Vaccination schedule
Encyclopedia
A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccination
s, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.
A vaccine
is an antigen
ic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease
, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection
by any natural or "wild" pathogen
. Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.
Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, subnational areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever
vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease. In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccinations schedules discussed by the World Health Organization
show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25. This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.
In 1900, the smallpox vaccine
was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received four vaccines, for protection against (diphtheria
, pertussis
, tetanus
, polio, and smallpox
), and as many as five shots by two years of age. Since the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) now recommends vaccination
against at least fourteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor. The use of combination vaccine products means that, , the United Kingdom
's immunization program consists of 10 injections by the age of two, and a further three injections (or four, including the human papillomavirus vaccine) by the time of leaving school.
monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures. The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. Current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states can be accessed here. Additional vaccines are given to individuals that are much more likely to come into contact with certain diseases due to their occupation or travel to regions where the disease is present (including members of the Military), or only after potentially infectious exposure. Examples include Rabies vaccine
, Anthrax vaccine
, Cholera vaccine
and Smallpox vaccine
.
.
, and uses combination immunisations where available (NB recent change as of December 2010: 13 month vaccination now at 12 months):
s are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.
Pneumococcal vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia
), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.
Flu vaccine
is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals and poultry
workers.
requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
s, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.
A vaccine
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins...
is an antigen
Antigen
An antigen is a foreign molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system. The immune system will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as...
ic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease
Disease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...
, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...
by any natural or "wild" pathogen
Pathogen
A pathogen gignomai "I give birth to") or infectious agent — colloquially, a germ — is a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host...
. Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.
Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, subnational areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family....
vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease. In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccinations schedules discussed by the World Health Organization
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25. This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.
In 1900, the smallpox vaccine
Smallpox vaccine
The smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine to be developed. The process of vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, who acted upon his observation that milkmaids who caught the cowpox virus did not catch smallpox...
was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received four vaccines, for protection against (diphtheria
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity...
, pertussis
Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough , is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Symptoms are initially mild, and then develop into severe coughing fits, which produce the namesake high-pitched "whoop" sound in infected babies and children when they inhale air...
, tetanus
Tetanus
Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani...
, polio, and smallpox
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"...
), and as many as five shots by two years of age. Since the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Druid Hills, unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, in Greater Atlanta...
(CDC) now recommends vaccination
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
against at least fourteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor. The use of combination vaccine products means that, , the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
's immunization program consists of 10 injections by the age of two, and a further three injections (or four, including the human papillomavirus vaccine) by the time of leaving school.
Worldwide
The World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures. The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. Current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states can be accessed here. Additional vaccines are given to individuals that are much more likely to come into contact with certain diseases due to their occupation or travel to regions where the disease is present (including members of the Military), or only after potentially infectious exposure. Examples include Rabies vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to control rabies. Rabies can be prevented by vaccination, both in humans and other animals.-In animals:Currently, pre-exposure immunization has been used on domesticated and normal non-human populations...
, Anthrax vaccine
Anthrax vaccine
Anthrax vaccines are vaccines against the infectious disease anthrax. Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, that most commonly occurs in wild and domestic mammals. Anthrax also occurs in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, hides, or tissue from infected...
, Cholera vaccine
Cholera vaccine
Cholera vaccine is a vaccine used against cholera.The first vaccines against cholera were developed in the late nineteenth century. These injected whole cell vaccine became increasingly popular until they were replaced by oral vaccines starting in the 1980s. Although no longer in use, the injected...
and Smallpox vaccine
Smallpox vaccine
The smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine to be developed. The process of vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, who acted upon his observation that milkmaids who caught the cowpox virus did not catch smallpox...
.
