Verticillium Wilt is a wilt

Wilting

Wilting refers to the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of plants. This occurs when the turgor pressure in non-lignified plant cells falls towards zero, as a result of diminished water in the cells...

 disease

Disease

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...

 of over 300 species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 of eudicot plant

Plant

Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...

s caused by one of two species of Verticillium

Verticillium

Verticillium is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota, and are an anamorphic form of the Plectosphaerellaceae family. The genus used to include diverse groups comprising saprobes and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mollusc eggs and other fungi thus it can be seen that the...

 fungus

Fungus

A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...

, V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum. Many economically important plants are susceptible including cotton

Cotton

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. The botanical purpose of cotton fiber is to aid in seed dispersal....

, tomato

Tomato

The word "tomato" may refer to the plant or the edible, typically red, fruit which it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler...

es, potato

Potato

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family . The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species...

es, eggplants, pepper

Capsicum

Capsicum is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Its species are native to the Americas where they have been cultivated for thousands of years, but they are now also cultivated worldwide, used as spices, vegetables, and medicines - and have become are a key element in...

s and ornamentals, as well as others in natural vegetation communities. Many eudicot species and cultivars are resistant to the disease and all monocots, gymnosperm

Gymnosperm

The gymnosperms are a group of seed-bearing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word gymnospermos , meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds...

s and fern

Fern

A fern is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants belonging to the botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem . They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants...

s are immune.

Symptoms are superficially similar to Fusarium

Fusarium

Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health...

wilts. There is no chemical control for the disease but crop rotation

Crop rotation

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons.Crop rotation confers various benefits to the soil. A traditional element of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals...

, the use of resistant varieties and deep plowing, may be useful in reducing the spread and impact of the disease.

Hosts and symptoms

Verticillium spp. attack a very large host range including more than 200 species of vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, field crops, and shade or forest trees. Most vegetable species have some susceptibility, so it has a very wide host range. A list of known hosts is at the bottom of this page.

The symptoms are similar to most wilts with a few specifics to Verticillium. Wilt itself is the most common symptom, with wilting of the stem and leaves occurring due to the blockage of the xylem vascular tissues and therefore reduced water and nutrient flow. In small plants and seedlings, Verticillium can quickly kill the plant while in larger, more developed plants the severity can vary. Some times only one side of the plant will appear infected because once in the vascular tissues, the disease migrates mostly upward and not as much radially in the stem. Other symptoms include stunting, chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, necrosis or tissue death, and defoliation. Internal vascular tissue discoloration might be visible when the stem is cut.

In Verticillium, the symptoms and effects will often only be on the lower or outer parts of plants or will be localized to only a few branches of a tree. In older plants, the infection can cause death, but often, especially with trees, the plant will be able to recover, or at least continue living with the infection. The severity of the infection plays a large role in how severe the symptoms are and how quickly they develop.

Disease cycle

While Verticillium spp. are very diverse, the basic life cycle of the pathogen is similar across species, except in their survival structures. The survival structures vary by species with V. albo-atrum forming mycelium, V. dahliae forming microsclerotia, V. nigrescens and V. nubilum forming chlamydospores, and V. tricorpus forming all three. While resting, many factors such as soil chemistry, temperature, hydration, micro fauna, and non-host crops all have an effect on the viability of the resting structure. Mycelium have been observed remaining viable for at least 4 years, while microsclerotia have been observed in fields planted with non-host crops for over 10 years and even 15 years has been reported. Viability is reduced at these extremes, but the long survivability of these structures is an important aspect for Verticillium control.

When roots of a host crop come near the resting structure (about 2mm) , root exudate promotes germination and the fungi grows out of the structure and toward the plant. Being a vascular wilt, it will try to get to the vascular system on the inside of the plant, and therefore must enter the plant. Natural root wounds are the easiest way to enter, and these wounds occur naturally, even in healthy plants because of soil abrasion on roots. Verticillium has also been observed entering roots directly, but these infections rarely make it to the vascular system, especially those that enter through root hairs .

