ebor' with a Germanic root *eburaz (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for boar had become 'eofor', and Eboracum 'Eoforwic'. The 'wic' simply signified 'place'. When conquered by a Danish army in 866, the name Eoforwic would have been incomprehensible to the invaders, and soon became rendered as 'JórvíkJórvík

Jrvk was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there. ...
'. It has been suggested that this translates as 'horse-bay'; however, regardless of the exact meaning, it is probable it simply represented 'Eoforwic' in sounds familiar to the Danes.

Jorvik was reduced to York in the centuries after the Norman Conquest, moving from the Middle EnglishMiddle English

Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the N...
 Yerk to Yourke in the 14th century through to Yourke in the 16th and then Yarke in the 17th century. The form York is first found in the 13th century.

An alternative theory is that the language of the indigenous population was germanic in the first place, and so Eboracum is directly derived from *eburaz. An older and no longer current theory held that, since York was built by the IX Legio Hispania, Eboracum might be named for the Roman city Ebora (in the Iberian peninsula).

Early history

There is archaeological evidence that MesolithicMesolithic

| style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;" | This time period is part of theHolocene epoch....
 people settled in the region where York now is from 8000/7000 BC, although it is not known if these were permanent or temporary settlements. By the time of the Roman conquest of BritainRoman conquest of Britain

By AD43, the time of the main Roman invasion of Britain, Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and...
, the area was occupied by tribes known to the Romans as the BrigantesBrigantes

The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe who lived between the rivers Tyne and Humber....
. The Brigantes initially became a Roman client state but later became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the HumberHumber

The Humber is a large tidal estuary forming part of the boundary between northern and southern England....
.

The city itself was founded in AD 71, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a military fortress on flat ground above the River OuseRiver Ouse, Yorkshire

The River Ouse in North Yorkshire, England is formed by the confluence of the River Swale and the River Ure to the east of B...
 near its junction with the River FossRiver Foss

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse....
. The fortess was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of 50 acreAcre

An acre is the name of a unit of area in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, and United States customar...
s, and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. Much of the Roman fortress now lies under the foundations of York MinsterYork Minster

York Minster is an imposing Anglican Gothic cathedral in York, Northern England....
, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.

The Emperors HadrianHadrian

Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus , known as Hadrian in English, was Roman emperor from 117–138, and a member of...
, Septimius SeverusSeptimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus was a Roman general, and Roman Emperor from April 9 193 to 211....
 and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia InferiorFacts About Britannia Inferior

Britannia Inferior was one of the regions of Roman Britain created in the early third century AD by the Roman Emperor Septim...
, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a coloniaColonia (Roman)

A Roman colonia was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it....
 or city. Constantius I died during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the GreatConstantine I

Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinusantine is best remembered in modern times for the Edict of Milan in 313, which f...
 was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.

In the 7th century York became the chief city of the AngleAngles

The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestor of Angeln,...
 King EdwinEdwin of Northumbria Summary

Saint Edwin was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would later become known as Northumbria - from about 616 until his de...
 of NorthumbriaNorthumbria

Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th...
. The first Minster church was built at this time, for the baptism of Edwin in 627. Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, but he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor OswaldOswald of Northumbria

Oswald was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death, and was subsequently venerated as a Christian saint....
.

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of civil war when the VikingViking Overview

The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne explorers, traders, and warriors of the Norsemen who originated in Scandinav...
s raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jorvik, Eric BloodaxeEric Bloodaxe

Eric Bloodaxe , , was the second king of Norway and the eldest son of his father Harald Fairhair....
, was driven from the city in the year 954 by King EdredEdred of England Overview

King Edred or Eadred was King of England from 946 until his death....
, completing the unification of England.

