List of vaccine topics - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This is a list of vaccine
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins...

-related topics.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system

Immune system

An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own...

to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

Viral diseases

Virus	Diseases or conditions	Vaccine(s)	\| Brands
Hepatitis A virus	Hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus , an RNA virus, usually spread the fecal-oral route; transmitted person-to-person by ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with an infectious person...	Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine against the hepatitis A virus. The first successful vaccine against it was invented by Maurice Hilleman at Merck. The vaccine protects against the virus in more than 95% of cases and provides protection from the virus for at least ten years...	Havrix, Avaxim
Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus which infects the liver of hominoidea, including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. Originally known as "serum hepatitis", the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China...	Hepatitis B	Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen . It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted...	Engerix-B
Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes...	Cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. One of the most common symptoms is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer is in its advanced stages... , Genital warts, anogenital cancers	HPV vaccine HPV vaccine The human papilloma virus vaccine prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers...	Cervarix Cervarix Cervarix is a vaccine against certain types of cancer-causing human papillomavirus .Cervarix is designed to prevent infection from HPV types 16 and 18, that cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. These types also cause some other genital cancers and some oropharyngeal cancers... , Gardasil Gardasil Gardasil , also known as Gardisil or Silgard, is a vaccine for use in the prevention of certain types of human papillomavirus , specifically HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers, and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal, vulvar, vaginal,...
Influenza virus	Influenza Influenza Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals...	Influenza vaccine	FluMist FluMist FluMist is a nasal spray influenza vaccine manufactured by MedImmune, Inc. that was first introduced in 2003. It was the first and the only live attenuated vaccine for influenza available outside of Europe. It is also called live attenuated influenza vaccine . In September 2009 a LAIV intranasal... , Fluzone Fluzone Fluzone is the commercial name of an influenza virus vaccine, distributed by sanofi pasteur, USA. It is a split-virus vaccine, which is produced by chemical disruption of the influenza virus... , Influvac Influvac Influvac is a sub-unit vaccine produced and marketed by Abbott Laboratories. It contains inactivated purified surface fragments from the three different strains of the influenza virus that are selected and distributed by the World Health Organization, on the basis of their latest... , Vaxigrip
Japanese encephalitis virus	Japanese encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis Japanese encephalitis —previously known as Japanese B encephalitis to distinguish it from von Economo's A encephalitis—is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. The Japanese encephalitis virus is a virus from the family Flaviviridae. Domestic pigs and wild birds are...	Japanese encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used against Japanese encephalitis.-History:Two sorts of Japanese encephalitis vaccines became available in the 1950s. One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine , made by BIKEN and marketed by Sanofi Pasteur as JE-VAX, until production...
Measles virus	Measles Measles Measles, also known as rubeola or morbilli, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses...	MMR vaccine MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... , MMRV vaccine	Priorix
Mumps virus Mumps virus Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps, a well-known common childhood disease characterised by swelling of the parotid glands and other epithelial tissues, causing high morbidity and in some cases more serious complications such as deafness...	Mumps Mumps Mumps is a viral disease of the human species, caused by the mumps virus. Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide...	MMR vaccine MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... , MMRV vaccine	Priorix
Polio virus	Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route...	Polio vaccine Polio vaccine Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin...
Rabies virus Rabies virus The rabies virus is neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals....	Rabies Rabies Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in warm-blooded animals. It is zoonotic , most commonly by a bite from an infected animal. For a human, rabies is almost invariably fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms...
Rotavirus Rotavirus Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children, and is one of several viruses that cause infections often called stomach flu, despite having no relation to influenza. It is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. By the age of five,...	Rotaviral gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is marked by severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting. It can be transferred by contact with contaminated food and water...	Rotavirus vaccine	Rotateq, Rotarix
Rubella virus Rubella virus Rubella virus is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of lunacy.Humans are the only known host of this virus....	Rubella Rubella Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. The name "rubella" is derived from the Latin, meaning little red. Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians in the mid-eighteenth century. This disease is...	MMR vaccine MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... , MMRV vaccine	Priorix
Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans . It commonly causes chicken-pox in children and Herpes zoster in adults and rarely in children.-Nomenclature:...	Chickenpox Chickenpox Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus . It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring... , Shingles	Varicella vaccine Varicella vaccine The varicella vaccine is a live virus that protects against the viral disease commonly known as chickenpox caused by Varicella Zoster Virus . Varicella vaccine is marketed as Varivax in the U.S. by Merck... , Shingles vaccine, MMRV vaccine	Varivax, Zostavax Zostavax Zostavax is a live vaccine developed by Merck & Co. which has been shown to reduce the incidence of herpes zoster by 51.3% in a study of 38,000 adults aged 60 and older who received the vaccine. The vaccine also reduced by 66.5% the number of cases of postherpetic neuralgia and reduced the...
Variola virus	Smallpox Smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"...	Smallpox vaccine Smallpox vaccine The smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine to be developed. The process of vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, who acted upon his observation that milkmaids who caught the cowpox virus did not catch smallpox...
Yellow fever virus	Yellow fever Yellow fever Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family....	Yellow Fever vaccine Yellow fever vaccine Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine used against yellow fever.The vaccine consists of a live, but attenuated, strain of the yellow fever virus called 17D. The 17D vaccine has been used commercially since the 1950s. The mechanisms of attenuation and immunogenicity for the 17D strain are not known...

