Die Fledermaus

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Die Fledermaus

Die Fledermaus (The Bat; in French: La chauve-souris) is an operetta

Operetta

Operetta is a genre of light opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter. It is also closely related, in English-language works, to forms of musical theatre....
composed by Johann Strauss II

Johann Strauss II

Johann Strauss II was an Austrian composer famous for having written over 500 waltzes, polkas, March , and galops. He was the son of the composer Johann Strauss I, and brother of composers Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss....
to a German

German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
libretto

Libretto

A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, Musical theater, and ballet....
by Carl Haffner and Richard Genée

Richard Genée

Franz Friedrich Richard Gen?e was an Austrian libretto, playwright, and composer.One of Gen?e's best known works was the libretto of Karl Mill?cker's operetta Der Bettelstudent, which he co-wrote with Friedrich Zell ....
.

original source for Die Fledermaus is a farce

Farce

A farce is a comedy written for the stage or film which aims to entertain the audience by means of unlikely, extravagant, and improbable situations, disguise and mistaken identity, verbal humour of varying degrees of sophistication, which may include sexual innuendo and word play, and a fast-paced Plot whose speed usually increases, culminat...
by German

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
playwright Julius Roderich Benedix (1811–1873), Das Gefängnis (The Prison). Another source is a French

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
vaudeville

Vaudeville

Vaudeville was a genre of a variety show prevalent on the theatre in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s. It developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrel show, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque....
play, Le réveillon, by Henri Meilhac

Henri Meilhac

Henri Meilhac , was a France dramatist and opera librettist....
and Ludovic Halévy

Ludovic Halévy

Ludovic Hal?vy was a France author and playwright. He was of Jewish ancestry, however his father had converted to Christianity prior to his birth....
.

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Encyclopedia

Die Fledermaus (The Bat; in French: La chauve-souris) is an operetta

Operetta

Johann Strauss II

German language

Libretto

Richard Genée

Literary sources

The original source for Die Fledermaus is a farce

Farce

Germany

France

Vaudeville

Henri Meilhac

Henri Meilhac , was a France dramatist and opera librettist....
and Ludovic Halévy

Ludovic Halévy

Ludovic Hal?vy was a France author and playwright. He was of Jewish ancestry, however his father had converted to Christianity prior to his birth....
. This was first translated by Carl Haffner into a non-musical play to be produced in Vienna. However, the peculiarly French custom of the réveillon
Réveillon

In France and some other French language places, including Quebec, Northern Ontario Ontario and parts of the United States, r?veillon is a long dinner and possibly party, held on the evenings preceding Christmas Day and New Year's Day....
(a midnight supper party) caused problems, which were solved by the decision to adapt the play as a libretto for Johann Strauss, with the réveillon replaced by a Viennese ball. At this point Haffner's translation was handed over for adaptation to Richard Genée, who subsequently claimed not only that he had made a fresh translation from scratch but that he had never even met Haffner.

Performance history

The operetta premièred on 5 April 1874

1874 in music

Events *Richard Wagner moves into the villa at Bayreuth.*Franz Xaver Haberl founds a school for church musicians at Regensburg....
at the Theater an der Wien

Theater an der Wien

The 'Theater an der Wien' is a theatre in Vienna....
in Vienna

Vienna

Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
, Austria

Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
and has been part of the regular operetta repertoire ever since. It was performed in New York

New York

The State of New York is a U.S. state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States and is the nation's List of U.S....
under Bial at the Stadt Theatre on 21 November 1874, and then in London

London

London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
under Jacobi at the Alhambra Theatre

Alhambra Theatre

The Alhambra was a popular theatre and music hall located on the east side of Leicester Square, in the West End theatre of London. It was established in 1854 and demolished in 1936....
on 18 December 1876.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, 5 April 1874 (Conductor: Johann Strauss II )
Baron von Eisenstein	tenor Tenor The tenor is a type of male voice type and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the C one octave below middle C to the A above in choral music, and up to high C in solo work....	Jani Szika
Rosalinde, Eisenstein's wife	soprano Soprano A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....	Marie Geistinger
Adele, Rosalinde's maid	soprano	Caroline Charles-Hirsch
Ida, Adele's sister	soprano	Jules
Alfred, a singer teacher and Rosalinde's admirer	tenor	Hans Rüdiger
Dr Falke, the Baron's friend	baritone Baritone Baritone is a type of European classical music male voice type that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice....	Ferdinand Lebrecht
Blind, the Baron's attorney	tenor	Carl Matthias Rott
Frank, the prison warden	baritone	Carl Adolf Friese
Prince Orlofsky	mezzo-soprano Mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano is a type of European classical music female voice type whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above ....	Irma Nittinger
Frosch, the jailer	speaking role	Alfred Schreiber
Party goers at Prince Orlofsky's (chorus)