Post conquest

In 1069, York was ravaged by William the ConquerorWilliam I of England

William of Normandy ruled as the Duke of Normandy from 1035 to 1087 and as King of England from 1066 to 1087....
 as part of the harrying of the NorthHarrying of the North

The Harrying of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, king of England, in the winter of ...
. The old ancient Minster was badly damaged by fire at this time, and the Normans took the decision to build a new Minster on a fresh site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop ThomasThomas I of York

Thomas, archbishop of York, was a native of Bayeux, and is usually called Thomas of Bayeux....
 started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster. York started to prosper again, becoming a profitable port and centre of trade, particularly in wool. King Henry IHenry I of England

King Henry I of England , called Henry Beauclerc was the fourth son of William I of England commonly known in both E...
 granted the city's first charterCharter

A charter is a document bestowing certain rights on a town, city, university, land or institution; sometimes used as a loan ...
, confirming trading rights in England and Europe.

In 1190, York was the site of an infamous pogromPogrom

Pogrom is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by d...
 of its JewJew

Jews are followers of Judaism or, more generally, members of the Jewish people , an ethno-religious group descended from th...
ish inhabitants. The Jews sought sanctuary in Clifford's Tower, one of the city's fortifications. The mob besieged the trapped Jews for some days while preparations were made to storm the castle. Eventually a fire was started, whether by the Jews or their persecutors is uncertain, and 150 Jews lost their lives.

The city underwent a period of decline during TudorTudor period Summary

The Tudor period usually refers to the historical period between 1485 and 1558, especially in relation to the history of Eng...
 times. Under Henry VIIIHenry VIII of England

Henry VIII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 22 April 1509 until his death....
, the dissolution of the monasteriesDissolution of the Monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries, referred to by Roman Catholic writers as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was t...
 saw the end of the monastic housesMonastery

Monastery, a term derived from the Greek word ??ast????? monasterion, denotes the habitation-and-workplace of a communit...
 of York, most Northerners were Catholics and were upset with this, leading to the Pilgrimage of GracePilgrimage of Grace

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising by Roman Catholics in Northern England in 1536, in protest against England's br...
 in York. Henry VIII eventually reinstated the Council of the NorthCouncil of the North

The Council of the North was an administrative body set up by King Richard III of England in 1484 to improve government cont...
 in York, and this increased in importance under Elizabeth IElizabeth I of England Summary

Elizabeth I was Queen of England, Queen of France , and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death....
, leading to a revival in the city's influence.

In 1644, during the Civil WarFacts About English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians a...
, the Parliamentarians besieged YorkSiege of York

The Siege of York in 1644 was a prolonged contest for York during the English Civil War, between the Scottish Covenanter Arm...
, but with the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some six miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and devastatingly defeating it at the Battle of Marston MoorBattle of Marston Moor Overview

The Battle of Marston Moor, which took place on July 2, 1644, was the largest battle of the English Civil War, and one of th...
. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, but the city could not hold out for long, and on July 15 the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.

Following the restoration of the monarchyEnglish Restoration

The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of England beginning in 1660 when the Engl...
 in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was gradually dominated by the local aristocracy and gentry. Competition from the nearby cities of LeedsLeeds

Leeds is a major city in the northern English county of Yorkshire and the urban core of the City of Leeds metropolitan borou...
 and HullKingston upon Hull

Kingston upon Hull, more usually referred to simply as Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yor...
 resulted in York losing its preeminent position as a trading centre, but the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant townhouseTownhouse

Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in some other countries, a townhouse was a residence of a peer or member of ...
s date from this period, as do the Assembly RoomsYork Assembly Rooms

The York Assembly Rooms is an 18th century building in York, England, originally used as a place for high class social gathe...
, the Theatre Royal, and the RacecourseYork Racecourse

York Racecourse is a horse racing track in the southwest of the City of York with a spectator capacity of 56,000....
.

Modern history

George HudsonGeorge Hudson

George Hudson, English railway financier, known as the "Railway King," was born in Howsham, in the parish of Scrayingham in ...
 was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace, by this time York was a major railway centre. By the turn of the century the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern RailwayNorth Eastern Railway (UK)

The North Eastern Railway, unlike many other of the pre-Grouping companies, had a relatively compact territory, having the d...
, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa WorksRowntree's

Rowntree's is now a brand of Nestl SA and is used to market a range of fruit gums and pastilles formerly owned by Rowntree M...
 and Terry's Confectionery WorksTerry's

Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England....
, who were major employers in the city.