Bacterial diseases

Bacterium	Diseases or conditions	Vaccine(s)	\| Brands
Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis is the pathogen of the Anthrax acute disease. It is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1-1.2µm and a length of 3-5µm. It can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.It is one of few bacteria known to...	Anthrax Anthrax Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Most forms of the disease are lethal, and it affects both humans and other animals...	Anthrax vaccines
Bordetella pertussis Bordetella pertussis Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is non-motile. Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and...	Whooping cough	DPT vaccine DPT vaccine DPT refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus...	Boostrix, Adacel Adacel Adacel is a global software technology and systems integrator. The company is a leading developer of critical aviation, speech recognition, defense simulation and security systems for government and commercial enterprises, including the F-35 Lightning II...
Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. Like other Clostridium species, it is Gram-positive, and its appearance on a gram stain resembles tennis rackets or drumsticks. C. tetani is found as spores in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. C...	Tetanus Tetanus Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani...	DPT vaccine DPT vaccine DPT refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus...	Boostrix, Adacel Adacel Adacel is a global software technology and systems integrator. The company is a leading developer of critical aviation, speech recognition, defense simulation and security systems for government and commercial enterprises, including the F-35 Lightning II...
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler .-Classification:Four subspecies are recognized: C. diphtheriae mitis, C....	Diphtheria Diphtheria Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity...	DPT vaccine DPT vaccine DPT refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus...	Boostrix, Adacel Adacel Adacel is a global software technology and systems integrator. The company is a leading developer of critical aviation, speech recognition, defense simulation and security systems for government and commercial enterprises, including the F-35 Lightning II...
Coxiella burnetii Coxiella burnetii Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever. The genus Coxiella is morphologically similar to Rickettsia, but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences. C...	Q fever Q fever Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs...
Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the Pasteurellaceae family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe. H... type B (Hib)	Epiglottitis Epiglottitis Epiglottitis is an inflammation of the epiglottis - the flap that sits at the base of the tongue, which keeps food from going into the trachea . Due to its place in the airway, swelling of this structure can interfere with breathing and constitutes a medical emergency... , meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs... , pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs —associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes...	Hib vaccine Hib vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended the use of the Hib vaccine. Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in...	Hiberix
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis . First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M...	Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...	Tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from...
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life threatening sepsis. N. meningitidis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality during childhood in industrialized countries...	Meningococcal meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs...	Meningococcal vaccine Meningococcal vaccine Meningococcal vaccine is a vaccine used against Meningococcus, a bacterium that causes meningitis, meningococcemia, septicemia, and rarely carditis, septic arthritis, or pneumonia.-Types:...	Neisvac C, Meningitec
Salmonella typhi	Typhoid fever Typhoid fever Typhoid fever, also known as Typhoid, is a common worldwide bacterial disease, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi...	Typhoid vaccine Typhoid vaccine Typhoid vaccine is a vaccine used against typhoid fever.There are two effective types:* Ty21a, which is a live vaccine* Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, which is a subunit vaccine...	Typhim Vi, Typherix
Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, aerotolerant anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus. A significant human pathogenic bacterium, S...	Pneumococcal pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs —associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes...	Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine — the latest version is known as Pneumovax 23 — is the first pneumococcal vaccine, the first vaccine derived from a capsular polysaccharide, and an important landmark in medical history...	Pneumovax, Prevenar
Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is facultatively anaerobic and has a flagella at one cell pole. V...	Cholera Cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or eating water or food that has been contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person or the feces...	Cholera Cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or eating water or food that has been contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person or the feces... vaccine	Dukoral