Synopsis

Act 1

Eisenstein's apartment

Baron von Eisenstein has been sentenced to eight days in prison

Prison

A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or internment and usually deprived of a range of personal Freedom ....
for insulting an official, partially due to the incompetence of his attorney, Dr. Blind. Adèle, Eisenstein's maid, receives a letter from her sister, who is in the company of the ballet, inviting her to Prince Orlofsky's ball. She pretends the letter says that her aunt is very sick, and asks for a leave of absence ("My sister Ida writes to me"). Falke, the Baron's friend, arrives to invite him to the ball (Duet: "Come with me to the souper"). Eisenstein bids farewell to Adèle and his wife Rosalinde, pretending he is going to prison (Terzett: "Oh dear, oh dear, how sorry I am") but really intending to postpone jail for one day and have fun at the ball.

After Eisenstein leaves, Rosalinde is visited by a former admirer, the singing teacher Alfred, who serenades her ("Dove that has escaped"). (Why she lets a man not her husband into her boudoir

Boudoir

A boudoir is a lady's private bedroom, sitting room or dressing room. The term derives from the French language verb bouder, meaning "to pout"....
is never explained.) Frank, the governor of the prison, arrives to take Eisenstein to jail, and finds Alfred instead. In order not to compromise Rosalinde, Alfred agrees to pretend to be Eisenstein and to accompany Frank. (Finale, drinking song: "Happy is he who forgets" followed by Rosalinde’s defence when Frank arrives: "In tête-à-tête with me so late," and Frank’s invitation: "My beautiful, large bird-cage.")

Act 2

A summer house in the Villa Orlovsky

It turns out that Falke, with Prince Orlofsky's permission, is orchestrating the ball as a way of getting revenge on Eisenstein. The previous winter, Eisenstein had abandoned a drunken Falke dressed as a bat (and thus explaining the opera's title) in the center of town, exposing him to ridicule the next day. As part of his scheme, Falke has invited Frank, Adèle, and Rosalinde to the ball as well. Rosalinde pretends to be a Hungarian countess, Eisenstein goes by the name "Marquis Renard," Frank is "Chevalier Chagrin," and Adèle pretends she is an actress.

The ball is in progress (Chorus: "A souper is before us") and the Prince welcomes his guests ("I love to invite my friends"). Eisenstein is introduced to Adèle, but is confused as to who she really is because of her striking resemblance to his maid. ("My lord marquis," sometimes referred to as "Adèle's Laughing Song").

Then Falke introduces the disguised Rosalinde to Eisenstein (Czardas: "Sounds from home"). During an amorous tête-à-tête, she succeeds in extracting a valuable watch from her husband's pocket, something which she can use in the future as evidence of his impropriety. (Watch duet: "My eyes will soon be dim"). In a rousing finale, the company celebrates (The Drinking song: "In the fire stream of the grape"; followed by the canon: "Brothers, brothers and sisters"; and the ballet and waltz finale, "Ha, what joy, what a night of delight.")

Act 3

In the prison offices of Governor Frank

The next morning they all find themselves at the prison where the confusion increases and is compounded by the jailer, Frosch, who has profited by the absence of the prison director to become gloriously drunk.

Adèle arrives to obtain the assistance of the Chevalier Chagrin (Melodrama

Melodrama

The theatrical genre of Melodrama utilizes theme-music to manipulate the spectator's emotional response and to denote character types. The term combines "melody" and "drama"....
; Couplet

Couplet

A couplet is a pair of Hairs of bags . It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter. Some cultures have decorative traditions associated with them....
of Adèle: "If I play the innocent peasant maid") while Alfred wants nothing more than to get out of jail. Knowing of Eisenstein's trickery, Rosalinde wants to begin an action for divorce, and Frank is still intoxicated.