With the emergence of tourismTourism

Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of service...
 as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major asset, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation areaConservation area

A conservation area is a tract of land that has been awarded protected status in order to ensure that natural features or bi...
. The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway MuseumNational Railway Museum

The National Railway Museum in York forms part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry....
 in York in 1975. The opening of the University of YorkUniversity of York Summary

The University of York is a campus university in York, England....
 in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city. The fast and frequent railway service, which brings York within two hours journey time of London, has resulted in a number of companies opening offices in the city.

Governance

Local government

York is the traditional county townCounty town

A county town is the 'capital' of a county in Ireland or the United Kingdom....
 of YorkshireYorkshire

Yorkshire is the largest historic county of England and Great Britain, covering just under 6,000 sq....
, to which it lends its name. Because of this, it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire.

York is an ancient boroughBorough

A borough is an administrative division used in various countries....
, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835Facts About Municipal Corporations Act 1835

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act - required members of town councils ...
 to form a municipal boroughMunicipal borough

Municipal boroughs were a type of local authority which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974....
. It gained the status of a county boroughCounty borough

County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to refer to a borough or a c...
 in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888Local Government Act 1888

The Local Government Act 1888 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1888 and established county councils and...
, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972Local Government Act 1972

The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and W...
, it became a non-metropolitan districtNon-metropolitan district

Non-metropolitan districts are a type of local government district in England....
 in the county of North YorkshireNorth Yorkshire

North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county within the Government Office Region of Yorkshire and the Humber in northern Eng...
.

In the 1990s UK local government reform1990s UK local government reform

The structure of local government in the United Kingdom underwent large changes in the 1990s....
, York became one of the many boroughs to regain unitary status, but was the only one to see a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of SelbySelby (district)

!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|Selby District...
 and HarrogateHarrogate (borough)

Harrogate is a local government district and borough of North Yorkshire, England....
 districts, and about half the population of RyedaleRyedale

!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|Ryedale District...
 district. Unsurprisingly, this caused tension with its neighbours. Ironically, the new boundary had not been promoted by the council, which had proposed the area contained within the A64A64 road

The A64 is a trunk road in England, much of which is dual carriageway, which carries much of the commuter traffic between Le...
/A1237 ring roadBeltway Summary

A beltway , ring road or orbital motorway is a circumferential highway found around or within many cities....
. The current boundary was imposed after central Government had rejected the council's proposal.

The City of York Council has 47 councillors. As a result of the 2007 local electionsUnited Kingdom local elections, 2007

The 2007 Local government elections will be held on 3 May, 2007....
 (and a By-electionBy-election

A by-election or bye-election is a special election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between gen...
 in September 2007), no party has an absolute majorityAbsolute majority

Absolute majority in American parlance is a supermajoritarian voting requirement which is stricter than a simple majority....
, resulting in no overall controlNo overall control

Within the context of local councils of the United Kingdom the term No Overall Control refers to a situation in which no si...
. The Liberal DemocratsLiberal Democrats Overview

The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom....
 have 20 councillors and in May 2007 they formed a minority administration, and an executive of 9 councillors, to lead the Council for the next 12 months. The Labour PartyLabour Party (UK)

The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the main left-wing political party in the United Ki...
 formed the Opposition with 18 councillors. The Conservative PartyConservative Party (UK)

The Conservative Party is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of...
 has 7 councillors and the GreensGreen Party of England and Wales

The Green Party of England and Wales is the principal Green political party in England and Wales....
 have 2.

In 2007, Councillor Irene Waudby was appointed York’s Lord Mayor and Councillor Keith Hyman York’s SheriffSheriff

Sheriff is both a political and a legal office held under English common law, Scots law or U.S....
 with both appointments lasting a year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairingChair (official) Summary

A chair or "seat" is a seat of office, authority, or dignity, such as a professorship at a college or university....
 full meetings of the council.

