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The Russian All-Military Union (in Russian
Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
 ??????? ???? ???????? ????, abbreviated ????, ROVS) was founded by White Army General Pyotr Wrangel in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on September 1 1924. This organization united all veterans of the Russian White movement
White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
, soldiers and officers alike, who were living abroad and desired to stay united for the purpose of liberating Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 from the Bolshevik
Bolshevik

Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxism Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
 regime.






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The Russian All-Military Union (in Russian
Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
 ??????? ???? ???????? ????, abbreviated ????, ROVS) was founded by White Army General Pyotr Wrangel in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on September 1 1924. This organization united all veterans of the Russian White movement
White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
, soldiers and officers alike, who were living abroad and desired to stay united for the purpose of liberating Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 from the Bolshevik
Bolshevik

Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxism Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
 regime. The Union, known in Russian as the "ROVS", also tried to conduct operations within the USSR for the purpose of starting a national anti-communist uprising. It is important to note that the ROVS was formed outside of Soviet Russia.

Wrangelportraitnikolairomanoff
Aside from anti-communism, the ROVS did not have an official political orientation, somewhat adhering to the old Russian military dictum which said "The Army is outside of politics" (in Russian "????? ??? ????????"), believing that the political orientation of Russia cannot be predetermined by émigrés living outside of its borders (the philosophy of "non-predetermination" or in Russian "?????????????????"). Many (but not all) of its members had monarchist sympathies of varying flavors: constitutional vs. autocratic, Romanov vs. non-Romanov oriented.

The ROVS, along with other similar Russian émigré
White Emigre

White ?migr? is a political term mostly used in France, the USA, and the UK to describe a Russians who immigrated from Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil War and who was in opposition to the then current Russian political climate....
 organizations, became a prime target for the Soviet secret police, the OGPU. The OGPU set up a fake anti-communist monarchist organization, the Monarchist Union of Central Russia
Trust Operation

Operation Trust was a counterintelligence operation of the State Political Directorate of the Soviet Union. The operation, which ran from 1921-1926, set up a fake anti-Bolshevik underground resistance organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia", MUCR , in order to help the OGPU identify real monarchists and anti-Bolsheviks....
, which was successfully used to confuse and later demoralize the ROVS. They also successfully instituted a secret provocational organization within the ROVS known as the "Inner Line
Inner Line

The Inner Line was a secret intelligence organization started in the 1920s within the White emigre community living in Europe and controlled from within by the Soviet OGPU intelligence agency....
" (in Russian "?????????? ?????"), controlled by the double-agent General Nikolai Skoblin
Nikolai Skoblin

Nikolai Skoblin was a general in the counterrevolutionary White movement army, a member of the expatriate Russian All-Military Union , a Soviet double agent, and husband to the Roma people folk-singer Nadezhda Plevitskaya ....
, which masqueraded as a patriotic Russian intelligence organization. By the time the "Inner Line" was exposed by the Russian émigré organization National Alliance of Russian Solidarists
National Alliance of Russian Solidarists

The National Alliance of Russian Solidarists , known by its Russian abbreviation "NTS" is a Russian patriotic anticommunist organization founded in 1930 by a group of young Russian anticommunist White emigres in Belgrade, Serbia ....
 (NTS), two of the ROVS's leaders, General Alexander Kutepov
Alexander Kutepov

Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov was a Russian counterrevolutionary in South Russia and White movement General .Kutepov graduated from Junker Infantry School in St.Petersburg in 1904....
 and General Evgenii Miller
Evgenii Miller

Evgenii Karlovich Miller was a Russian general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during and after Russian Civil War....
, were kidnapped and taken by force to the USSR in 1930 and 1937 respectively. By the time World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
 started the ROVS lost most of its significance and influence. During the war the ROVS maintained a cautious position, not siding officially with Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union, but waiting for the emergence of an independent Russian Liberation Army
Russian Liberation Army

Russian Liberation Army was a group of predominantly Russians forces allied with Nazi Germany during World War II.The ROA was organized by former Red Army general Andrey Vlasov, who tried to unite all Russians in opposing the regime of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin....
.

The ROVS continued to be active into the 1990s, having evolved into an organization that was principally concerned with the historical preservation of the pre-communist and anti-communist Russian military tradition. In the ROVS's possession are a significant number of Russian imperial and White Army battle flags and standards, which are meant to be returned to Russia when "a national Russian army" is once again in existence.

In the mid-1990s a split emerged within the ROVS on whether to continue the organization's existence. In 2000, Vladimir Vishnevsky, a U.S. resident and the ROVS chairman at that time, requested a vote on this question. The vast majority of members voted for the dissolution of the ROVS. Vishnevsky died of cancer in that same year, but ROVS members, following the overwhelming poll results dissolved the organization. Several members, however, rejected this turn of events. This faction, primarily based in Russia and currently headed by Igor Ivanov, claims that the ROVS was not dissolved and named Nikolai Feodorov (d. 2003), a U.S. resident and Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
 veteran, an honorary chairman of their organization.

List of ROVS Chairmen/Commanders


1924-1928 General Pyotr Wrangel (as the commander of the Russian Army
White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
)

1924-1929 Grand Duke General Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov (as the supreme commander of all Russian forces, in concurrence with General Wrangel)

Kutepov
1929-1930 General Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov
Alexander Kutepov

Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov was a Russian counterrevolutionary in South Russia and White movement General .Kutepov graduated from Junker Infantry School in St.Petersburg in 1904....


1930-1937 General Evgenii Karlovich Miller
Evgenii Miller

Evgenii Karlovich Miller was a Russian general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during and after Russian Civil War....


1937-1938 General Feodor Feodorovich Abramov

1938-1957 General Alexei Petrovich Arkhangelsky

1957-1967 General Alexei Alexandrovich Von Lampe

1967-1979 General Vladimir Grigorievich Zharzhevsky

1979-1983 Captain Vladimir Petrovich Osipov

1983-1984 Starshina Vladimir Ivanovich Diakov

1984-1986 Lieutenant Peter Alekseevich Kalenichenko

1986-1988 Captain Boris Mihailovich Ivanov

1988-1988 Sotnik Nikita Ivanovich Iovich

1988-1989 Lieutenant Vladimir Vladimirovich Granitov

1989-2000 Captain Vladimir Nikolaevich Butkov

2000-2000 Lieutenant Vladimir Aleksandrovich Vishnevsky 2000- Igor Borisovich Ivanov (see explanation above)

See also


  • White movement
    White movement

    The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
  • White Emigre
    White Emigre

    White ?migr? is a political term mostly used in France, the USA, and the UK to describe a Russians who immigrated from Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil War and who was in opposition to the then current Russian political climate....
  • Pyotr Wrangel