The
White movement ' onMouseout='HidePop("66966")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Romanization_of_Russian">tr.
Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet...
Beloye dvizheniye), whose military arm was the
White Army (Белая Армия,
Belaya Armiya) aka the
White Guard (Белая Гвардия,
Belaya Gvardiya), and as the
Whites (Белые and белогвардейцы “White Guardsmen”) comprised some of the politico-military Russian forces who unsuccessfully fought the
BolshevikThe Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903...
s after the
October RevolutionTheOctober Revolution , also known as the Soviet Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution. It began with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 Julian calendar...
and later the
Red ArmyThe Red Army The Red Army The Red Army was the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Since 1946, after the Second World War, it was called the Soviet Army.The 'Red...
in the
Russian Civil WarThe Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a multi-party war that...
(1917–23).
Structure and ideology
In the Russian context,
White connoted three designations: (i) political contra-distinction to the
Reds, whose revolutionary
Red ArmyThe Red Army The Red Army The Red Army was the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Since 1946, after the Second World War, it was called the Soviet Army.The 'Red...
supported
the BolsheviksA soviet originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. According to the official historiography of the Soviet Union, the first Soviet was organized during the 1905 Russian Revolution in Ivanovo in May 1905...
and
CommunismCommunism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general. Karl Marx posited that communism would be the final stage in human...
; (ii) historical reference to
absolute monarchyAbsolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the king or queen has absolute power over all aspects of his/her subjects' lives. Although some religious authorities may be able to discourage the monarch from some acts and the sovereign is expected to act according to custom, in an...
, specifically united Russia’s first Tsar, Ivan III (1462–1505), styled “Albus Rex” (“White King”); and (iii) sartorially, that some White Army soldiers wore the white uniforms of Imperial Russia.
The White Army was a loose
confederationA confederation is an association of sovereign member states, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states...
of counter-revolutionary forces; besides being anti-
BolshevikThe Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903...
Russian patriots, being professional soldiers, most White Army officers had no ideology. Among White Army leaders, neither General
Lavr KornilovLavr Georgiyevich Kornilov was a senior Russian army general during World War I and the ensuing Russian Civil War...
nor General Denikin were
monarchistsMonarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy as a form of government in a nation. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government out of principle, independent from the person, the Monarch.In this system, the Monarch may be the...
, yet General
Pyotr Nikolayevich WrangelBaron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was an officer in the Imperial Russian army and later commanding general of the anti-bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War.-Life:Wrangel was born in Mukuliai , Lithuania , a descendant of the...
was a monarchist willing to soldier for an elected, democratic Russian government. In the event, despite most White Army officers being monarchists, the White Army was not monarchist in purpose, despite publicly presenting itself as such; however, the White Army generally believed in a united
multinationalA multinational state is a state in which the population consists of two or more ethnically distinct nations that are of significant size. This contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the population...
Russia, and opposed separatists wanting to create
nation-stateThe nation-state is a certain form of state that derives its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit. The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity...
s instead of the Tsarist Russian Empire. The White Army’s rank-and-file comprised active anti-Bolsheviks, such as
CossackCossacks were originally members of military communities in the uninhabited borderland areas in the steppe that lies North of Black Sea...
s,
nobleNobility is a state-privileged status which is generally hereditary, but which may also be personal only. Titles of nobility are usually associated with present or former monarchies. The term originally referred to those who were "known" or "notable" and was applied to the highest social class in...
s, and
peasantA peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground. The word is derived from 15th century French païsant meaning one from the pays, or countryside, ultimately from the Latin pagus, or outlying administrative district A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists...
s, as conscripts and volunteers.
Moreover, other political parties supported the anti-Bolshevik White Army, among them the democrats, the
Socialist-Revolutionary Partythumb|right|200px|Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" , short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries....
, and others opposing Lenin’s
BolshevikThe Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903...
October RevolutionTheOctober Revolution , also known as the Soviet Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution. It began with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 Julian calendar...
; yet, according to the time and place, those White Army supporters also exchanged right-wing allegiance for allegiance with the
Red ArmyThe Red Army The Red Army The Red Army was the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Since 1946, after the Second World War, it was called the Soviet Army.The 'Red...
.
Some White leaders, especially General Wrangel, formulated ideology based on Russian
traditionalismThe word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem, acc. of traditio which means "handing over, passing on", and is used in a number of ways in the English language:...
, the concepts of which were assumed and developed by the
White émigrésWhite émigré is a political term mostly used in France, the USA, and the UK to describe a Russian who emigrated from Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War and who was in opposition to the then current Russian political climate...