| Vaccine Target | Transmission | Worldwide incidence (2004) | Worldwide deaths (2004) | Chile | Cuba | USA | UK | Finland | Germany | Saudi Arabia | Ethiopia | Botswana | India | Australia | China | Japan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diphtheria | Saliva | 34,000 | 5,000 | |||||||||||||
| Pertussis | Airborne droplet | 18,387,000 | 254,000 | |||||||||||||
| Tetanus | Penetrating injury | 251,000 | 163,000 | |||||||||||||
| Hepatitis B Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen . It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted... |
Bodily fluids | 5,700,000 (acute) | 105,000 | |||||||||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type b |
Airborne droplet | 2,000,000–3,000,000 | 386,000 | |||||||||||||
| Measles Measles vaccine Measles vaccine is a highly effective vaccine used against measles. The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combo vaccine has been available since 2005... |
Airborne | 27,000,000 | 424,000 | |||||||||||||
| Tuberculosis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from... |
Airborne | 7,782,000 | 1,464,000 | |||||||||||||
| Polio Polio vaccine Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin... |
Fecal-oral | 1,606 | ||||||||||||||
| Hepatitis A Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine against the hepatitis A virus. The first successful vaccine against it was invented by Maurice Hilleman at Merck. The vaccine protects against the virus in more than 95% of cases and provides protection from the virus for at least ten years... |
Fecal-oral | 1,400,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Human papillomavirus HPV vaccine The human papilloma virus vaccine prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers... |
Sexual contact | 493,000 | 247,000 | |||||||||||||
| Influenza (seasonal) | Airborne droplet | 3,000,000–5,000,000 | 250,000–500,000 | |||||||||||||
| Meningococcus Meningococcal vaccine Meningococcal vaccine is a vaccine used against Meningococcus, a bacterium that causes meningitis, meningococcemia, septicemia, and rarely carditis, septic arthritis, or pneumonia.-Types:... |
Airborne droplet | 340,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Mumps Mumps vaccine Several varieties of mumps vaccine have been used since 1949, and at least 10 strains were in use in 2006:The first vaccine was a killed mumps virus vaccine developed in 1948 and used in the United States from 1950-1978. This vaccine produced little immune memory, thus had a short duration of... |
Airborne droplet | 544,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Pneumococcus Pneumococcal vaccine A pneumococcal vaccine is a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.Types include:* Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine* Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-Vaccination in the USA:... |
Airborne droplet | 14,500,000 | 826,000 | |||||||||||||
| Rotavirus | Fecal-oral | 527,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Rubella Rubella vaccine Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used against rubella.One form is called "Meruvax".... |
Airborne droplet | 196,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Typhoid fever Typhoid vaccine Typhoid vaccine is a vaccine used against typhoid fever.There are two effective types:* Ty21a, which is a live vaccine* Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, which is a subunit vaccine... |
Fecal-oral | 22,000,000 | 216,000 | |||||||||||||
| Varicella Varicella vaccine The varicella vaccine is a live virus that protects against the viral disease commonly known as chickenpox caused by Varicella Zoster Virus . Varicella vaccine is marketed as Varivax in the U.S. by Merck... |
Airborne | |||||||||||||||
| Yellow fever Yellow fever vaccine Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine used against yellow fever.The vaccine consists of a live, but attenuated, strain of the yellow fever virus called 17D. The 17D vaccine has been used commercially since the 1950s. The mechanisms of attenuation and immunogenicity for the 17D strain are not known... |
Mosquito | 200,000 | 30,000 | |||||||||||||
| Tick-borne encephalitis | Tick | 5,000–7,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Japanese encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis Japanese encephalitis —previously known as Japanese B encephalitis to distinguish it from von Economo's A encephalitis—is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. The Japanese encephalitis virus is a virus from the family Flaviviridae. Domestic pigs and wild birds are... |
Mosquito | 50,000 | 15,000 |
- At risk groups or certain populations only. See reference for more details.
- Incidence and deaths noted are for cervical cancerCervical cancerCervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. One of the most common symptoms is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer is in its advanced stages...
. Nearly 100% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV.
Australia
The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule. All vaccines available under the Australian immunisation schedule are free of charge under the Pharmaceutical Benefits SchemePharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme or PBS is a program of the Australian Government that provides subsidised prescription drugs to residents of Australia. The PBS ensures that all Australians have affordable and reliable access to a wide range of necessary medicines.-History:The PBS was established...
.
| Vaccine | Birth | 2 mo. | 4 mo. | 6 mo. | 12 mo. | 18 mo. | 4 yrs | 10–13 yrs | 15–17 yrs | ≥65 yrs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen . It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted... |
HepB | HepB | HepB | HepB | |||||||||||||
| Rotavirus | RV | RV | RV | ||||||||||||||
| Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus DPT vaccine DPT refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus... |
DTPa | DTPa | DTPa | DTPa | dTpa | ||||||||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended the use of the Hib vaccine. Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in... |
Hib | Hib | Hib | Hib | |||||||||||||
| Pneumococcal Pneumococcal vaccine A pneumococcal vaccine is a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.Types include:* Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine* Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-Vaccination in the USA:... |
7vPCV | 7vPCV | 7vPCV | 23vPPV | |||||||||||||
| Polio vaccine Polio vaccine Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin... (inactivated) |
IPV | IPV | IPV | IPV | |||||||||||||
| Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... |
MMR | MMR | |||||||||||||||
| Varicella | Varicella | ||||||||||||||||
| Meningococcus | MenCCV | ||||||||||||||||
| Human papillomavirus vaccine HPV vaccine The human papilloma virus vaccine prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers... |
HPV | ||||||||||||||||
| Influenza | Yearly | ||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and National Health ServiceNational Health Service
The National Health Service is the shared name of three of the four publicly funded healthcare systems in the United Kingdom. They provide a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority of which are free at the point of use to residents of the United Kingdom...