National government

Most of York is covered by the City of YorkCity of York (UK Parliament constituency)

The City of York is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 constituencyConstituency

A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty....
 of the Parliament of the United KingdomParliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kin...
, though the outer parts of the city and local authority area presently fall within the SelbySelby (UK Parliament constituency)

Selby is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
, Vale of YorkVale of York (UK Parliament constituency)

Vale of York is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 and RyedaleRyedale (UK Parliament constituency)

Ryedale is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 constituencies.

The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the HumberYorkshire and the Humber (European Parliament constituency)

Yorkshire and the Humber is a constituency of the European Parliament....
 constituency of the European ParliamentEuropean Parliament

The European Parliament is the parliamentary body of the European Union , directly elected by EU citizens once every five y...
.

Law courts

The city has its own Magistrates' CourtMagistrates' Court Summary

For Magistrates' Courts of Australian States and Territories, see the Magistrates' Court of each respective state or territory e...
, and more unusually also a Crown CourtCrown Court

For the TV programme see Crown Court....
 and County CourtCounty Court

England and WalesThe County Court is the workhorse of the civil justice system in England and Wales....
. It is served by the North Yorkshire PoliceNorth Yorkshire Police

North Yorkshire Police is the Home Office police force covering the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire and the unita...
 Force.

Twin cities

York is twinned with:
DijonDijon

Dijon is a city in eastern France, the prfecture of the Cte-d'Or dpartement and of the Bourgogne rgion....
, FranceFrance Summary

France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in Western Europe and whi...

Fanteakwa, GhanaGhana

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa....

MünsterMünster

Mnster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany....
, GermanyGermany Summary

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in central Europe....

Geography


Location

York lies within the Vale of YorkVale of York

The Vale of York is the area surrounding the city of York, in the north of England....
, a flat area of arable land bordered by the PenninesPennines

The Pennines are a mountain range in England....
, the North York MoorsNorth York Moors

North York Moors National Park is a National Park in northern England....
 and the Yorkshire WoldsYorkshire Wolds

The Yorkshire Wolds are an area of low hills and valleys in the East Riding of Yorkshire in North-Eastern England....
, at the confluenceConfluence

Confluence may refer to:* Confluence, the point where two or more bodies of water meet and merge...
 of the Rivers OuseRiver Ouse, Yorkshire

The River Ouse in North Yorkshire, England is formed by the confluence of the River Swale and the River Ure to the east of B...
 and FossRiver Foss

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse....
 on a terminal moraineMoraine

Moraine is rock debris, fallen or plucked from a mountain and transported by glaciers or ice sheets....
 left by the last Ice AgeIce age

An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the contine...
.

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and FossRiver Foss

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse....
 was very marshy, making it easier to defend. The city is prone to floodFlood

A flood is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land, a deluge....
ing from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River FossRiver Foss

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse....
 where it joins the Ouse. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded. Much land in and around the city has always been too flood-prone for development.

City districts and surrounding villages

  • Acaster MalbisAcaster Malbis

    Acaster Malbis is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of the city of York, England....
    , AcombAcomb, Yorkshire

    Acomb is the largest suburb in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, to the western side of York, s...
    , Askham BryanAskham Bryan

    Askham Bryan is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, 6 miles south w...
    , Askham RichardAskham Richard

    Askham Richard is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south west of...
  • BishopthorpeBishopthorpe

    Bishopthorpe is a small town and civil parish south of York in the City of York unitary authority and |ceremonial county of ...
    , BoothamBootham

    Bootham is a district located near the centre of the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
  • CawoodCawood

    Cawood is a large village in North Yorkshire....
    , CliftonClifton, City of York

    Clifton is a suburb of the unitary authority of the City of York, in the north of England....
    , CopmanthorpeCopmanthorpe

    Copmanthorpe is a large village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south wes...
    , Crockey Hill
  • DeightonDeighton, York