Frosch locks up Adèle and her sister Ida, and the height of the tumult arrives when Falke appears with all the guests of the ball and declares the whole thing is an act of vengeance for the "Fledermaus". (Terzett between Rosalinde, Eisenstein, Alfred: "A strange adventure"). Everything is amicably arranged (with Eisenstein blaming the intoxicating effects of champagne for his act of infidelity and Orlofsky volunteering to support Adèle's artistic career), but Eisenstein is compelled to serve his full term in jail (Finale, "Oh bat, oh bat, at last let thy victim escape").

Selected recordings

Year	Cast (Eisenstein, Rosalinde, Adele, Alfred, Orlofsky)	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
1949	Julius Patzak Julius Patzak Julius Patzak was an Austrian tenor distinguished in operatic and concert work. He was particularly noted in Mozart, Beethoven and in early 20th century German repertoire.... , Anny Schlemm Anny Schlemm Anny Schlemm is a German operatic soprano, and later mezzo-soprano.Her father, Franz Schlemm, was a chorister at the Frankfurt Opera, and she studied in Berlin with Erna Westenberger.... , Rita Streich Rita Streich Rita Streich was one of the most significant coloratura sopranos of the post-war period.Rita Streich moved to Germany with her parents during her childhood, where she grew up bilingual, something that was extremely helpful during her later career.... , Helmut Krebs Helmut Krebs Helmut Krebs was a distinguished German operatic tenor, who sang a wide range of roles from baroque to contemporary works.Krebs studied at the Dortmund Conservatory and the Berlin Musikhochschule with Paul Luhmann, and later privately with Max Meili.... , Anneliese Müller	Ferenc Fricsay Ferenc Fricsay Ferenc Fricsay was a Hungary conducting.Fricsay was born in Budapest in 1914 and studied music under B?la Bart?k, Zolt?n Kod?ly, Ernst von Dohn?nyi, and Leo Weiner....	Audio CD:
1950	Julius Patzak Julius Patzak Julius Patzak was an Austrian tenor distinguished in operatic and concert work. He was particularly noted in Mozart, Beethoven and in early 20th century German repertoire.... , Hilde Gueden Hilde Gueden The Austrian soprano Hilde Gueden, or G?den was one of the most appreciated Straussian and Mozartian sopranos of her days. Her youthful and lively interpretations made her an ideal interpreter of roles like Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos and Susanna in Le nozze di Figaro.... , Wilma Lipp Wilma Lipp Wilma Lipp is an Austrian operatic soprano, particularly associated with Mozart roles, especially Konstanze in Die Entf?hrung aus dem Serail and the The Magic Flute.... , Anton Dermota Anton Dermota Kammers?nger Anton Dermota was a Slovenes tenor.He was born in a poor family Born in the Upper Carniolan village of Kropa, Radovljica, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire .... , Sieglinde Wagner	Clemens Krauss Clemens Krauss Clemens Heinrich Krauss was an Austrian conducting and opera impresario, particularly associated with the music of Richard Strauss....	Audio CD:
1955	Nicolai Gedda Nicolai Gedda The Sweden tenor Nicolai Gedda is a famous opera singer and recitalist. Having made some two hundred recordings, Gedda is said to be the most widely recorded tenor in history.... , Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Order of the British Empire was a German-born Austrian/British opera singer and recitalist. She was amongst the most renowned opera singers of the 20th Century, much admired for her performances of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Richard Strauss and Hugo Wolf.... , Rita Streich Rita Streich Rita Streich was one of the most significant coloratura sopranos of the post-war period.Rita Streich moved to Germany with her parents during her childhood, where she grew up bilingual, something that was extremely helpful during her later career.... , Helmut Krebs Helmut Krebs Helmut Krebs was a distinguished German operatic tenor, who sang a wide range of roles from baroque to contemporary works.Krebs studied at the Dortmund Conservatory and the Berlin Musikhochschule with Paul Luhmann, and later privately with Max Meili.... , Rudolf Christ Rudolf Christ Rudolf Christ was an Austrian people tenor concert and opera singer.Christ began his career in 1939 as chorister in the Vienna Volksoper. He then studied for three years with Adolf Vogel in Vienna....	Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan was an Austrian orchestra and opera conducting, one of the most renowned 20th-century conductors. His obituary in The New York Times described him as "probably the world's best-known conductor and one of the most powerful figures in classical music." Karajan conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for thirty-five years....	Audio CD:
1960	Waldemar Kmentt Waldemar Kmentt Waldemar Kmentt is an Austrian operatic tenor, particularly associated with the German repertory, both opera and operetta.He studied at the Vienna Music Academy first the piano, and later voice with Adolf Vogel, Elisabeth Rad? and Hans Duhan.... , Hilde Gueden Hilde Gueden The Austrian soprano Hilde Gueden, or G?den was one of the most appreciated Straussian and Mozartian sopranos of her days. Her youthful and lively interpretations made her an ideal interpreter of roles like Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos and Susanna in Le nozze di Figaro.... , Erika Köth Erika Köth Erika K?th was a Germany operatic coloratura soprano, particularly associated with the role of Ariadne auf Naxos.She began a musical studies in Darmstadt with Elsa Blank in 1942, and after an interruption resumed them in 1945.... , Giuseppe Zampieri, Regina Resnik Regina Resnik Regina Resnik is an United States operatic singer.Regina Resnik, the American mezzo-soprano, started a dramatic career ten months after earning her B.A....	Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan was an Austrian orchestra and opera conducting, one of the most renowned 20th-century conductors. His obituary in The New York Times described him as "probably the world's best-known conductor and one of the most powerful figures in classical music." Karajan conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for thirty-five years....	Audio CD:
1971	Eberhard Wächter Eberhard Waechter (baritone) Eberhard W?chter was an Austrian baritone, particularly celebrated for his performances in the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss.... , Gundula Janowitz Gundula Janowitz Gundula Janowitz is an Austrian singer of operas, oratorios and concerts. She is one of the most renowned opera singers of the 20th Century and was pre-eminent in the 1960s and 1970s.... , Renate Holm, Waldemar Kmentt Waldemar Kmentt Waldemar Kmentt is an Austrian operatic tenor, particularly associated with the German repertory, both opera and operetta.He studied at the Vienna Music Academy first the piano, and later voice with Adolf Vogel, Elisabeth Rad? and Hans Duhan.... , Wolfgang Windgassen Wolfgang Windgassen Wolfgang Windgassen was a tenor internationally known for his performances in Richard Wagner operas.Born in Annemasse, France, he was the son of a well known Heldentenor, Fritz Windgassen ....	Karl Böhm Karl Böhm Karl August Leopold B?hm was an Austrian Conducting....	Audio CD:
	Nicolai Gedda Nicolai Gedda The Sweden tenor Nicolai Gedda is a famous opera singer and recitalist. Having made some two hundred recordings, Gedda is said to be the most widely recorded tenor in history.... , Anneliese Rothenberger Anneliese Rothenberger Anneliese Rothenberger is an operatic lyric soprano.... , Renate Holm, Adolf Dallapozza, Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender , is mezzo-soprano opera singer, and in recent years, an artistic director. She has received the Bavarian State Opera's honorific title of 'Kammers?nger' or 'Court Singer.'...	Willi Boskovsky Willi Boskovsky Willi Boskovsky was an Austrian violinist and conductor.Willi Boskovsky joined the Vienna Academy of music at the age of nine. He was the concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra from 1936 to 1979....	Audio CD:
1974	Robert Stolz Robert Stolz Robert Elisabeth Stolz was an Austrian songwriter and Conducting as well as a composer of operettas and Film score.... , Rudolf Schock Rudolf Schock Rudolf Schock was a Germany tenor.Rudolf Schock was a tenor with a wide repertory from operetta to Lohengrin , recording among others opera and lieder, doing television, radio and film work.... , Wilma Lipp Wilma Lipp Wilma Lipp is an Austrian operatic soprano, particularly associated with Mozart roles, especially Konstanze in Die Entf?hrung aus dem Serail and the The Magic Flute.... , Renate Holm, Cesare Curzi, Elisabeth Steiner Elisabeth Steiner Elisabeth Steiner is a Judge at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg as of November 1, 2001....	Robert Stolz Robert Stolz Robert Elisabeth Stolz was an Austrian songwriter and Conducting as well as a composer of operettas and Film score....	Audio CD:
	Hermann Prey Hermann Prey Hermann Prey was a Germany baritone. He is renowned as the foremost Figaro of the third quarter of the 20th century.... , Julia Varady Julia Varady J?lia V?rady is a German soprano of Hungary origin born in Nagyv?rad, Hungary .At the age of six she began violin lessons at the music conservatory in Cluj-Napoca and then, aged fourteen, voice training with Emilia Popp.... , Lucia Popp Lucia Popp Lucia Popp was a Slovaks noted operatic soprano. She began her career as a soubrette soprano, and later moved into the light-lyric and lyric coloratura soprano repertoire and then the lighter Richard Strauss and Wagner operas.... , René Kollo René Kollo Ren? Kollo is a German tenor.He was born Ren? Kollodzieyski in Berlin and grew up in Wyk auf F?hr. He attended a photography school in Hamburg, although he had always been interested in music, particularly conducting.... , Ivan Rebroff Ivan Rebroff Ivan Rebroff, born as Hans-Rolf Rippert, , was a Germany singer, allegedly of Russian people, with an extraordinary vocal range of four and a half octaves, ranging from the soprano to impressive bass registers....	Carlos Kleiber Carlos Kleiber Carlos Kleiber was a German-born Austrian Conducting....	Audio CD:
1986	Peter Seiffert Peter Seiffert Peter Seiffert is a German tenor.... , Lucia Popp Lucia Popp Lucia Popp was a Slovaks noted operatic soprano. She began her career as a soubrette soprano, and later moved into the light-lyric and lyric coloratura soprano repertoire and then the lighter Richard Strauss and Wagner operas.... , Eva Lind Eva Lind Eva Lind is an Austrian operatic soprano.... , Plácido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... Agnes Baltsa Agnes Baltsa Agnes Baltsa is a leading Greeks mezzo-soprano.She began playing piano at the age of six, before moving to Athens in 1958 to concentrate on singing....	Plácido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... (Studio) Munich Radio Orchestra Bavarian Radio Chorus	Audio CD: Angel Cat: 47480 Audio CD: EMI Cat: 47480-8
1987	Werner Hollweg, Edita Gruberova Edita Gruberová Edita Gruber?va is a Slovaks soprano who is one of the most acclaimed coloraturas of recent decades. She is noted for her great tonal clarity, agility, drammatic interpretation, and ability to sing high notes with great power, which made her an ideal Die Zauberfl?te in her early years.... , Barbara Bonney Barbara Bonney Barbara Bonney is an United States soprano.Bonney was born in Montclair, New Jersey, New Jersey. As a child she studied piano and cello. When Bonney was 13 her family moved to Maine, where she became part of the Portland Youth Orchestra as a cellist.... , Josef Protschka, Marjana Lipovsek	Nikolaus Harnoncourt Nikolaus Harnoncourt Nikolaus Harnoncourt is an Austrian Conducting, particularly known for his historically informed performances of music from the classical music era era and earlier....	Audio CD:
1990	Wolfgang Brendel Wolfgang Brendel Wolfgang Brendel is a Germany opera singer .Brendel grew up in Wiesbaden, where he took singing lessons with Rolff Sartorius during his time at the conservatory.... , Kiri Te Kanawa Kiri Te Kanawa Dame Kiri Janette Te Kanawa, Order of New Zealand, Order of the British Empire, Order of Australia, is a New Zealand soprano who had a highly successful international opera career between 1968-2004.... , Edita Gruberova Edita Gruberová Edita Gruber?va is a Slovaks soprano who is one of the most acclaimed coloraturas of recent decades. She is noted for her great tonal clarity, agility, drammatic interpretation, and ability to sing high notes with great power, which made her an ideal Die Zauberfl?te in her early years.... , Richard Leech Richard Leech (tenor) Richard Leech is an American operatic tenor, recipient of the Richard Tucker Award in 1988, and particularly associated with lyric roles of the Italian and French repertories.... , Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender , is mezzo-soprano opera singer, and in recent years, an artistic director. She has received the Bavarian State Opera's honorific title of 'Kammers?nger' or 'Court Singer.'...	André Previn André Previn Andr? Previn Order of the British Empire is a German-born American Academy Award and Grammy Award winning pianist, conducting, and composer. He first came to prominence by arranging and composing Hollywood film scores in 1948....	Audio CD:

Film adaptations

Die Fledermaus has been adapted numerous times for the cinema and for TV:

Year	Country	Notes	Director	Eisenstein	Rosalinde	Adele	Orlofsky	Frosch
1917	Ger Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....	as Das Fidele Gefängnis (The Merry Jail) Silent movie Silent Movie *Silent Movie* is a 1976 in film comedy film directed by and starring Mel Brooks, and released by 20th Century Fox on June 17, 1976. The ensemble cast includes Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Bernadette Peters, Sid Caesar, Anne Bancroft, Henny Youngman, Liza Minnelli, Burt Reynolds, James Caan, and Paul Newman....	Ernst Lubitsch Ernst Lubitsch Ernst Lubitsch , was a German-born Jewish film director. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywood's most elegant and sophisticated director; as his prestige grew, his films were promoted as having "the Lubitsch touch"....	Harry Liedtke (Alex von Reizenstein)	Kitty Dewall (Alice, his wife)	Agda Nielson (Mizi, the maid)		Emil Jannings Emil Jannings Emil Jannings was a Switzerland-born German people actor and the first winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor.... (Quabbe, the jailer)
1923	Ger Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....	Silent movie Silent Movie *Silent Movie* is a 1976 in film comedy film directed by and starring Mel Brooks, and released by 20th Century Fox on June 17, 1976. The ensemble cast includes Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Bernadette Peters, Sid Caesar, Anne Bancroft, Henny Youngman, Liza Minnelli, Burt Reynolds, James Caan, and Paul Newman....	Max Mack	Harry Liedtke	Eva May	Lya De Putti Lya De Putti Lya De Putti was a Hungarians film actress of the silent film, noted for her portrayal of vamp characters....	–?–	–?–
1931	Fr France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France.... /Ger Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....		Carl Lamac	–?–	–?–	–?–	–?–	–?–
1933	GB Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	*Waltz Time* — new title	Wilhelm Thiele	Fritz Schulz Fritz Schulz (Actor) Fritz Schulz was a movie actor.Born in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, he appeared in almost one hundred movies between 1917 and 1970.He died in Zurich, Switzerland....	Evelyn Laye Evelyn Laye 'Evelyn Laye' Order of the British Empire was an England theatre actor.Born 'Elsie Evelyn Lay' in Bloomsbury, London, England, Laye made her first stage appearance in August 1915 at the Theatre Royal, Brighton as Nang-Ping in Mr....	Gina Malo	George Baker George Baker (record singer) George Baker was an English people singer. He is remembered for singing on thousands of gramophone records in a career that spanned 53 years, beginning in 1909....	Jay Laurier
1937	Ger Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....		Paul Verhoeven Paul Verhoeven (Germany) Paul Verhoeven was a German people actor, Film director and Theatre director director, and writer.Verhoeven was born in Unna, Germany. He had 13 siblings and the family lived in modest circumstances....	–?–	–?–	–?–	–?–	–?–
1945	Ger Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....	Released 1946	Géza von Bolváry Géza von Bolváry G?za von Bolv?ry was a Hungary actor, scriptwriter and film director, who worked principally in Germany and Austria....	Johannes Heesters Johannes Heesters Johannes Heesters is a the Netherlands-Austrian actor, singer and entertainer with an 87-year career, almost exclusively in the German language world....	Marte Harell	Dorit Kreysler	Siegfried Breuer Siegfried Breuer Siegfried Breuer was a Austria stage actor and film actor and occasional film director and screenwriter....	Josef Egger
1955	GB Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	*Oh... Rosalinda*	— new title	Michael Powell Michael Powell (director) Michael Latham Powell was a British people film director, renowned for his partnership with Emeric Pressburger which produced a series of classic British films under the aegis of "Powell and Pressburger."... and Emeric Pressburger Emeric Pressburger Emeric Pressburger was an Academy Award-winning Hungarian people/British people screenwriter, film director, and producer. He is known for his series of Powell and Pressburger with Michael Powell ....	Michael Redgrave Michael Redgrave Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave Order of the British Empire was a well-known English people stage and film actor, director, manager and author....	Ludmilla Tchérina Ludmilla Tchérina Ludmilla Tch?rina , was an internationally-famous ballet dancer and actress.She was born Monique Tchemerzine, the daughter of a former Russian general, Avenir Tchemerzine, who had escaped from St....	Anneliese Rothenberger Anneliese Rothenberger Anneliese Rothenberger is an operatic lyric soprano....	Anthony Quayle Anthony Quayle Sir John Anthony Quayle, Order of the British Empire was an English people actor and Theatre director.He was born in Ainsdale, Southport in Lancashire educated at the private Rugby School and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London....	Oskar Sima Oskar Sima Oskar Sima was an Austrian actor who is best remembered for appearing in supporting roles in countless comedy films from the 1930s to the 1960s....