, at Civil War’s end (1923), by
intellectualsThe intelligentsia is a social class of people engaged in complex mental and creative labor directed to the development and dissemination of culture, encompassing intellectuals and social groups close to them...
such as
Ivan IlyinIvan Alexandrovich Ilyin was a Russian religious and political philosopher, and White emigre publicist and an ideologue of the Russian All-Military Union.-Young years:...
; it philosophically resembled the Slavophiles’ beliefs. That became the “White Idea”, either developed or formulated as doctrine after the civil war; most organised veterans (i.e. the
Russian All-Military UnionThe Russian All-Military Union was founded by White Army General Pyotr Wrangel in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on September 1 1924...
), did believe it.
Although monarchism peaked among the White Movement, liberal
republicanismA republic is a form of government in which the head of state is not a monarch and the people have an impact on its government. The word 'republic' is derived from the Latin phrase res publica which can be translated as "a public affair".Both modern and ancient republics vary widely in their...
was rarer. The
liberalLiberalism is the belief in the importance of individual freedom. This belief is widely accepted today throughout the world, and was recognized as an important value by many philosophers throughout history...
policies of
Alexander KerenskyAlexander Fyodorovich Kerensky was a Russian politician. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known commonly as Lenin, was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution.- Early life and...
and his socialist-democratic provisional government were mostly responsible for preparing Imperial Russia for the October Revolution in 1917. In August 1922, two months before being defeated, the Far Eastern White Army of General Mikhail Diterikhs convened the
Zemskiy SoborThe zemsky sobor was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land. It could be summoned either by tsar, or patriarch, or the Boyar Duma...
of Preamursk, and elected (without his participation) the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich Romanov as
TsarTsar or czar , occasionally spelled csar or Tzar in English, is a Slavic term with Bulgarian origins used to designate certain monarchs...
of all Russia.
There also existed the independent militaries such as the
Green ArmyThe Green armies, Green Army , or Greens were armed peasant groups which fought against both the Red Army and the White Army in the Russian Civil War. They fought to protect the communities in which they lived from requisitions or reprisals by either side...
and the
Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of UkraineThe Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine , popularly called Makhnovchina and also known as the Black Army, was an anarchist army formed largely of Ukrainian and Crimean peasants and workers under the command of the famous anarchist Nestor Makhno during the Russian Civil War.-Nestor Makhno...
aka the “Black Army” of
Nestor MakhnoNestor Ivanovych Makhno was a Ukrainian anarcho-communist guerrilla leader turned army commander who led an independent anarchist army in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War....
, officially against the Communist Reds and the Monarchist Whites — although they did establish opportunistic alliances with either nemesis.
At times, the
Western AlliesThe term Western Allies refers to a certain political and geographic grouping among the Allied Powers of the Second World War. It generally includes the United Kingdom and British Commonwealth, the United States, France and various other European and Latin American countries, but excludes China,...
, the
Central PowersThe Central Powers was one of the two sides that participated in World War I, the other being the Entente Powers.-Member states:...
, and other foreign governments supported and armed White Army units, which allowed the Bolsheviks to accuse the White Army of anti-Russian treason, of representing the interests of foreign powers. Moreover, the White movement’s
anti-SemitismAntisemitism is prejudice against or hostility towards Jews, often rooted in hatred of their ethnic background, culture, or religion....
embarrassed its Western sponsors, given the Bolshevik’s legal proscription of anti-Semitism in Russia.
Winston ChurchillSir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC was a British politician known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He served as Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer...
personally warned General Denikin, whose forces effected
pogromsA pogrom is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers...
, that “my task in winning support in Parliament for the Russian Nationalist cause will be infinitely harder if well-authenticated complaints continue to be received from Jews in the zone of the Volunteer Armies“; General Denikin ignored Churchill’s warnings, and the pogroms continued.
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8TZ4mHjG5sIC&printsec=frontcover#PPA56,M1 In the event, White Army General Konstantin Sakharov,
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , popularly known as the Nazi Party...
’s advisor about the USSR, acknowledged that “the White Movement was, in essence, the first manifestation of
fascismFascism, , comprises a radical and authoritarian nationalist political ideology and a corporatist economic ideology developed in Italy. Fascists believe that nations and/or races are in perpetual conflict whereby only the strong can survive by being healthy, vital, and by asserting themselves in...
”.