    Deighton is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
  • DerwenthorpeDerwenthorpe

    Derwenthorpe is a controversial housing development planned to be built in the edge of York, England....
     (new village, planning permission granted)
  • DringhousesFacts About Dringhouses

    Dringhouses is a suburb, formerly a village, in York, England....
  • DunningtonFacts About Dunnington

    Dunnington is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, approximately 6 km east of the city of York, with a pleasa...
  • EarswickEarswick

    Earswick is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
    , ElvingtonElvington, City of York

    Elvington is a village southwest of City of York, east of Bishopthorpe and on the banks of the River Derwent, Yorkshire....
  • EscrickEscrick

    Escrick is a small village in North Yorkshire, situated 6 miles south of York city centre and 8 miles north of Selby city ce...
  • FishergateFishergate

    Fishergate is one of the centre wards of York, England....
    , FulfordFulford Overview

    Fulford is a historic village and civil parish on the outskirts of York, England....
  • The GrovesThe Groves

    The Groves is an area of York, England, covering the area between Huntington Road and Haxby Road....
  • HaxbyHaxby

    Haxby is a town in the unitary authority of City of York, on the River Foss, to the north of York and south of Strensall, in...
    , HeslingtonFacts About Heslington

    Heslington is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south east of the centre of York....
    , HessayHessay

    Hessay is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England about five miles west of York....
    , HeworthHeworth, York

    Heworth is part of York, England, about one mile east of the centre....
    , Holgate, HoltbyHoltby

    Holtby is a small village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
    , HuntingtonHuntington, City of York

    Huntington is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, on the River Foss...
  • KexbyKexby, North Yorkshire

    Kexby is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
    , Knapton
  • LayerthorpeLayerthorpe

    Layerthorpe is a former village and latterly industrial district to the north-east of the centre of the City of York, North ...
  • MiddlethorpeMiddlethorpe, Yorkshire

    Middlethorpe is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England....
    , Moor End, MurtonMurton, York Overview

    Murton is a small village and a civil parish located on the outskirts of York....
  • NaburnNaburn

    Naburn is a small village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
    , Nether PoppletonNether Poppleton

    Nether Poppleton is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, on the River Ouse, west of Y...
    , New EarswickNew Earswick Summary

    New Earswick is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, near the River ...
  • OsbaldwickOsbaldwick

    Osbaldwick is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, east of York....
  • RawcliffeRawcliffe, York

    Rawcliffe is a village and civil parish in the city of York district of North Yorkshire, England....
    , RufforthRufforth Summary

    Rufforth is a village and civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England....
  • SkeltonSkelton, York

    Skelton is a village in the unitary authority of the City of York, England....
    , South BankSouth Bank, York

    South Bank is an area to the south of the River Ouse in York....
    , Stockton-on-the-ForestStockton-on-the-Forest

    Stockton-on-the-Forest is a village in the unitary authority of York....
    , StrensallStrensall

    Strensall is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, on the River Foss ...
    , Stamford BridgeStamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire

    Stamford Bridge is a large village on the River Derwent in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, approximately 9 miles to t...
  • Tang HallFacts About Tang Hall

    Tang Hall is an area of the city of York in the United Kingdom....
    , Towthorpe
  • Upper PoppletonUpper Poppleton

    Upper Poppleton is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, by the River Ouse south of Ne...
  • West Huntington, WheldrakeWheldrake

    Wheldrake is a village in the city of York, North Yorkshire, England....
    , WiggintonWigginton, North Yorkshire

    Wigginton is a village and civil parish six miles north of York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom....
    , WoodthorpeWoodthorpe, North Yorkshire

    Woodthorpe is an affluent suburb of south west of the city of York, North Yorkshire England....



The ings are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the straysStrays of York

The Strays of York is a collective name for four areas of open land, comprising in all over 800 acres, within the City of Yo...
are scattered around the city in marshy, low-lying places.