Once the pathogen enters the host, it makes its way to the vascular system, and specifically the xylem. The fungi can spread as hyphae through the plant, but can also spread as spores. Verticillium produce conidia on conidiophores and once conidia are released in the xylem, they can quickly colonize the plant. Conidia have been observed traveling to the top of cotton plants, 115cm, 24 hours after initial conidia inoculation, so the spread throughout the plant can occur very quickly . Sometimes the flow of conidia will be stopped by cross sections of the xylem, and here the conidia will spawn, and the fungal hyphae can overcome the barrier, and then produce more conidia on the other side .

A heavily infected plant can succumb to the disease and die. As this occurs, the Verticillium will form its survival structures and when the plant dies, its survival structures will be where the plant falls, releasing inoculates into the environment. The survival structures will then wait for a host plant to grow nearby and will start the cycle all over again.

Besides being long lasting in the soil, Verticillium can spread in many ways. The most common way of spreading short distances is through root to root contact within the soil. Roots in natural conditions often have small damages or openings in them that are easily colonized by Verticillium from an infected root nearby. Air borne conidia have been detected and some colonies observed, but mostly the conidia have difficulty developing above ground on healthy plants . In open channel irrigation, V. dahliae have been found in the irrigation ditches up to a mile from the infected crop.

Without fungicidal seed treatments, infected seeds are easily transported and the disease spread, and Verticillium has been observed remaining viable for at least 13 months on some seeds. Planting infected seed potatoes can also be a source of inoculum to a new field. Finally, insects have also been shown to transmit the disease. Many insects including potato leaf hopper, leaf cutter bees, and aphids have been observed transmitting conidia of Verticillium and because these insects can cause damage to the plant creating an entry for the Verticillium, they can help transmit the disease.

Environment

While Verticillium wilts often have the same symptoms of Fusarium wilts, Verticillium can survive cold weather and winters much better than Fusarium, which prefers warmer climates. The resting structures of Verticillium are able to survive freezing, thawing, heat shock, dehydration, and many other factors and are quite robust and difficult to get rid of. The one factor they do not tolerate well is extended periods of anaerobic conditions (such as during flooding).

Verticillium will grow best between 20 and 28 degrees Celsius, but germination and growth can occur well below (or above) those temperatures. Water is necessary for resting structure germination, but is not as important for the spread of the fungus as in many other fungi. While not an environmental requirement for the fungus, stressed plants, often brought on by environmental changes, are easier to attack than healthy plants, so any conditions that will stress the plant but not directly harm the Verticillium will be beneficial for Verticillium wilt development.

Management

Verticillium wilt begins as a mild, local infection, which over a few years will grow in strength as more virile strains of the fungus develop. If left unchecked the disease will become so widespread that the crop will need to be replaced with resistant varieties or planted with a new crop altogether .

Control of Verticilium can be achieved by planting disease free plants in uncontaminated soil, planting resistant varieties, and refraining from planting susceptible crops in areas that have been used repeatedly for solanaceous crops. Soil fumigation can also be used, but is generally too expensive over large areas .

In tomato plants the presence of ethylene during the initial stages of infection inhibits disease development, while in later stages of disease development the same hormone will cause greater wilt. Tomato plants are available that have been engineered with resistant genes that will tolerate the fungus in their system, while showing significantly lower signs of wilting .

Both Verticillium albo-altrum as well as Veticilium dahliae can overwinter as mycelium within live vegetation or plant debris. As a result it can be important to clear plant debris to lower the spread of disease. Verticilium dahliae is also capable of using microsclerotia to overwinter in the soil, and can survive up to 15 years .

Importance

Verticillium wilt occurs in a broad range of hosts but has similar devastating effects on many of these plants. In general, it reduces the quality and quantity of a crop by causing discoloration in tissues, stunting, and premature defoliation and death. Stock from infested nurseries may be restricted. Once a plant is infected, there is no way to cure it. Verticillium wilt is especially a concern in temperate areas and areas that are irrigated. Verticllium spp. can naturally occur in forest soils and when these soils are cultivated, the pathogen will infect the crop.

