Hen Ogledd

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Hen Ogledd

Yr Hen Ogledd is a Welsh

Welsh language

Welsh ]], is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh Marches and in the Welsh settlement in Argentina in the Chubut Valley in Argentina Patagonia....
term meaning 'The Old North' and referring to the sub-Roman

Sub-Roman Britain

Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an archaeologists' label for the material culture of Great Britain in Late Antiquity. "Sub-Roman" was invented to describe the pottery sherds in sites of the 5th century and the 6th century, initially with an implication of decay of locally-made wares from a higher standard under the Roman Empire....
Brython

Brython

Historically, the Britons were the P-Celtic indigenous peoples inhabiting the island of Great Britain south of the river Forth. They were speakers of the Brythonic languages and shared common cultural traditions; the surviving P-Celtic languages are Welsh language, Cornish language and Breton....
ic kingdoms located in what is now northern England

Northern England

Northern England, the North, the North of England, or the North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line....
(including Cumbria

Cumbria

Cumbria is a non-metropolitan county in the North West England of England. Cumbria came into existence as a county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972....
) and southern Scotland

Scotland

conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
. Cumbric, a dialect of Brythonic closely related to Old Welsh, was the language of the Men of the North (Gwyr y Gogledd in Welsh).

These kingdoms flourished during the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries in the area south of the Pictish lands

Picts

The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman Empire times until the 10th century....
.

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Yr Hen Ogledd is a Welsh

Welsh language

Sub-Roman Britain

Brython

Northern England

Northern England, the North, the North of England, or the North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line....
(including Cumbria

Cumbria

Scotland

Picts

The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman Empire times until the 10th century....
. The people of these nations, and most often their kings, are referred to as the Gwyr y Gogledd or 'Men of the North'. A series of Old Welsh

Old Welsh language

Old Welsh is the label attached to the Welsh language from the time it developed from the Brythonic language, generally thought to be in the period between the middle of the 6th century and the middle of the 7th century, until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh language....
pedigrees under this title appears to show the descent of many of these monarchs. Almost all of them begin with a common ancestor, Coel Hen

Old King Cole

This is an article about the nursery rhyme. A legendary king of Celtic Roman Britain, about all that can be said about Old King Cole with any certainty is that:...
("Coel", from the Roman "Coelistius"), and John Morris

John Morris (historian)

John Robert Morris was an English historian who specialised in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain....
has suggested that this man was the last Roman

Roman Britain

Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia....
Dux Britanniarum

Dux Britanniarum

Dux Britanniarum was a military post in Roman Britain, probably created by Diocletian or Constantine I during the late third or early fourth century....
with military control over all of the north of Romanised Britain at the time of the Roman withdrawal

Roman departure from Britain

The Roman departure from Britain was completed by 410. The archaeological records of the final decades of Roman rule show undeniable signs of decay....
. After his death, his large and powerful 'realm' would thus have been divided, as was the custom, between his sons or, more probably, subordinate commanders, to be ruled by them and their successors.

The other source Morris gives for the northern dynasties is a group of Roman citizens installed, according to tradition by Magnus Maximus

Magnus Maximus

Magnus Clemens Maximus , also known as Maximianus, was a Hispanic Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire from 383 until his death, in 388, by order of Emperor Theodosius I....
(Maxen Wledig), as "praefecti gentium" over the "barbarian" tribes in the north between the Walls (Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall is a Rock and Sod fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the middle of three such fortifications built across Great Britain, the first being from the River Clyde to the River Forth under Agricola and the last the Ant...
and Antonine Wall

Antonine Wall

The Antonine Wall also known as the Severan Wall, is a rock and sod fortification, built by the Roman Empire across what is now the central belt of Scotland and is also known as the Clyde-Forth frontier line....
): Quintilius son of Clemens at Alt Clut

Dumbarton

Dumbarton is a burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven, Dunbartonshire flows into the Clyde estuary....
, Paternus ap Tacitus among the northern Votadini

Votadini

The Votadini were a people of the British Iron Age in Great Britain, and their territory was briefly part of the Roman province Roman Britain....
at Din Paladur (Traprain Law

Traprain Law

Traprain Law is a hill about 221m in elevation, located 6km east of Haddington in East Lothian, Scotland. It is the site of an oppidum or hill fort, which covered at its maximum extent about 16 ha and must have been a veritable town....
), Catellius Decianus among the southern Votadini at Din Gefron (Yeavering Bell

Yeavering Bell

The Yeavering Bell is a twin-peaked hill near the River Glen, Northumberland in Northumberland, England. The hill, 361 metres above sea level, is encircled by the wall of a late-prehistoric Hill fort, a tribal centre of the Votadini....
), Maximus’ son Antonius Donatus Gregorius (son of Magnus Maximus) among the Novantae

Novantae and Selgovae

The Novantae and Selgovae were peoples of the early second century who lived in what is now Galloway, in southwestern-most Scotland. They are mentioned briefly in Ptolemy's Geographia , and there is no other historical record of them....
at first, but later in Demetia

Kingdom of Dyfed

The Kingdom of Dyfed was a sub-Roman Britain and Early Middle Ages kingdom in South Wales.Dyfed, or in its Latin form Demetia, was one of the ancient kingdoms of Wales prior to the Norman invasion of Wales....
in Wales