Vaccines under research

Caries vaccine
Caries vaccine
A caries vaccine is a vaccine to prevent and protect against tooth decay.Streptococcus mutans has been identified as the major etiological agent of human dental caries.Several types of vaccines are being developed at research centers....
Hepatitis C vaccine
Hepatitis C vaccine
A hepatitis C vaccine refers to a vaccine used against hepatitis C. Although vaccines exist for hepatitis A and hepatitis B, development of a hepatitis C vaccine has presented challenges...
HIV vaccine
HIV vaccine
An HIV vaccine that protects vaccinated individuals from HIV infection is the goal of many HIV research programmes. Currently, there is no effective vaccine against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS...
Malaria vaccine
Malaria vaccine
Malaria vaccines are an area of intensive research. However, there is no effective vaccine that has been introduced into clinical practice.The global burden of P. falciparum malaria increased through the 1990s due to drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes; this is illustrated...
Lyme disease vaccine

Vaccine components

List of vaccine ingredients
Adjuvant
Immunologic adjuvant
In immunology, an adjuvant is an agent that may stimulate the immune system and increase the response to a vaccine, without having any specific antigenic effect in itself. The word “adjuvant” comes from the Latin word adiuvare, meaning to help or aid...
Ethylmercury
Ethylmercury
Ethylmercury is a cation composed of an ethyl group bound to a mercury centre; its chemical formula is C2H5Hg+...
Thiomersal
Thiomersal
Thiomersal , and commonly known in the US as thimerosal, is an organomercury compound. This compound is a well established antiseptic and antifungal agent....

Vaccine safety

Adverse effect (medicine)
Adverse effect (medicine)
In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. If it results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or...
- Adverse drug reaction
  Adverse drug reaction
  An adverse drug reaction is an expression that describes harm associated with the use of given medications at a normal dosage. ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs...
Artificial induction of immunity
Artificial induction of immunity
Artificial induction of immunity is the artificial induction of immunity to specific diseases - making people immune to disease by means other than waiting for them to catch the disease. The purpose is to reduce the risk of death and suffering....
Eczema vaccinatum
Eczema vaccinatum
Eczema vaccinatum is a rare severe adverse reaction to smallpox vaccination.It is characterized by serious local or disseminated, umbilicated, vesicular, crusting skin rashes in the face, neck, chest, abdomen, upper limbs and hands, caused by widespread infection of the skin in people with previous...
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System is a United States program for vaccine safety, co-managed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration . VAERS is a post-marketing safety surveillance program, collecting information about adverse events that...
Vaccine injury
Vaccine injury
A vaccine injury is an injury caused by vaccination.Allegations of vaccine injuries in recent decades have appeared in litigation in the United States. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though most public health officials believed that the claims of injuries...
Vaccine Safety Datalink
Vaccine Safety Datalink
The Vaccine Safety Datalink Project was established in 1990 by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to study the adverse side effects of vaccines....

Developers of vaccines

Thomas Francis, Jr.
Thomas Francis, Jr.
Thomas Francis, Jr. was an American physician, virologist, and epidemiologist. Francis was the first person to isolate influenza virus in America, and in 1940 showed that there are other strains of influenza, and took part in the development of influenza vaccines.- Life and achievements :Francis...

, MD
Maurice Hilleman
Maurice Hilleman
Maurice Ralph Hilleman was an American microbiologist who specialized in vaccinology and developed over three dozen vaccines, more than any other scientist...
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner
Edward Anthony Jenner was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire...

, MD
Hilary Koprowski
Hilary Koprowski
Hilary Koprowski is a Polish virologist and immunologist, and inventor of the world's first effective live polio vaccine.-Life:...

, MD
Paul Offit
Paul Offit
Paul A. Offit, M.D., is an American pediatrician specializing in infectious diseases and an expert on vaccines, immunology, and virology. He is the co-inventor of a rotavirus vaccine that has been credited with saving hundreds of lives every day. Offit is the Maurice R...