The Salinas Valley in California has had severe problems with Verticillium wilt since 1995, most likely due to flooding in the winter of 1995. Many areas in the Salinas and Pajaro Valleys are unable to grow lettuce due to the high levels of Verticillium dahliae in the soil. Potatoes grown in Verticillium infested soils may have a reduced yield between 30-50% compared to potatoes grown in “clean” soil. Verticillium wilt has also caused a shift in peppermint cultivation from the Midwest in the mid- to late-1800s to western states such as Oregon, Washington and Idaho, to new, non-infested areas within these states now.

Lists of plants susceptible or resistant to Verticillium Wilt

Replanting susceptible species on the site of a removed plant that has succumbed to V. albo-atrum or V. dahliae is inadvisable because of the heightened risk of infection. Instead, resistant or immune varieties should be used. The following two lists show both susceptible and resistant/immune plants by Latin name.
(*) indicates that the plant occurs on both lists because different varieties or cultivars vary in their resistance.

(#) indicates that some strains are resistant.

(+) indicates susceptibility to some European strains of Verticillium albo-atrum.

Verticillium susceptible plants

• Abelmoschus esculentus (also known as Hibiscus esculentus) (Okra)
• Abutilon
  Abutilon
  Abutilon is a large genus of approximately 150 species of broadleaf evergreens in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus includes annuals, perennials, shrubs, and small trees from 1–10 m tall, and is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents. The leaves are alternate,...
  
   spp. (Abutilon)
• Acer spp. (Maple)
• Acer negundo
  Acer negundo
  Acer negundo is a species of maple native to North America. Box Elder, Boxelder Maple, and Maple Ash are its most common names in the United States...
  
  (Box Elder)
• Aconitum
  Aconitum
  Aconitum , known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, women's bane, Devil's helmet or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the buttercup family .-Overview:These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly natives of the mountainous parts of the...
  
  (Monkshood, Aconite)
• Aesculus hippocastanum (Horsechestnut)
• Aesculus glabra (Ohio Buckeye)
• Ailanthus altissima (Tree of Heaven)
• Albizia
  Albizia
  Albizia is a genus of about 150 species of mostly fast-growing subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family, Fabaceae. The genus is pantropical, occurring in Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Central, South, and southern North America and Australia, but mostly...
  
  (Mimosa)
• Amaranthus retroflexus
  Amaranthus retroflexus
  Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the Amaranthaceae family with several common names, including Red-root Amaranth, Redroot Pigweed, Red Rooted Pigweed, Common Amaranth, and common tumble weed....
  
  (Rough Pigweed)
• (*) Amelanchier (Serviceberry)
• Antirrhinum majus
  Antirrhinum majus
  Antirrhinum majus is a species of plants belonging to the genus Antirrhinum...
  
  (Snapdragon)
• Arabidopsis thaliana
  Arabidopsis thaliana
  Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. A spring annual with a relatively short life cycle, arabidopsis is popular as a model organism in plant biology and genetics...
  
  (Thale cress)
• Arachis hypogaea (Peanut)
• Aralia cordata
  Aralia cordata
  Aralia cordata is an upright herbaceous perennial plant growing up to 2-3 m in height, native to Japan, Korea and eastern China. It is known as Udo in Japanese, and also as Japanese Spikenard...
  
  (Udo)
• Aralia racemosa
  Aralia racemosa
  Aralia racemosa is an ornamental plant in the Araliaceae family native to the United States and Canada. It is a herbaceous plant, about one to two meters tall, which grows in shady areas. Its native range includes most of the eastern United States.-External links:**...
  
  (American spikenard)
• Armoracia lapathifolia (Horseradish)
• Aster spp. (Aster)
• Atropa belladonna (Belladonna)
• Aucuba
  Aucuba
  Aucuba is a genus of three to ten species of flowering plants, now placed in the family Garryaceae, although formerly classified in the Aucubaceae or Cornaceae....
  
  (Aucuba)
• Berberis
  Berberis
  Berberis , the barberries or pepperidge bushes, is a genus of about 450-500 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1-5 m tall with thorny shoots, native to the temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. They are closely related to the genus...
  
  (Barberry)
• Brassica napobrassica (Rutabaga, Rapeseed)
• Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
  Brassica oleracea
  Brassica oleracea, or wild cabbage, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance of salt and lime and its intolerance of competition from other plants typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both...
  