Wales

native_name = Cymru|conventional_long_name = Wales|common_name = Wales|image_flag = Flag of Wales 2.svg|national_motto = ...
. Cunedda

Cunedda

Cunedda ap Edern , also known as Cunedda Wledig , was an important early Wales leader, and the progenitor of the royal dynasty of Kingdom of Gwynedd....
, grandson of Paternus, later migrated to North Wales, where he became the patriarch of the dynasty that ultimately came to rule all of Wales. The descendants of Catellius Decianus migrated north to Traprain Law at that time, and when the dynasty of Quintilius son of Clemens died out, they again transferred their seat, to Alt Clut, where their dynasty intermarried with those of the Picts

Picts

The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman Empire times until the 10th century....
of Fortriu

Fortriu

Fortriu or the Kingdom of Fortriu is the name given by historians for an ancient Picts kingdom, and often used synonymously with Pictland in general....
and various branches of the Dal Riata

Dál Riata

D?l Riata was a Gaels overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern coasts of Ireland. In the late 6th and early 7th century it encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and also County Antrim in Northern Ireland....
.

The names of some of these kingdoms and possible sub-kingdoms have been lost to history, but the ones that are known to us, sometimes thanks to a single reference in an early Welsh text, are:

Aeron (Strath Eireann?)
Manaw (or Manaw Gododdin
Gododdin

The Gododdin were a Britons people of north-eastern Roman Britain in the sub-Roman Britain period, the area known as the Hen Ogledd or Old North....
)
Din Eidyn (Edinburgh
Edinburgh

Edinburgh ; is the Capital city of Scotland, a position it has held since 1437. It is the seventh largest city in the United Kingdom and the second largest Scottish City status in the United Kingdom after Glasgow....
)
Gododdin
Gododdin

The Gododdin were a Britons people of north-eastern Roman Britain in the sub-Roman Britain period, the area known as the Hen Ogledd or Old North....
Strathclyde
Kingdom of Strathclyde

Strathclyde , originally Brythonic language Ystrad Clud, was one of the kingdoms of the Brythons in the northern part of the island Great Britain throughout the Sub-Roman Britain period , and the Scotland in the Middle Ages....
(Alt Clut/Ystrad Clud)
Novant (Nouant)
Rheged
Rheged

Rheged [Welsh IPA: r??g?d] was a Brythonic kingdom of Sub-Roman Britain, whose inhabitants spoke Cumbric, a dialect of Brythonic closely related to Old Welsh....
Argoed (South Rheged)
Ebrauc
Ebrauc

Ebrauc is the suggested name for a Brythonic kingdom of sub-Roman Britain, based on the city of York. This city was called by the Brythonic name of Caer Ebrauc in Nennius?s Historia Britonum....
(Efrog/York) (exact name uncertain)
Bryneich
Bernicia

Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxons kingdom established by Angles settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland, and the North East England of England....
Deifr
Deira

Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. Itextended from the River Humber to the River Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York....
Dent (Dunoting)
Peak (or The Peak)
Elmet
Elmet

During the Early Middle Ages, between approximately the 5th century and early 7th century AD, Elmet was an independent Celtic kingdom covering a broad area of what later became the West Riding of Yorkshire....
(Elfed)
Arfderydd
Arthuret

Arthuret is a civil parish in the City of Carlisle district of Cumbria, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,434. The parish includes the village of Longtown, Cumbria and Easton, Cumbria....
Calchfynydd
Caer Gwenddoleu

These states were all extinguished or brought under other kingdoms following successive takeovers from the 6th Century onwards by the Angles

Angles

The Angles is a modern English language word for a Germanic languages people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany....
of Bernicia

Bernicia

Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxons kingdom established by Angles settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland, and the North East England of England....
and Deira (which merged to become a unified kingdom of Northumbria

Northumbria

Northumbria is primarily the name of both a medieval petty kingdom of the Angles people, in what is now north east England and southern Scotland, and of the earldom which succeeded it when a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom became England....
), and by the Kingdom of the Picts

Picts

The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman Empire times until the 10th century....
which also absorbed the Kingdom of Dal Riata

Dál Riata

D?l Riata was a Gaels overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern coasts of Ireland. In the late 6th and early 7th century it encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and also County Antrim in Northern Ireland....
, then united the two realms as the Kingdom of Alba

Kingdom of Alba

The Kingdom of Alba pertains to the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II of Scotland in 900, and of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 which then led indirectly to the Scottish Wars of Independence....
.

The earliest extant Welsh poetry

Welsh literature

Welsh literature may be used to refer to any literature originating from Wales or by List of Welsh writers:*See Literature of Wales for literature in the Welsh language...
, known as Hengerdd
Medieval Welsh literature

Mediaeval Welsh literature is the medieval literature written in the Welsh language during the Middle Ages. This includes material from the time of the tongue's formation between the 5th and 8th centuries to the works of the 16th century....
and represented by the works of Aneirin

Aneirin

Aneirin or Neirin was a late 6th century Brythonic poet. He is believed to have been a bard or 'court poet' in one of the Cumbric kingdoms of the Old North or Hen Ogledd, probably that of Gododdin at Edinburgh, in modern Scotland....
and Taliesin

Taliesin

Taliesin , , was a Brythonic languages poet of Sub-Roman Britain whose work has survived in a Middle Welsh manuscript, the Book of Taliesin....
, was composed in Yr Hen Ogledd.

Hen Ogledd

See also