Climate

York has a temperateTemperate Overview

In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles....
 climate with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of YorkVale of York

The Vale of York is the area surrounding the city of York, in the north of England....
 the City's climate is dryer and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region. As part of the Vale York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during springSPRING

SPRING is GIS and remote sensing image processing system with an object-oriented data model which provides for the integrati...
 and early summerSummer

Summer is a season that is astronomically defined as beginning around June 21, and ending around September 23 in the North...
. In summer the average maximum temperate is 32°C (90°F) but nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15°C (60°F). The average daytime temperature in winter is 5°C (42°F) and -6°C (20°F) at night. Snow does fall in winter from December and can fall as late as March. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more then 0.25mmMM

MM or Mm or mm can mean or be an abbreviation for:...
 (0.01 inches). From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours a day.




Demography

At the time of the 2001 UK censusUnited Kingdom Census 2001

* Demographics of England from the 2001 United Kingdom census...
 the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% White, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average.

Economy

York's economy is based on the service industry with 87.1% of employment in the city in 2006 being in this area. The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, IT and tourismTourism

Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of service...
 that accounts for 10.9% of employment. UnemploymentUnemployment

In economics, a person willing to work at a prevailing wage rate yet is unable to find a paying job is considered to be unemplo...
 in York is low at 1.9% in 2007 compared to the United KingdomUnited Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country and sovereign state that lies off the northwest coast...
 national average of 3%. The three biggest employers in York are the City of York Council with over 6,500 employees, Norwich Union LifeNorwich Union

Norwich Union is an insurance company in the UK....
 and both with between 3000 and 5000 employees. Other major employers include Card Protection Plan, NestléNestlé

Nestl S.A. or Socit des Produits Nestl S.A., headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, is the world's biggest food and beve...
, Shepherd Building Group and British Telecom as well are a number of different railway companies.

This is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies. Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people but closed in the mid 1990s. York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York(formerly Nestlé Rowntrees)', and home to the KitKat, SmartiesSmarties (Nestlé)

Nestl Smarties are a colourful sugar-coated chocolate confectionery popular in Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, ...
(though not for much longer) and eponymous Yorkie barYorkie (chocolate bar)

Yorkie is a milk chocolate bar made by Nestl.It was originally branded by Rowntree's of York....
 chocolate brands. Terry'sTerry's

Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England....
 chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate OrangeTerry's Chocolate Orange Summary

Terry's Chocolate Orange is a popular chocolate product manufactured by Kraft Foods, originally sold only in the United King...
, was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft FoodsKraft Foods

Kraft Foods Inc. is the largest food and beverage company headquartered in North America and the second largest in the world...
, to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

It was announced on the 20 September, 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York. This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Norwich UnionNorwich Union

Norwich Union is an insurance company in the UK....
, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory. Despite this, the employment situation in York remains fairly buoyant, with at least one major employer (NU) still employing more people in the city than it did five years ago.. Since the closure the site has been developed into the headquarters for and two housing schemes, one of which was a Self-buildSelf-build

"Self-build" is the practice of creating an individual home for yourself through a variety of different methods....
 project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of scienceScience

Science in the broadest sense refers to any system of knowledge attained by verifiable means....
, technologyTechnology

Despite its cultural pervasiveness, technology is an elusive concept....
 and the creative industriesCreative industries Summary

The terms Creative Industries or Creative Economy refer to a set of interlocking sectors, and are a growing part of th...
 with the creation of a science parkScience park Summary

A science park is a property development designed for a concentration of high tech or science related businesses....
 near University of YorkUniversity of York

The University of York is a campus university in York, England....
 and the city becoming a founding National Science City. Between 1998 and 2008 York has gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.

Regional gross value figures added for York, at current basic prices in pounds sterling, are:

The ShamblesThe Shambles (York)

The Shambles is an old street in York, England, with overhanging timber-built shops, now occupied by souvenir shops as oppos...
 is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea roomTea room

For tea rooms used in Japanese tea ceremony, see Japanese tea house...
s. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret ClitherowMargaret Clitherow

Saint Margaret Clitherow is a martyr of the Roman Catholic Church....
, although it is not located in the house where she lived.