  (Cauliflower)
• Brassica oleracea var. capitata
  Brassica oleracea
  Brassica oleracea, or wild cabbage, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance of salt and lime and its intolerance of competition from other plants typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both...
  
  (Cabbage)
• Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
  Brassica oleracea
  Brassica oleracea, or wild cabbage, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance of salt and lime and its intolerance of competition from other plants typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both...
  
  (Brussel Sprouts)
• Buxus
  Buxus
  Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood ....
  
  (Box, boxwood)
• Calceolaria
  Calceolaria
  Calceolaria L. , also called Lady's purse, Slipper flower and Pocketbook flower, or Slipperwort, is a genus of plants in the Calceolariaceae family, sometimes classified in Scrophulariaceae by some authors...
  
   spp. (Slipperwort)
• Callirhoe papaver
  Callirhoe
  Callirrhoe may refer to:* In Greek mythology:** Callirrhoe , a daughter of Oceanus and mother of Geryon, one of the Oceanids...
  
  (Poppy mallow)
• Callistephus chinensis (Chinese Aster)
• Camellia
  Camellia
  Camellia, the camellias, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalaya east to Korea and Indonesia. There are 100–250 described species, with some controversy over the exact number...
  
  (Camellia)
• Campanula
  Campanula
  Campanula is one of several genera in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. It takes its name from their bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell"....
  
   spp. (Bellflower)
• Campsis radicans (Trumpet Creeper)
• Cannabis sativa
  Cannabis sativa
  Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant in the Cannabaceae family. Humans have cultivated this herb throughout recorded history as a source of industrial fibre, seed oil, food, recreation, spiritual enlightenment and medicine...
  
  (Hemp, Marijuana)
• Capsicum
  Capsicum
  Capsicum is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Its species are native to the Americas where they have been cultivated for thousands of years, but they are now also cultivated worldwide, used as spices, vegetables, and medicines - and have become are a key element in...
  
   spp. (Pepper)
• Carpobrotus edulis (Ice Plant)
• Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower)
• Carya illinoensis (Pecan)
• Catalpa speciosa (Northern Catalpa)
• Catalpa bignonioides (Southern Catalpa)
• Celosia argentea
  Celosia argentea
  Celosia argentea, commonly known as plumed cockscomb, is a plant of tropical origin, and is known for its very bright colors.-Description:...
  
  (Cockscomb)
• Centaurea cyanus
  Centaurea
  Centaurea is a genus of between 350 and 600 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding regions are particularly species-rich...
  
  (Cornflower, Bachelor's button)
• Centaurea imperialis
  Centaurea
  Centaurea is a genus of between 350 and 600 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding regions are particularly species-rich...
  
  (Sweet Sultan)
• Ceratonia siliqua (Carob)
• Cercis canadensis (Redbud)
• Cercis siliquastrum
  Cercis siliquastrum
  Cercis siliquastrum, commonly known as Judas Tree, is a small deciduous tree from Southern Europe and Western Asia which is noted for its prolific display of deep-pink flowers in spring.-Description:...
  
  (Judas Tree)
• Chenopodium
  Chenopodium
  Chenopodium is a genus of about 150 species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifications separate it and its relatives as Chenopodiaceae, but...
  
  (Goosefoot)
• (#) Chrysanthemum
  Chrysanthemum
  Chrysanthemums, often called mums or chrysanths, are of the genus constituting approximately 30 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae which is native to Asia and northeastern Europe.-Etymology:...
  
   spp. (Chrysanthemum, Marguerite etc.)
• Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Oxeye Daisy)
• Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor tree)
• Cistus palhinhai
  Cistus
  Cistus is a genus of flowering plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, containing about 20 species . They are perennial shrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Middle East, and also on the Canary Islands...
  
  (Rock rose)
• Cistus x purpureus
  Cistus
  Cistus is a genus of flowering plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, containing about 20 species . They are perennial shrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Middle East, and also on the Canary Islands...
  