, and uses combination immunisations where available (NB recent change as of December 2010: 13 month vaccination now at 12 months):
| Vaccine | 2 mo. | 3 mo. | 4 mo. | 12 mo. | 3–4 yrs | 12–13 yrs | 13–18 yrs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus DPT vaccine DPT refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus... |
DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | Td | ||||||||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended the use of the Hib vaccine. Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in... |
Hib | Hib | Hib | Hib | |||||||||||||
| Pneumococcal Pneumococcal vaccine A pneumococcal vaccine is a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.Types include:* Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine* Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-Vaccination in the USA:... |
PCV | PCV | PCV | ||||||||||||||
| Polio vaccine Polio vaccine Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin... (inactivated) |
IPV | IPV | IPV | IPV | IPV | ||||||||||||
| Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... |
MMR | MMR | |||||||||||||||
| Meningococcus | MenC | MenC | MenC | ||||||||||||||
| Human papillomavirus vaccine HPV vaccine The human papilloma virus vaccine prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers... |
HPV | ||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
Non-routine vaccinations
Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:- BCGBacillus Calmette-GuérinBacillus Calmette-Guérin is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from...
vaccine is given at birth "to babies who are more likely to come into contact with TuberculosisTuberculosisTuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
than the general population." - Hepatitis B vaccineHepatitis B vaccineHepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen . It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted...
is given at birth "to babies whose mothers are hepatitis B positive."
Adult vaccinations
The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doseBooster dose
In medicine, a booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier dose. After initial immunization, a booster injection or booster dose is a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after it has been...
s are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.
Pneumococcal vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia
Asplenia
Asplenia refers to the absence of normal spleen function and is associated with some serious infection risks. Hyposplenism is used to describe reduced splenic functioning, but not as severely affected as with asplenism.-Congenital:...
), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.
Flu vaccine
Flu vaccine
The influenza vaccine, also known as flu shot, is an annual vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. Each injected seasonal influenza vaccine contains three influenza viruses: one influenza type A subtype H3N2 virus strain, one influenza type A subtype H1N1 virus strain, and...
is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals and poultry
Poultry
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of producing eggs, meat, and/or feathers. These most typically are members of the superorder Galloanserae , especially the order Galliformes and the family Anatidae , commonly known as "waterfowl"...
workers.
United States
The Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule and the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule are revised annually. The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury ActNational Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. The legislation was aimed at ensuring a stable market supply, and to provide cost-effective arbitration for vaccine...
requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.
| Vaccine | Birth | 1 month | 2 mo. | 4 mo. | 6 mo. | 12 mo. | 15 mo. | 18 mo. | 19-23 mo | 4–6 yrs | 11–12 yrs | 19–26 yrs | ≥27 years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen . It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted... |
HepB | HepB | HepB | ||||||||||
| Rotavirus | RV | RV | RV | ||||||||||
| Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus DPT vaccine DPT refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus... |
DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | Td (every 10 years) | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended the use of the Hib vaccine. Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in... |
Hib | Hib | Hib | Hib | |||||||||
| Pneumococcal Pneumococcal vaccine A pneumococcal vaccine is a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.Types include:* Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine* Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-Vaccination in the USA:... |
PCV | PCV | PCV | PCV | PPSV | ||||||||
| Polio vaccine Polio vaccine Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin... (inactivated) |
IPV | IPV | IPV | IPV | |||||||||
| Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... |
MMR | MMR | 1 or 2 doses | ||||||||||
| Varicella Varicella vaccine The varicella vaccine is a live virus that protects against the viral disease commonly known as chickenpox caused by Varicella Zoster Virus . Varicella vaccine is marketed as Varivax in the U.S. by Merck... (chickenpox Chickenpox Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus . It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring... ) |
Varicella | Varicella | 2 doses | ||||||||||
| Hepatitis A Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine against the hepatitis A virus. The first successful vaccine against it was invented by Maurice Hilleman at Merck. The vaccine protects against the virus in more than 95% of cases and provides protection from the virus for at least ten years... |
HepA (2 doses) | ||||||||||||
| Meningococcus | MCV | ||||||||||||
| Human papillomavirus vaccine HPV vaccine The human papilloma virus vaccine prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers... |
3 doses | 3 doses, | |||||||||||
| Influenza | Influenza (yearly) | Yearly ≥50 | |||||||||||
|
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