Another feature of central York is the SnickelwaysSnickelways of York

The Snickelways of York are a collection of small streets and footpaths in the city of York, England....
, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former main market-place. The city has many museums, including the Castle MuseumYork Castle Museum

York Castle Museum is a museum located in York, North Yorkshire, England, on the site of York Castle, originally built by Wi...
, Yorkshire Museum & Gardens, JORVIK Viking CentreJorvik Viking Centre

The JORVIK Viking Centre is a museum and visitor attraction in York, England....
, the York Art GalleryYork Art Gallery

York Art Gallery in York, North Yorkshire, England is a public art gallery with a collection of paintings, from 14th century...
, Richard III MuseumRichard III Museum

The Richard III Museum is located in the tallest of the four gatehouses, Monk Bar, in the historical city walls of York, Eng...
 and the Merchant Adventurers' HallMerchant Adventurers' Hall

The Merchant Adventurers' Hall is a medieval guild–hall in the city of York, England....
. The National Railway MuseumNational Railway Museum

The National Railway Museum in York forms part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry....
 is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying ScotsmanLNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

The LNER Class A3 Pacific locomotive number 4472 "Flying Scotsman" was built in 1923 for the London and North Eastern Railwa...
, which is being overhauled in the Museum.

York is also noted for its wealth of churches and pubs. Many of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. It is said that York contains one church for every week of the year and one pub for every day of the year, and that there is no point within the city walls where one can stand and not be able to see at least one pub and at least one church, but these claims are exaggerated.

Culture

Theatre


York has a number of theatres, the Theatre RoyalFacts About York Theatre Royal

The York Theatre Royal is a theatre in St....
, the Grand Opera HouseGrand Opera House (York)

The Grand Opera House [York]was not originally built as a theatre....
 and Joseph Rowntree Theatre. It also has many amateur companies, and is home to the Riding Lights Theatre CompanyRiding Lights Theatre Company

Riding Lights is a British independent theatre company who have been touring shows nationally and internationally since 1977...
.

Music

York has a fine musical heritage and modern day York has a rich tapestry live music performances all year round. Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the Academy of St Olave'sAcademy of St Olave's

The Academy of St Olaves is an English chamber orchestra based in York, England....
, a chamber orchestra who give concerts in the beautiful setting of St Olave's Church, MarygateSt Olave's Church, York

St Olave's is an Anglican church in York, England....
.

A former church, St Margaret's, WalmgateMedieval churches of York Summary

York had around forty-five parish churches in 1300....
, is now the National Centre for Early MusicNational Centre for Early Music

The National Centre for Early Music is an educational resource located in York, England....
, host to concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music FestivalYork Early Music Festival

The York Early Music Festival is an English arts festival devoted mainly to classical music from the 18th century and earlie...
.

Media

The York area is served by a local newspaper, The PressThe Press (York)

The Press is the local daily paper for for a substantial area of North and East Yorkshire, based on the city of York....
(known as the Evening Press until April 2006) and two local radio stations Minster FMMinster FM

Minster FM is an Independent Local Radio station based in Dunnington near York, Yorkshire, United Kingdom....
 and BBC Radio YorkBBC Radio York

BBC Radio York is the BBC Local Radio service for the English county of North Yorkshire....
. It is also served by York@54, a local free-to-air television station.

The University of YorkUniversity of York

The University of York is a campus university in York, England....
 has its own television broadcasting channel York Student TelevisionYork Student Television Summary

York Student Television is the University of York's student television station....
 (YSTV) and two campus newspapers nouseNouse

Nouse is a student newspaper at the University of York, the primary competitor to and rival of Vision....
and VisionVision (York)

Vision is one of two student newspapers at the University of York....
, with Vision currently holding the title of Guardian Student Newspaper of the Year - a position that either one of the two newspapers have held for 4 out of the last 6 years. Its radio station URYUniversity Radio York

University Radio York is a student radio station covering the campus of the University of York, UK....
 is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1BBC Radio 1

BBC Radio 1 is a British radio station operated by the BBC, specialising in popular music aimed at the 16-24 age bracket....
 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.