, MD
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments...

, PhD
Stanley Plotkin
Stanley Plotkin
Stanley Plotkin is an American physician who currently works as an adviser at pharmaceutical firm Sanofi Pasteur. In the 1960s, he played a pivotal role in discovery of a vaccine against rubella virus while working at Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. Plotkin was a member of Wistar’s active...

, MD
Albert Sabin
Albert Sabin
Albert Bruce Sabin was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.-Life:...

, MD
Jonas Salk
Jonas Salk
Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. He was born in New York City to parents from Ashkenazi Jewish Russian immigrant families...

, MD
Marshall Lightowlers
Marshall Lightowlers
Professor Marshall Lightowlers began his career in the field of parasitology during a post-doctoral appointment at the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science in Adelaide where he undertook research on ovine sarcocystosis...

Anti-vaccinationists

Neil Z. Miller
Neil Z. Miller
Neil Z. Miller is an American medical research journalist, anti-vaccine and natural health advocate based in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He is the author of numerous articles and books on vaccines, the publisher of the New Atlantean Press, and the director of the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute...
Alan Cantwell
Alan Cantwell
Alan Cantwell Jr., M.D., , is a retired dermatologist. Between the late 1960s and mid-1980s, Cantwell was author or co-author of around 30 case reports describing bacteria found in cases of scleroderma, panniculitis, and dermatological malignancies.More recently, he has written conspiracy theory...
Glen Dettman
Glen Dettman
Glen Dettman was an Australian pathologist and medical writer who, in 1950, founded the Oakleigh Pathology Service. He was the author of over 50 technical papers, 28 of which are listed on PubMed, and was awarded in 1978 the Australian Medal of Merit for outstanding scientific research....
Barbara Loe Fisher
Archie Kalokerinos
Archie Kalokerinos
Archivides "Archie" Kalokerinos is an Australian physician. In 2000 he was awarded the title Greek Australian of the Century by the Melbourne-based Greek newspaper Neos Kosmos. He holds controversial opinions on a number of medical issues...
Mark Geier
Mark Geier
Mark R. Geier is a self-employed American physician and controversial professional witness who has testified in more than 90 cases regarding allegations of injury or illness caused by vaccines....
Jenny McCarthy
Jenny McCarthy
Jennifer Ann "Jenny" McCarthy is an American model, comedian, actress, author, activist, and game show host. She began her career in 1993 as a nude model for Playboy magazine and was later named their Playmate of the Year. McCarthy then parlayed her Playboy fame into a successful television and...
Andrew Wakefield
Andrew Wakefield
Andrew Wakefield is a British former surgeon and medical researcher, known as an advocate for the discredited claim that there is a link between the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, autism and bowel disease, and for his fraudulent 1998 research paper in support of that claim.Four years after...
Beddow Bayly
Gerhard Buchwald
Gerhard Buchwald
Gerhard Buchwald was a German medical doctor and vaccination critic from Eisenberg, Thuringia.Buchwald studied medicine in Königsberg , Danzig , and Jena and obtained his doctorate at the University of Hamburg...
Robert S. Mendelsohn
Robert S. Mendelsohn
Robert S. Mendelsohn was an American pediatrician who criticized his profession, inveighing against pediatric practice, obstetric orthodoxy and the effect of the preponderance of male obstetricians, and vaccination...
Hans Rüesch
Hans Rüesch
Hans Ruesch was a Swiss racing driver, a novelist, and an internationally prominent activist against animal experiments and vivisection.-Family:...
Viera Scheibner
Viera Scheibner
Viera Scheibner is a retired micropaleontologist . From 1958 until 1968 she was assistant professor in the department of geology at Comenius University, Bratislava...
Kevin Trudeau
Kevin Trudeau
Kevin Mark Trudeau is an American author, radio personality, and infomercial salesman best known for promoting alternative medicine. A number of his television infomercials and several of his books, including Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, allege that both the U.S...
Joseph Mercola
Joseph Mercola
Joseph M. Mercola is a controversial physician, health activist, and entrepreneur practicing in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. He is the author of several books including The No-Grain Diet , and The Great Bird Flu Hoax...

