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Marquess
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A marquess or marquis is a nobleman of hereditary rank in various European monarchies and some of their colonies. The term is also used to render equivalent oriental styles as in imperial China and Japan. In the British peerage it ranks below a duke and above an earl (see Marquesses in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth). In Europe it is usually equivalent where a cognate title exists. A woman with the rank of marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is a marchioness (in British usage), (pronounced ) or marquise (in Europe, pronounced ).
Various European monarchies created titles of various ranks, including marquess, in chief of "titles" (estates, or simply the names of places or regions) in their colonial territories overseas, e.g., in Spanish and South America, regardless whether the ennobled families resided there.
The following list may still be incomplete.
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Encyclopedia
A marquess or marquis is a nobleman of hereditary rank in various European monarchies and some of their colonies. The term is also used to render equivalent oriental styles as in imperial China and Japan. In the British peerage it ranks below a duke and above an earl (see Marquesses in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth). In Europe it is usually equivalent where a cognate title exists. A woman with the rank of marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is a marchioness (in British usage), (pronounced ) or marquise (in Europe, pronounced ).
Various European monarchies created titles of various ranks, including marquess, in chief of "titles" (estates, or simply the names of places or regions) in their colonial territories overseas, e.g., in Spanish and South America, regardless whether the ennobled families resided there.
Marquesal titles in other European languages
- The following list may still be incomplete. Female forms follow after a slash; many languages have two words, one for the "modern" marquess and one for the original margrave.
In Italy the equivalent modern rank (as opposed to margravio) is that of marchese, the wife of whom is a marchesa, a good example of how several languages adopted a new word derived from marquis for the modern style, thus distinguishing it from the old "military" margraves. Even where neither title was ever used domestically, such duplication to describe foreign titles can exist.
Germanic languages
- Danish Markis / Markise
- Dutch Markies / Markiezin
- Faroese Markgreivi / Markgreivakona
- German Markgraf, Marquis / Markgräfin, Marquise
- Icelandic Markgreifi / Markgreifynja
- Luxemburgish Marquis / Marquise
- Norwegian (only awarded to a few Danish families) Markis / Markise
- Swedish Markis, Markgreve / Markisinna, Markgrevinna
Romance languages
- Latin Marchio
- Catalan Marquès / Marquesa
- French Marquis, Margrave/Marquise
- Italian Margravio, Marchese / Marchesa
- Monegasque Marchise / Marchisa
- Portuguese Margrave, Marquês / Marquesa
- Rhaeto-Romanic Marchis / Marchesa
- Romanian Marchiz / Marchiza
- Spanish Marqués / Marquesa
Slavonic and Baltic languages
- Belarusian Markiz / Markiza
- BosnianMarkiz / Markiza
- Bulgarian Markiz / Markiza
- Croatian Markiz / Markiza
- Czech Markýz / Markýza
- Latvian Markizs / Markize
- Lithuanian Markizas / Markize
- Macedonian Markiz(??????) / Markiza(???????)
- Polish Margrabia, Markiz / Margrabina, Markiza
- Russian Markiz / Markiza
- Serbian Markiz / Markiza
- Slovak Markíz / Markíza
- Slovene Markiz / Markiza
- Ukrainian Markiz / Markiza
Other languages
- Albanian: Markiz / Markizë
- Estonian: Rajakrahv / Rajakrahvinna or simply Markii/Markiis
- Finnish: Rajakreivi / Rajakreivitär or simply Markiisi /Markiisitar
- Greek: ?a???s???, Markesios / ?a???s?a, Markesía
- Hungarian: Orgróf (Márki) / Orgrófno (Márkino) / Orgrófné (consort of an Orgróf)
- Maltese: Markiz / Markiza
- Turkish: Markiz
- GeorgianAznauri/Markizi
Equivalent non-Western titles
Like other major Western noble titles, marquess or marquis is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-Western languages with their own traditions, even though they are, as a rule, historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered "equivalent" in relative rank.
This is the case with:
- in ancient China, ? (hóu) was the second of five noble ranks created by King Wu of Zhou and is generally translated as marquess or marquis.
- in imperial China, ? (hóu) is generally, but not always, a middle-to-high ranking hereditary nobility title. Its exact rank varies greatly from dynasty to dynasty, and even within a dynasty. It is often created with different sub-ranks.
- in Meiji Japan, Koshaku, a hereditary peerage (Kazoku) rank, was introduced in 1884, granting a hereditary seat in the upper house of the imperial diet just as a British peerage did (until Tony Blair's House of Lords Act 1999), with the ranks usually rendered as baron, viscount, count, marquis and duke. The Japanese rendered these titles in Chinese (though there the titles devaluate when a new generation succeeds), though the Western titles were used in translation.
- in Korea, the seven main grades of nobility were similar to those in China, with ranks descending by one degree with each succeeding holder of the title. As in China, champan, rendered as marquis, was the third, only under gun (prince) and kung (duke) and above poguk (count), pansoh (viscount), chamise (baron) and chusa (no Western equivalent)
- in Vietnam's Annamite realm / empire, hau was a senior title of hereditary nobility, equivalent to marquis, for male members of the imperial clan, ranking under vuong (king), quoc-cong (grand duke), quan-cong (duke) and cong (prince, but here under duke, rather like a German Fürst), and above ba (count), tu (viscount), nam (baron) and vinh phong (no equivalent).
See also
Sources and references
- The Chronological Peerage of England, hereditarytitles.com as of March 2, 2003; ; omits Normanby, misspells Hartington as Martington, places Marquess of Lorn and Kintyre in the peerage of England (Scotland is more probable).
- : "Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of (1648-1721)" mentions the title Marquess of Normanby in the peerage of England.
- , see also Glossary, and via Home look up other nations
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