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LUhXZD2BPeQC&pg=PA280&lpg
Theatres of operation
The Whites and the Reds fought the
Russian Civil WarThe Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a multi-party war that...
from November 1917 until 1921, and isolated battles continued in the
Far EastThe Far East is a term used in English mostly equivalent to East Asia and Southeast Asia, sometimes to the inclusion of South Asia for economic and cultural reasons."Far East" came into use in European geopolitical discourse in...
until 1923. The White Army — aided by the Allied and (sometimes) the Central Powers forces such as
JapanThe Empire of Japan was a Japanese political entity that existed during the period from the...
,
BritainThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
, Canada,
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
,
ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
,
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
,
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
,
AustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the continental mainland , the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans...
,
GreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
, and
CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992...
, fought in
SiberiaSiberia , is the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the USSR from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the...
,
UkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev is both the capital and the largest city of...
, and the
CrimeaCrimea or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is the only autonomous republic of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name.The territory of Crimea was conquered and controlled many times throughout its history...
, but failed for being militarily and ideologically disunited — thus were defeated by the
Red ArmyThe Red Army The Red Army The Red Army was the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Since 1946, after the Second World War, it was called the Soviet Army.The 'Red...
.
The main White Army war theatres were:
- The Southern front
The Volunteer Army was an anti-Bolshevik army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920....
: Started on November 15 1917 by General Mikhail AlekseevMikhail Vasiliyevich Alekseyev was a Russian military leader before and during World War I, and one of the leaders of anti-Bolshevik forces in 1917-1918.-Biography:...
and commanded by General Lavr KornilovLavr Georgiyevich Kornilov was a senior Russian army general during World War I and the ensuing Russian Civil War...
, later headed by General Denikin and named the "Armed Forces of the South of Russia". The Southern Front featured massive-scale operations and was the most dangerous threat to the Bolshevik Government. At first, it was based entirely upon volunteers in Russia proper, mostly the Cossacks, among the first to oppose the Bolshevik Government. In 1919, after General Denikin’s attack upon Moscow failed, the Armed Forces of the South of Russia retreated. General WrangelBaron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was an officer in the Imperial Russian army and later commanding general of the anti-bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War.-Life:Wrangel was born in Mukuliai , Lithuania , a descendant of the...
reorganized the army in Crimea, established a provisional government (recognised by France), and renewed his attacks, which quickly failed when the Polish chief-of-state Józef Piłsudski separately made peace with Bolshevik Russia to withdraw Poland from the Russian Civil War.
- The Eastern (Siberian) front: Started in spring 1918, as a secret movement among army officers and right-wing socialist forces. In that front, they launched an attack in collaboration with the Czechoslovak Legions
The Czechoslovak Legions were Czech and Slovak volunteer armed forces fighting together with the Entente powers during World War I.-Overview:...
(then stranded in Siberia by the Bolshevik Government who barred them from leaving Russia). Admiral Kolchak headed that counter-revolutionary army and a provisional Russian government; despite some significant success in 1919, they were defeated and repelled to far eastern Russia, where they continued fighting until October 1922.
- The Northern and North-Western fronts: Headed by Nikolai Yudenich, Evgeni Miller, and Anatoly Lieven
Prince Anatoly Pavlovich Lieven, , was a Baltic German prince of the Lieven family who commanded a white anticommunist army during the Russian Civil War in Latvia known after him as the Liventsi ....
, were less co-ordinated than General Denikin’s Army of Southern Russia, were allied with with PolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
and EstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...
, and adventurers led by Pavel Bermondt-AvalovPavel Rafalovich Bermont-Avalov was an Ussuri Cossack and warlord...
and Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz. The most notable operation was the “White Sword” campaign against the Russian capital of Petrograd.
Post–Russian Civil War
The defeated anti-Bolshevik Russians congregated in
BelgradeBelgrade Belgrade Belgrade (Serbian Cyrillic: Београд, Serbian Latin: Beograd (meaning "White City" in Serbian) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city lies on two international waterways, at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where Central Europe's Pannonian Plain meets...
,
BerlinBerlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union...
,
ParisParis is the capital of France and the country's most populous city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
,
Harbin' , is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River...
,
IstanbulIstanbul is the largest city in Turkey and fifth largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.6 million. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province...
, and
ShanghaiShanghai is the largest city in China, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, with over 20 million people. Located on China's central eastern coast at the mouth of the Yangtze River, the city is administered as a municipality of the People's Republic of China with province-level...