Early anti-vaccinationists (c. 1850-1910)

Charles Creighton
Charles Creighton
Charles Creighton was a British physician and medical author. He was highly regarded for his scholarly writings on medical history but was widely denounced for disputing the germ theory of infectious diseases....
William Tebb
William Tebb
William Tebb was a British businessman and wide-ranging social reformer, particularly known as a anti-vaccinationist and author of anti-vaccination books....
William Job Collins
William Job Collins
Sir William Job Collins KCVO was a surgeon and later a Liberal politician and legislator.-Background:...
Edgar Crookshank
Edgar Crookshank
Edgar March Crookshank was an English physician and microbiologist.- Biography :Crookshank studied at King's College London and qualified for medicine in 1881. He served briefly as an assistant to Joseph Lister, a physician noted for his work promoting antiseptics and sterile surgery...
Walter Hadwen
Walter Hadwen
Walter Robert Hadwen MD MRCS MRCP was a Gloucester GP and pharmaceutical chemist, president of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection , and an anti-vaccination campaigner known for his denial of the germ theory of disease.-Biography:Hadwen began his career as a pharmacist in Clapham...
Charles Thomas Pearce
John Pitcairn, Jr.
John Pitcairn, Jr.
John Pitcairn, Jr. was a Scottish-born American industrialist. With just an elementary school education, Pitcairn rose through the ranks of the Pennsylvania railroad industry, and played a significant role in the creation of the modern oil and natural gas industries...

Organizations, conferences and publications

2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference
2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference
The 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference was a meeting convened in June 2000 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , held at the Simpsonwood Methodist retreat and conference center in Norcross, Georgia...

Advocacy of anti-vaccination

Vaccine controversy

A vaccine controversy is a dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, or safety of vaccinations. Medical and scientific evidence surrounding vaccinations generally demonstrate that the benefits of preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases outweigh rare adverse effects of...

opinions

Generation Rescue
Generation Rescue
Generation Rescue is a nonprofit organization that advocates the view that autism and related disorders are primarily caused by environmental factors, particularly vaccines. These claims are biologically implausible and lack convincing scientific evidence...
National Vaccine Information Center
National Vaccine Information Center
The National Vaccine Information Center is a private non-profit 501 advocacy group which questions the safety and efficacy of commonly used vaccines. The group was founded in 1982 by parents who blamed routine vaccination for the illness or death of a child...
SafeMinds
SafeMinds
The Coalition for SafeMinds is a non-profit organization dedicated to investigating the risks of exposure to mercury from medical products...
Thoughtful House

Manufacturers

Eli Lilly
Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly and Company is a global pharmaceutical company. Eli Lilly's global headquarters is located in Indianapolis, Indiana, in the United States...
Novartis
Novartis
Novartis International AG is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland, ranking number three in sales among the world-wide industry...
GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline plc is a global pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company headquartered in London, United Kingdom...