  (Orchid Spot rock rose)
• Citrullus vulgaris (Watermelon)
• Cladrastis lutea (Yellow wood)
• Clarkia elegans (Clarkia)
• Coreopsis lanceolata (Tickseed)
• (*) Cornus (Dogwood)
• Cosmos (Cosmos)
• Cotinus coggygria (Smoke Tree)
• Cupaniopsis anacardioides
  Cupaniopsis
  Cupaniopsis is a genus of about 60 species of shrubs and trees in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. They are native to New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia and Fiji. In Australia, they are commonly known as tuckeroos. Carrotwood Cupaniopsis is a genus of about 60 species of shrubs and trees in the...
  
  (Carrotwood)
• Cucumis melo (Honeydew, Cantaloupe and other melons)
• Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)
• Cucurbita pepo
  Cucurbita pepo
  The species Cucurbita pepo is a cultivated plant of the genus Cucurbita. It includes varieties of squash, gourd, and pumpkin.*Acorn squash*Delicata squash*Dodi marrow, grown in South Asia*Gem squash*Heart of gold squash*Pattypan squash...
  
  (Pumpkin)
• Cydonia oblonga (Quince)
• Cynara cardunculus (Globe artichoke)
• Dahlia variabilis
  Dahlia
  Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous, perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. There are at least 36 species of dahlia, some like D. imperialis up to 10 metres tall. Dahlia hybrids are commonly grown as garden plants...
  
  (Dahlia)
• Delphinium ajacis (Rocket larkspur)
• Digitalis purpurea
  Digitalis purpurea
  Digitalis purpurea , is a flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae , native to most of Europe.-Description:...
  
  (Foxglove)
• Dimorphotheca sinuata
  Dimorphotheca sinuata
  Dimorphotheca sinuata is an ornamental plant native to southern Africa. It grows in rainfall areas of south west regions of Africa but it can also be found in desert, sandy regions of Namibia...
  
  (Cape marigold)
• Diospyros virginiana
  Diospyros virginiana
  Diospyros virginiana, commonly called the American persimmon, common persimmon, Eastern persimmon, "'simmon" and "possumwood", is a persimmon species known by a variety of names including. It ranges from New England to Florida, and west to Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Kansas...
  
  (persimmon)
• Dodonaea viscosa
  Dodonaea viscosa
  Dodonaea viscosa is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, that has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia and Australasia.-Description:...
  
  (Hopseed)
• Echinacea purpurea
  Echinacea purpurea
  Echinacea purpurea is a species of flowering plant in the genus Echinacea. Its cone-shaped flowering heads are usually, but not always purple. It is native to eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwest United States...
  
  (Eastern purple coneflower)
• Elaeagnus
  Elaeagnus
  Elaeagnus , silverberry or oleaster, is a genus of about 50–70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.The vast majority of the species are native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia. Elaeagnus triflora extends from Asia south into northeastern Australia, while E...
  
  (Oleaster, Russian Olive)
• Erica
  Erica
  Erica ,the heaths or heathers, is a genus of approximately 860 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae. The English common names "heath" and "heather" are shared by some closely related genera of similar appearance....
  
   spp. (Heather)
• Erigeron
  Erigeron
  Erigeron is a genus of about 390 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with the highest species diversity in North America, where 173 species occur....
  
  (Fleabane)
• Eschscholzia californica (California poppy)
• Ficus benjamina (Weeping Fig)
• Ficus retusa
  Ficus retusa
  Ficus retusa, or Ficus microcarpa, also known as Cuban-laurel is "a rapidly-growing, rounded, broad-headed, evergreen tree can reach 15 metres or more in height with an equal spread. The glossy, dark green, leathery leaves are densely clothed on large, somewhat weeping branches and are usually...
  
  (Indian Laurel)
• (#) Fragaria chiloensis
  Fragaria chiloensis
  Fragaria chiloensis, the beach strawberry, Chilean strawberry, or coastal strawberry, is one of two species of strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern garden strawberry . It is noted for its large berries. Its natural range is the Pacific Ocean coasts of North and South America, and...
  