, and established military and cultural networks that lasted through the
Second World WarWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
(1939–45), e.g. the
Russian community in HarbinThe term Harbin Russians or Russian Harbinites refers to several generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, a major junction city on the Chinese Eastern Railway , from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s....
and the
Russian community in ShanghaiThe term Shanghai Russians refers to a sizable Russian diaspora that flourished in Shanghai, China between the World Wars. By 1937 it is estimated that there were as many as 25,000 anti-Bolshevik Russians living in the city, the largest European group by far...
); afterwards, the White Russian’s
anti-CommunistAnti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communism, especially Marxism. Organized anti-communism developed in reaction to the growing popularity of the communist movement, and took on many forms during the 20th century....
activities established a home base in the United States. Moreover, in the 1920s and the 1930s, the White Movement established organisations, outside of Russia, meant to
deposeDeposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch. It may be done by coup, impeachment, invasion or forced abdication...
the Soviet Government with
guerrilla warfareGuerrilla warfare is the irregular warfare warfare and combat in which a small group of combatants use mobile military tactics in the form of ambushes and raids to combat a larger and less mobile formal army....
, e.g. the
Russian All-Military UnionThe Russian All-Military Union was founded by White Army General Pyotr Wrangel in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on September 1 1924...
, the
Brotherhood of Russian TruthThe Brotherhood of Russian Truth was a Russian patriotic organization established by Pyotr Krasnov and other former members of the White movement , for the purpose of overthrowing Bolshevism in Soviet Russia. The term "Russian Truth" is the word used to describe the Russian code of laws...
, and the
National Alliance of Russian SolidaristsThe National Alliance of Russian Solidarists ), known by its Russian abbreviation "NTS" is a Russian patriotic anticommunist organization founded in 1930 by a group of young Russian anticommunist White emigres in Belgrade, Serbia .The organization was formed in response to the older generation of...
. Russian cadet corps were established to prepare the next generation of anti-Communists for the “spring campaign” — a hopeful term denoting a renewed military campaign to reconquer Russia from the Soviet Government. In the event, many cadets volunteered to fight for the
Russian CorpsThe Russian Corps, the Russian Guard Corps, the Russian Corps in Serbia, the Separate Russian Corps was an armed force that existed from 1941 to 1945 in Yugoslavia, predominantly composed of anti-communist Russian emigres...
during the Second World War, the White Russian participation in the
Russian Liberation MovementRussian Liberation Movement is a term used to describe Russians during World War II who tried to create an anti-communist armed force which would topple the regime of Joseph Stalin...
.
Soviet historiographySoviet historiography is the way in which history was written by historians within the Soviet Union. Soviet historiography is also the practice of current historians studying how historians wrote history in the Soviet Union...
portrayed the White Movement’s anti-Bolshevik Russian Civil War as a war of foreign intervention against Russia; the White Army as composed of nobles and upper-classmen, and
conscriptedConscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by an established authority. It is most often used in the specific sense of requiring citizens to serve in the armed forces...
peasants; and White Army generals as
monarchistsAbsolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the king or queen has absolute power over all aspects of his/her subjects' lives. Although some religious authorities may be able to discourage the monarch from some acts and the sovereign is expected to act according to custom, in an...
financed by foreign governments and businessmen, (expelled) Russian landlords, and the
Russian Orthodox ChurchThe Russian Orthodox Church ; or The Moscow Patriarchate , also known...
.
Prominent persons of the White movement
- Mikhail Vasilevich Alekseev
Mikhail Vasiliyevich Alekseyev was a Russian military leader before and during World War I, and one of the leaders of anti-Bolshevik forces in 1917-1918.-Biography:...
- Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz
- Pavel Bermondt-Avalov
Pavel Rafalovich Bermont-Avalov was an Ussuri Cossack and warlord...
- Anton Ivanovich Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin was Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and one of the foremost generals of the White Russians in the civil war.- Childhood :...
- Mikhail Gordeevich Drozdovsky
- Mikhail Diterikhs
- Alexander Ilyich Dutov
Alexander Ilyich Dutov , one of the leaders of the Cossack counterrevolution in the Urals, Lieutenant General .Dutov was born in Kazalinsk . He graduated from Nikolayevsky Cavalry School and General Staff Academy . He was Assistant Commander of the Cossack regiment during the World War I of...
- Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin
Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin was a Russian religious and political philosopher, and White emigre publicist and an ideologue of the Russian All-Military Union.-Young years:...
- Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin
Alexey Maximovich Kaledin was a Russian Full General of Cavalry who led the Don Cossack White movement in the opening stages of the Russian Civil War.-Biography:...
- Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel
Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel was a White Russian military leader.During the First World War he was a Chief of the 347th Infantry Regiment's Staff and an officer in the 1st Army's Staff...
- Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak
- Lavr Georgevich Kornilov
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov
- Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov
Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov was a Russian counterrevolutionary in South Russia and White Army General ....
- Anatoly Lieven
Prince Anatoly Pavlovich Lieven, , was a Baltic German prince of the Lieven family who commanded a white anticommunist army during the Russian Civil War in Latvia known after him as the Liventsi ....
- Vyacheslav Grigoryevich Naumenko http://members.tripod.com/~marcin_w/index-3.htmlhttp://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/wars/witness2history/20.htmlhttp://lis.wwu.edu/record=b2019343
- Konstantin Mamontov
- Sergey Leonidovich Markov
Sergey Leonidovich Markov - Russian army general and one of the founders of Volunteer Army counterrevolutionary force of the White movement in the southern Russia during Russian Civil War.-Biography:...
- Vladimir Zenonovich May-Mayevsky
Vladimir Zenonovich May-Mayevsky was a Russian army general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during the Russian Civil War....
- Evgenii Karlovich Miller
Evgeny Karlovich Miller was a Russian general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during and after Russian Civil War.-Biography:...
- Viktor Leonidovich Pokrovsky
Viktor Leonidovich Pokrovsky - Russian lieutenant general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White Army during Russian Civil War.-Biography:...
- Grigory Mikhailovich Semenov
- Andrei Grigoriyevich Shkuro
Andrei Grigoriyevich Shkuro was a Lieutenant General of the White Army.-Biography:...
- Baron
Baron is a title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin baro meaning " man, warrior"; it merged with cognate Old English beorn meaning "nobleman."...
Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel
Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was an officer in the Imperial Russian army and later commanding general of the anti-bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War.-Life:Wrangel was born in Mukuliai , Lithuania , a descendant of the...
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich
Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich , was a commander of the Russian Caucasus Army and one of the most successful generals of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was later a leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.Yudenich was born in...
See also
- Volunteer Army
The Volunteer Army was an anti-Bolshevik army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920....
- Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War
The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I. The intervention involved fourteen nations and was conducted over a vast expanse of territory...
- White Emigre
White émigré is a political term mostly used in France, the USA, and the UK to describe a Russian who emigrated from Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War and who was in opposition to the then current Russian political climate...
- Don Army
The Don Army was part of the White movement of the Russian Civil War, operating from 1917 to 1919, in the Don region and centered in the town of Novocherkassk.- History :...
- Russian All-Military Union
The Russian All-Military Union was founded by White Army General Pyotr Wrangel in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on September 1 1924...
- Russian Corps
The Russian Corps, the Russian Guard Corps, the Russian Corps in Serbia, the Separate Russian Corps was an armed force that existed from 1941 to 1945 in Yugoslavia, predominantly composed of anti-communist Russian emigres...
- Russian Liberation Movement
Russian Liberation Movement is a term used to describe Russians during World War II who tried to create an anti-communist armed force which would topple the regime of Joseph Stalin...
- Russian Liberation Army
Russian Liberation Army was a group of predominantly Russian forces allied with Nazi Germany during World War II....
and the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of RussiaThe Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia was a committee composed of military and civilian anticommunists from territories of the Soviet Union...
- Operation Keelhaul
Operation Keelhaul was carried out in Northern Italy by British and American forces to repatriate Russian captives to the Soviet Union between August 14, 1946 and May 9, 1947...
- Basmachi Revolt
The Basmachi movement or Basmachi Revolt was a Muslim and largely Turkic uprising against Russian Empire and Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia....
- The Betrayal of Cossacks
- Latvian Riflemen
Latvian riflemen were military formations assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic territories against Germans in World War I. Initially the battalions were formed by volunteers, and from 1916 by conscription among the Latvian population...
- Estonian Freedom War
- Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War was a part of the national and social turmoil caused by World War I in Europe. The war was fought in Finland from 27 January to 15 May 1918, between the forces of the Social Democrats led by the People's Deputation of Finland, commonly called the "Reds" , and the forces of...
- White-
White or White- , was a political term used as an adjective, noun or a prefix by Bolsheviks to designate their real and alleged enemies of all sorts, by analogy with the White Army....
- Great Siberian Ice March
The Great Siberian Ice march was the winter retreat of Vladimir Kappel's White Russian Army in the course of the Russian Civil War in January-February 1920....
- Czech legion
- Italian Legione Redenta
Italian Legione Redenta was a Italian military formation that fought in the Siberian Intervention and were stationed in the Italian Concession in Tientsin...
- South African support to the White Russians
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