Other

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices provides advice and guidance on effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases in the U.S. civilian population. The ACIP develops written recommendations for routine administration of vaccines to the pediatric and adult populations, along with...
American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Pediatrics
The American Academy of Pediatrics is the major professional association of pediatricians in the United States. The AAP was founded in 1930 by 35 pediatricians to address pediatric healthcare standards. It currently has 60,000 members in primary care and sub-specialist areas...
Emergent BioSolutions
Emergent BioSolutions
Emergent BioSolutions is a multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Rockville, Maryland. Emergent develops vaccines and therapeutics targeting infectious diseases, oncology and autoimmune disorders. Founded as BioPort Corporation in 1998, the company was named Emergent...
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists was organized in the USA in the early 1950s in response to the need to have at least one person in each state and territory responsible for public health surveillance of diseases and conditions of public health significance. Since then, CSTE has...
Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research
Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research
The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research was an independent research institute named after Edward Jenner, the inventor of vaccination. It was co-located with the Compton Laboratory of the Institute for Animal Health on a campus in the English village of Compton...
Every Child By Two
Every Child By Two
Every Child By Two is a non-profit health advocacy organization, based in the United States and founded in 1991, dedicated to protecting children from diseases through the promotion of vaccinations and raising parental awareness of potential vaccine benefits...
Emory University
Emory University
Emory University is a private research university in metropolitan Atlanta, located in the Druid Hills section of unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The university was founded as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford, Georgia by a small group of Methodists and was named in honor of...
Expanded Program on Immunization (Philippines)
Expanded Program on Immunization (Philippines)
The Expanded Program on Immunization ' in the Philippines began in July 1979. And, in 1986, made a response to the Universal Child Immunization goal...
GAVI Alliance
Immunization Alliance
Immunization Alliance
The Immunization Alliance is an American vaccine advocacy consortium, assembled under auspices of the American Academy of Pediatrics in May 2008...
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative is a global not-for-profit, public-private partnership working to accelerate the development of vaccines to prevent HIV infection and AIDS. IAVI researches and develops vaccine candidates, conducts policy analyses, serves as an advocate for the field and...
Israel Institute for Biological Research
Israel Institute for Biological Research
Israel Institute for Biological Research is a government defense research institute specializing in biology, medicinal chemistry and environmental science, and is suspected of also developing biological and chemical weapons, as well as defenses against them. It is located in Ness Ziona, 20...
Unit 731
Unit 731
was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japanese...
March of Dimes
March of Dimes
The March of Dimes Foundation is a United States nonprofit organization that works to improve the health of mothers and babies.-Organization:...
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
The National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases , formerly known as the National Immunization Program until April, 2006, is charged with responsibility for the planning, coordination, and conduct of immunization activities in the United States...
Nature Reviews Immunology
Nature Reviews Immunology
Nature Reviews Immunology is a monthly review journal covering the field of immunology. The journal also publishes "Research Highlight" articles, which are short summaries written by the editors that describe recent hot research papers.-External links:*...
Nature Reviews Microbiology
Nature Reviews Microbiology
Launched in October 2003, Nature Reviews Microbiology is part of the Nature Publishing Group. The journal publishes reviews and perspectives that help to integrate the various disciplines, bridging fundamental research and its clinical, industrial and environmental applications to create a single...
Pasteur Institute
Pasteur Institute
The Pasteur Institute is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, who made some of the greatest breakthroughs in modern medicine at the time, including pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax...
Sabin Vaccine Institute
Sabin Vaccine Institute
The Sabin Vaccine Institute is a non-profit, 501 organization dedicated to reducing needless humansuffering from vaccine preventable and neglected tropical diseases through prevention and treatment...
Sanofi-Aventis
Sanofi-Aventis
Sanofi S.A. is a multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris, France, the world's fourth-largest by prescription sales. Sanofi engages in the research and development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products for sale principally in the prescription market, but the...
Schering-Plough
Schering-Plough
Schering-Plough Corporation was a United States-based pharmaceutical company. It was founded in 1851 by Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering as Schering AG in Germany. In 1971, the Schering Corporation merged with Plough to form Schering-Plough. On November 4, 2009 Merck & Co...
Uganda Virus Research Institute
Uganda Virus Research Institute
The Uganda Virus Research Institute , located in Entebbe, Uganda, was established in 1936 as the Yellow Fever Research Institute by the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1950, after gaining regional recognition it was renamed the East African Virus Research institute...
Vaccination Week In The Americas
Vaccination Week In The Americas
Vaccination Week In The Americas is an annual effort by the member countries of the Pan American Health Organization to vaccinate millions of people in the region. It was first held in 2003, and was prompted by a measles outbreak in Venezuela and Colombia and proposed as an annual event by the...
Yerkes National Primate Research Center
Yerkes National Primate Research Center
The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, originally established and located in Orange Park, Florida but was later relocated to Atlanta, Georgia at Emory University, is one of eight national primate research centers funded by the National Institutes of Health...

Legal aspects

Project Bioshield Act
Project Bioshield Act
The Project Bioshield Act was an act passed by the United States Congress in 2004 calling for $5 billion for purchasing vaccines that would be used in the event of a bioterrorist attack. This was a ten-year program to acquire medical countermeasures to biological, chemical, radiological and...
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
The Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005 , nicknamed "Bioshield Two" and sponsored by Senator Richard Burr , aims shorten the pharmaceutical development process for new vaccines and drugs in case of a pandemic, and to protect vaccine makers and the pharmaceutical...
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. The legislation was aimed at ensuring a stable market supply, and to provide cost-effective arbitration for vaccine...
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act , passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President of the United States George W. Bush in December, 2005, is a controversial tort liability shield intended to protect vaccine manufacturers from financial risk in the event of a...
Vaccine court
Vaccine court
Vaccine court is the popular term which refers to the Office of Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, which administers a no-fault system for litigating vaccine injury claims. These claims against vaccine manufacturers cannot normally be filed in state or federal civil courts, but...
Vaccines for the New Millennium Act
Vaccines for the New Millennium Act
Vaccines for the New Millennium Act was a bill introduced by Senator John Kerry and Rep. Nancy Pelosi . The bill would have provided tax credits to private sector companies working on vaccines for some of the world's most deadly infectious agents...