1955	E Ger	*Rauschende Melodien* — new title	E. W. Fiedler	Erich Arnold	Jarmila Ksirová	Sonja Schöner	Gerd Frickhöffer	Josef Egger
1959	W Ger West Germany West Germany was the common English name for the Germany , from its formation in May 1949 to German reunification in October 1990, when East Germany was dissolved and its States of Germany became part of the Federal Republic, ending the more than 40-year division of Germany....	TV adaptation	Kurt Wilhelm	Friedrich Schoenfelder	–?–	–?–	–?–	–?–
1962	Aus Austria Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....		Géza von Cziffra Géza von Cziffra G?za von Cziffra was a Hungary and Austrian film director and screenwriter....	Peter Alexander Peter Alexander Peter Alexander is an Austrian singer and actor, who became popular in the 1950s and 1960s with his numerous roles in German musical films.During World War II, Alexander was a Luftwaffenhelfer and member of the Reichsarbeitsdienst before being drafted into the Reichsmarine....	Marianne Koch Marianne Koch Marianne Koch is a retired Germany actress of the 1950s and 1960s, best known for her appearances in Spaghetti westerns and adventure films of the 1960s....	Marika Rökk Marika Rökk Marika R?kk was an Egyptian-born singer, dancer and actress of Hungary descent....	Boy Gobert	Hans Moser Hans Moser (actor) Hans Moser was an Austrian actor who, during his long career, from the 1920s up to his death, mainly played in comedy films. He was particularly associated with the genre of the Wiener Film....
1968	Den Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries....	*Flagermusen* — new title	John Price	Poul Reichhardt Poul Reichhardt Poul David Reichhardt was a Denmark actor, well known for his roles in Danish 1940s/50s comedies. Later on, he also played more serious and varied roles; he has also starred in Huset p? Christianshavn, Matador and as various minor characters in the Olsen Gang films....	Birgitte Bruun	Ellen Winther	Susse Wold Susse Wold Susse Wold is a stage and screen actress whose career has spanned five decades. Born Lise Wold in Denmark, she is the daughter of actress Marguerite Viby....	Buster Larsen Buster Larsen Buster Larsen , was a Denmark comedian film and TV actor.He began working in the N?rrebros Theater in 1932 aged 11 and entered film in 1933....
1972	W Ger West Germany West Germany was the common English name for the Germany , from its formation in May 1949 to German reunification in October 1990, when East Germany was dissolved and its States of Germany became part of the Federal Republic, ending the more than 40-year division of Germany....		Otto Schenk Otto Schenk Otto Schenk is an actor, theater director, and production designer. He is most famous in the United States for his lavish, realist, traditionalist productions at the Metropolitan Opera....	Eberhard Wächter Eberhard Waechter (baritone) Eberhard W?chter was an Austrian baritone, particularly celebrated for his performances in the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss....	Gundula Janowitz Gundula Janowitz Gundula Janowitz is an Austrian singer of operas, oratorios and concerts. She is one of the most renowned opera singers of the 20th Century and was pre-eminent in the 1960s and 1970s....	Renate Holm	Wolfgang Windgassen Wolfgang Windgassen Wolfgang Windgassen was a tenor internationally known for his performances in Richard Wagner operas.Born in Annemasse, France, he was the son of a well known Heldentenor, Fritz Windgassen ....	Otto Schenk Otto Schenk Otto Schenk is an actor, theater director, and production designer. He is most famous in the United States for his lavish, realist, traditionalist productions at the Metropolitan Opera....
1979	USSR	*??????? ????* — new title	Yan Frid	Yuri Solomin	Lyudmila Maksakova	Larisa Udovichenko	Yuri Vasilyev	Ivan Lyubeznov