Sports

The city's footballFootball (soccer) Summary

Football is a team sport played between two teams, of 11 players each, and is widely considered to be the most popular spor...
 team is York CityYork City F.C.

York City Football Club are an English football club founded in 1922 and are based in York....
, currently playing in the Football ConferenceConference National

Conference National is the top division of the Football Conference....
. York have played as high as the old Second DivisionFootball League Second Division

From 1892 until 1992, the Football League Second Division was the second highest division overall in English football....
 but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA CupFA Cup

The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is the main knockout cup competition in English ...
 semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester UnitedFacts About Manchester United F.C.

Manchester United Football Club is a world famous English football club....
 3-0 during the 1995 League CupLeague Cup

In football a League Cup generally signifies a cup competition for which entry is restricted only to teams in the top natio...
. Their matches are played at KitKat Crescent (formerly Bootham Crescent).

York also has a strong rugby leagueRugby league Summary

Rugby league is a team sport, played by two teams of 17 players, with 13 on the field at any one time and 4 'on the bench' ....
 history. York F.C., later known as York Wasps were one of the oldest Rugby teams in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington StadiumHuntington Stadium

The Huntington Stadium is the stadium of English rugby league team York City Knights....
, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002. The supporters formed a new club, York City KnightsYork City Knights

York City Knights are a British rugby league team hailing from York....
, who now play at the same stadium in National League Two. An open rowing club York City Rowing ClubYork city rowing club

Sorry, no overview for this topic
 is located underneath Lendal Bridge.

York RacecourseYork Racecourse

York Racecourse is a horse racing track in the southwest of the City of York with a spectator capacity of 56,000....
 was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the KnavesmireKnavesmire

Knavesmire is one of a number of large, marshy undeveloped areas within the city of York, England which are collectively kno...
 and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005. In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor FestivalEbor Festival

The Ebor Festival is a three day race meeting held at York Racecourse in Great Britain during the month of August....
 that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco GabbiadiniMarco Gabbiadini

Marco Gabbiadini is a former English-Italian football player whose career lasted 18 years from 1985 to 2003....
 and former EnglandEngland national football team

Name = England| Badge = England 030206b.GIF...
 manager Steve McClarenSteve McClaren

Steven Barry McClaren is currently the manager of the England national football team, having succeeded Sven-Goran Eriksson o...
, who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe SchoolMillthorpe School

Millthorpe School is a coeducational secondary school in York....
).

Motorbike speedway took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.

York International 9sYork International 9s

York International 9s is an international rugby league nines tournament taking place in York, England....
 is a rugby league ninesRugby league nines

Rugby league nines is a version of rugby league played with 9 players on each side....
 tournament which takes place in York each year.

Religion

Religion in York 2001
UK Census 2001United Kingdom Census 2001

* Demographics of England from the 2001 United Kingdom census...
 
York YorkshireYorkshire

Yorkshire is the largest historic county of England and Great Britain, covering just under 6,000 sq....
England
Christian74.42%73.0771.74%
No religion16.57%14.09%14.59%
Muslim0.58%3.81%3.1%
Buddhist0.21%0.14%0.28%
Hindu0.19%0.32%1.11%
Jewish0.11%0.23%0.52%
Sikh0.05%0.38%0.67%
Other religions0.30%0.19%0.29%
Religion not stated7.57%7.77%7.69%


ChristianityChristianity Summary

Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New...
 is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census. These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for EnglandEngland

England is the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom....
.

There are 32 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of YorkArchbishop of York Summary

The Archbishop of York, Primate of England, is the metropolitan bishop of the Province of York, and is the junior of the two...
 and the Mother ChurchMother Church

In Christianity, the term mother church or motherchurch is used in three forms....
,