Other

2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis
Active immunization
Active immunization
Active immunization is the induction of immunity after exposure to an antigen. Antibodies are created by the recipient and may be stored permanently....
AIDS origins opposed to scientific consensus
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic. While a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation in bacteria may confer resistance to antimicrobial drugs, genes that confer resistance can be transferred between bacteria in a...
Antiviral drug
Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses...
BCG disease outbreak in Finland in the 2000's
BCG disease outbreak in Finland in the 2000's
BCG disease is an adverse effect of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. The vaccine contains living Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and in BCG disease, the bacterium causes a disease in persons vaccinated...
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. For the use of this method in warfare, see biological warfare.-Definition:According to the...
Controversies in autism
Controversies in autism
Controversies in autism encompass the disagreement over the exact nature of autism, its causes and manifestations. Autism is considered to be a neurodevelopmental condition which manifests itself in markedly abnormal social interaction, communication ability, and patterns of interests.The cause of...
Death rates in the 20th century
Death rates in the 20th century
Death rates in the 20th century from natural causes, including disease and malnutrition, plummeted in wealthier countries.In 1900 around 17 Americans per 1000 died in any given year. At the close of the century the number was around 9 per thousand....
Efficacy
Efficacy
Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect. It has different specific meanings in different fields. In medicine, it is the ability of an intervention or drug to reproduce a desired effect in expert hands and under ideal circumstances.- Healthcare :...
Flying syringe
Flying syringe
Flying syringe is a phrase that is used to refer to proposed, but not yet created, genetically modified mosquitoes that inject vaccines into people when they bite them...
Gamma globulin
Gamma globulin
Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins , more commonly known as antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.-Use as medical...
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
Genetics
Genetics
Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms....
Herd immunity
Herd immunity
Herd immunity describes a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity...
History of medicine
History of medicine
All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, death, and disease. Throughout history, illness has been attributed to witchcraft, demons, astral influence, or the will of the gods...
History of science
History of science
The history of science is the study of the historical development of human understandings of the natural world and the domains of the social sciences....
Original antigenic sin
Original antigenic sin
Original antigenic sin, also known as the Hoskins effect, refers to the propensity of the body's immune system to preferentially utilize immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version, of that foreign entity is encountered...
Host (biology)
Host (biology)
In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. In botany, a host plant is one that supplies food resources and substrate for certain insects or other fauna...
Immortality
Immortality
Immortality is the ability to live forever. It is unknown whether human physical immortality is an achievable condition. Biological forms have inherent limitations which may or may not be able to be overcome through medical interventions or engineering...
Immunization
Immunization
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent ....
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ; the...
Immunostimulator
Immunostimulator
Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components...
Inoculation
Inoculation
Inoculation is the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease...
Intramuscular injection
Intramuscular injection
Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications . It is used for particular forms of medication that are administered in small amounts...
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible prohibits ingesting blood and that Christians should therefore not accept blood transfusions or donate or store their own blood for transfusion...
Lipid A
Lipid A
Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane...
Molecular virology
Molecular Virology
Molecular Virology is the study of viruses at the molecular level.In particular, this includes the analysis of individual viral genes and gene products, and their interaction with host cellular proteins....
Naked DNA
Naked DNA
Naked DNA is histone-free DNA that is passed from cell to cell during a gene transfer process called transformation or transfection. In transformation , purified or naked DNA is taken up by the recipient cell which will give the recipient cell a new characteristic or phenotype...
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the field of life science and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will...
Number needed to vaccinate
Number needed to vaccinate
Number needed to vaccinate is a metric used in the evaluation of vaccines, and in the determination of vaccination policy. It is a specific application of the number needed to treat metric that incorporates the implications of herd immunity....
OPV AIDS hypothesis
OPV AIDS hypothesis
The oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis argues that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experimental mass vaccination campaigns.Data from molecular biology and...
Pet passport
Pet passport