1984	GB Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	TV adaptation	Humphrey Burton Humphrey Burton Humphrey Burton, Order of the British Empire is a British classical music presenter, broadcaster, director, producer, and biographer of musicians....	Hermann Prey Hermann Prey Hermann Prey was a Germany baritone. He is renowned as the foremost Figaro of the third quarter of the 20th century....	Kiri Te Kanawa Kiri Te Kanawa Dame Kiri Janette Te Kanawa, Order of New Zealand, Order of the British Empire, Order of Australia, is a New Zealand soprano who had a highly successful international opera career between 1968-2004....	Hildegard Heichele	Doris Soffel Doris Soffel File:DorisSoffel.JPGDoris Soffel is a German mezzo-soprano.Doris Soffel first played the violin, then switched to singing at the Munich Conservatory....	Josef Meinrad Josef Meinrad Josef Meinrad was an Austrian actor.Born Josef Moucka in Vienna, Meinrad was the keeper of the Iffland-Ring, which for 200 years has been given to the most important actor of the German speaking theatre....
1986	W Ger West Germany West Germany was the common English name for the Germany , from its formation in May 1949 to German reunification in October 1990, when East Germany was dissolved and its States of Germany became part of the Federal Republic, ending the more than 40-year division of Germany....		Otto Schenk Otto Schenk Otto Schenk is an actor, theater director, and production designer. He is most famous in the United States for his lavish, realist, traditionalist productions at the Metropolitan Opera....	Eberhard Wächter Eberhard Waechter (baritone) Eberhard W?chter was an Austrian baritone, particularly celebrated for his performances in the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss....	Pamela Coburn	Janet Perry Janet Perry Janet Perry is a celebrated operatic soprano. As a child of eleven, she was seen in a stage-version of The Wizard of Oz, at the St Paul Civic Opera....	Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender , is mezzo-soprano opera singer, and in recent years, an artistic director. She has received the Bavarian State Opera's honorific title of 'Kammers?nger' or 'Court Singer.'...	Franz Muxeneder
1990	GB Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....		Humphrey Burton Humphrey Burton Humphrey Burton, Order of the British Empire is a British classical music presenter, broadcaster, director, producer, and biographer of musicians....	Louis Otey	Nancy Gustafson Nancy Gustafson Nancy Gustafson is an American opera singer.She received her B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1978 and her Master of Music from Northwestern University....	Judith Howarth	Jochen Kowalski Jochen Kowalski Jochen Kowalski is a famous Germany alto or mezzo countertenor, noted for his very rich timbre. He began his studies as a dramatic tenor, specializing in Wagner, but soon switched to countertenoring and specializing in baroque and classical music....	John Sessions John Sessions John Gibb Marshall , better known by the stage name John Sessions, is a Scotland actor and comedian. He is known for comedy improvisation in television shows such as Whose Line Is It Anyway?; as a panelist on QI and as a character actor in numerous films, both in Britain and Hollywood....
1997	Aust Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....		Lindy Hume	Anthony Warlow Anthony Warlow Anthony Warlow is an Australian opera and musical theatre performer, noted for his character acting and immense vocal range .Anthony Warlow has been married to Celia for several years, and they have a daughter, Phoebe Rose....	Gillian Sullivan	Amelia Farrugia	Suzanne Johnston	Geoff Kelso
2001	Fr France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....	*La chauve-souris* — French title	Don Kent Don Kent Don Kent is a collector of blues and Bluegrass music recordings, a founder and owner of record labels such as Mamlish Records, Country Turtle Records, Flying Crow Records), and a much sought-after writer of liner notes not only on his own label's issues but also on others', such as Yazoo Records....	Christoph Homberger	Mireille Delunsch Mireille Delunsch Mireille Delunsch is an opera soprano. She studied musicology and voice at the conservatory in Strasbourg. Her debut was at the Op?ra du Rhin in Mulhouse, in Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov ....	Malin Hartelius Malin Hartelius Malin Hartelius is a Swedish soprano who performs regularly with conductors like Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Ton Koopman, Riccardo Chailly, John Eliot Gardiner, Peter Schreier, Herbert Blomstedt, Frans Br?ggen....	David Moss David Moss (musician) David Moss is an USA composer, percussionist and self-taught vocalist, founder of the David Moss Dense Band; co-founder and artistic director of the Institute for Living Voice, Antwerp....	Elisabeth Trissenaar

External links

from Aria-Database.com
from Operabase.com
by Lotte Lehmann
Lotte Lehmann

Lotte Lehmann was a Germany soprano opera and Lieder singer who was especially associated with German repertory. She gave memorable performances in the operas of Richard Strauss; the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier was considered her greatest role....