The Pet Travel Scheme is a system which allows animals to travel easily between member countries without undergoing quarantine. A Pet Passport is a document that officially records information related to a specific animal, as part of that procedure...
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function...
Poliomyelitis eradication
Poliomyelitis eradication
The global eradication of poliomyelitis is a public health effort to eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis infection around the world. The global effort, begun in 1988 and led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF and The Rotary Foundation, has reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases from...
Post-exposure prophylaxis
Post-exposure prophylaxis
Post-exposure prophylaxis is any prophylactic treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen , in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease.-Rabies:...
Precautionary principle
Precautionary principle
The precautionary principle or precautionary approach states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those...
Pregnancy
Immunization during pregnancy
Immunization during pregnancy, that is the administration of a vaccine to a pregnant woman, is not a routine event as it is generally preferred to administer vaccines either prior to conception or in the postpartum period...
Prophylaxis
Public health
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" . It is concerned with threats to health based on population health...
Quarantine
Quarantine
Quarantine is compulsory isolation, typically to contain the spread of something considered dangerous, often but not always disease. The word comes from the Italian quarantena, meaning forty-day period....
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA sequences that result from the use of laboratory methods to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in biological organisms...
Science and technology in the United States
Science and technology in the United States
The United States came into being around the Age of Enlightenment , a period in which writers and thinkers rejected the superstitions of the past. Instead, they emphasized the powers of reason and unbiased inquiry, especially inquiry into the workings of the natural world...
Strategic National Stockpile
Strategic National Stockpile
The Strategic National Stockpile is the United States' national repository of antibiotics, vaccines, chemical antidotes, antitoxins and other critical medical equipment and supplies...
Superantigen
Superantigen
Superantigens are a class of antigens which cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in oligoclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release...
Thiomersal controversy
Thiomersal controversy
The thiomersal controversy describes claims that vaccines containing the mercury-based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other brain development disorders...
Timeline of vaccines
Timeline of vaccines
This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed...
Toxoid
Toxoid
A toxoid is a bacterial toxin whose toxicity has been weakened or suppressed either by chemical or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. In international medical literature the preparation also is known as Anatoxin or Anatoxine...
Travel medicine
Travel medicine
Travel medicine or emporiatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention and management of health problems of international travelers.-Globalization and travel:...
United States and weapons of mass destruction
United States and weapons of mass destruction
The United States is known to have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, chemical weapons and biological weapons. The U.S. is the only country to have used nuclear weapons in combat. The U.S. also used chemical weapons in World War I...
Vaccination
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
Vaccination policy
Vaccination policy
Vaccination policy refers to the health policy a government adopts in relation to vaccination. Vaccinations are voluntary in some countries and mandatory in some countries as part of the public health system...
Vaccination schedule
Vaccination schedule
A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence....
Vaccine
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins...
Vaccine controversy
Vaccine controversy
A vaccine controversy is a dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, or safety of vaccinations. Medical and scientific evidence surrounding vaccinations generally demonstrate that the benefits of preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases outweigh rare adverse effects of...
Vaccine critic
Vaccine-induced seropositivity
Vaccine-induced seropositivity
Vaccine-induced seropositivity or VISP is the phenomenon wherein a person who has received a vaccine against a disease would thereafter give a positive or reactive test result for having that disease when tested for it, despite not actually having the disease...
Viral shift
Viral shift
A viral shift is the sudden emergence of a seemingly novel strain of a virus. It is a prerequisite viral condition for pandemics. An existing virus undergoes a change and becomes a pathogen, such as the constantly mutating "A" strain of influenza in which the change is known as an antigenic shift...
Virology
Virology
Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy...
Virus-like particle
World AIDS Vaccine Day
World AIDS Vaccine Day
World AIDS Vaccine Day, also known as HIV Vaccine Awareness Day, is observed annually on May 18. HIV vaccine advocates mark the day by promoting the continued urgent need for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection and AIDS...

Viral diseases

Bacterial diseases

Vaccines under research

Vaccine components

Vaccine safety

Developers of vaccines

Anti-vaccinationists

Early anti-vaccinationists (c. 1850-1910)

Organizations, conferences and publications

Legal aspects

Other

See also