  (Strawberry)
• Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Ash)
• Fremontodendron spp. (Flannel bush, Fremontia)
• Fuchsia
  Fuchsia
  Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees. The first, Fuchsia triphylla, was discovered on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1703 by the French Minim monk and botanist, Charles Plumier...
  
   spp. (Fuchsia)
• Gerbera jamesonii (Transvaal daisy)
• Gossypium
  Gossypium
  Gossypium is the cotton genus. It belongs to the tribe Gossypieae, in the mallow family, Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions from both the Old and New World. The genus Gossypium comprises around 50 species , making it the largest in species number in the tribe Gosssypioieae....
  
   spp. (Cotton)
• Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffeetree)
• Hebe bollonsii (Hebe)
• Hebe x carnea 'Carnea' (Hebe)
• Hebe lewisii (Hebe)
• Hedera (Ivy)
• Helianthus
  Helianthus
  Helianthus L. is a genus of plants comprising 52 species in the Asteraceae family, all of which are native to North America, with some species Helianthus L. is a genus of plants comprising 52 species in the Asteraceae family, all of which are native to North America, with some species Helianthus...
  
   spp. (Sunflower)
• Helichrysum bracteatum (Strawflower)
• Heliotropium arborescens
  Heliotropium arborescens
  The Garden Heliotrope is a highly fragrant perennial plant, originally from Peru. It is especially notable for its intense, rather vanilla-like fragrance. Common names include cherry pie and "common heliotrope"...
  
  (Heliotrope)
• Impatiens balsamina
  Impatiens balsamina
  Impatiens balsamina is a species of Impatiens native to southern Asia in India and Myanmar.It is called kamantigue in the Philippines. This species of Kalamantigue are used in teas...
  
  (Garden balsam)
• Impatiens walleriana (Busy Lizzie)
• Jasminum (Jasmine)
• Juglans regia (English walnut)
• Koelreuteria paniculata
  Koelreuteria paniculata
  Koelreuteria paniculata, with the common name Goldenrain tree, is a species of Koelreuteria native to eastern Asia, in China and Korea...
  
  (goldenrain tree)
• Lampranthus spectabilis
  Lampranthus
  Lampranthus is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae. All are succulent plants.One of the species in this genus is L. roseus, the mini ice plant.-Reproduction:...
  
  (Ice plant)
• Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet pea)
• Liatris
  Liatris
  Liatris is a genus of ornamental plants in the Asteraceae family, native to North America, Mexico, and the Bahamas. These plants are used as a popular summer flowers for bouquets.They are perennials, surviving the winter in the form of corms....
  
   spp. (Gayfeather)
• Ligustrum
  Ligustrum
  Ligustrum is a genus of about forty species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees. They are now all known by the common name of privet.-Selected species:...
  
   spp. (Privet)
• Linum usitatissimum (Linseed)
• Liriodendron tulipifera
  Liriodendron tulipifera
  Liriodendron tulipifera, commonly known as the tulip tree, American tulip tree, tuliptree, tulip poplar or yellow poplar, is the Western Hemisphere representative of the two-species genus Liriodendron, and the tallest eastern hardwood...
  
  (tulip tree)
• Lobelia erinus
  Lobelia erinus
  Lobelia erinus is a species of Lobelia native to southern Africa, from Malawi and Namibia south to South Africa.-Description:...
  
  (Lobelia)
• Lonicera (Honeysuckle)
• Lupinus polyphyllus
  Lupinus polyphyllus
  Lupinus polyphyllus is a species of lupine native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia east to Alberta and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California...
  
  (Lupin)
• (#) Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato)
• Maclura pomifera (Osage orange)
• Magnolia
  Magnolia
  Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol....
  
  (Magnolia)
• Matthiola incana
  Matthiola incana
  Matthiola incana is one of several species of stock. It is known by the common names hoary stock and tenweeks stock. It is a common garden flower, available in a variety of colours.-Main varieties of stocks:...
  
  (Stock)
• Melia azedarach
  Melia azedarach
  Melia azedarach is a species of deciduous tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae, that is native to Pakistan, India, Indochina Southeast Asia and Australia...
  
  (Chinaberry, Persian Lilac)
• Mentha
  Mentha
  Mentha is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae . The species are not clearly distinct and estimates of the number of species varies from 13 to 18. Hybridization between some of the species occurs naturally...
  
   spp. (Mint)
• Monarda fistulosa
  Monarda fistulosa
  Wild bergamot or Bee Balm is a wildflower in the mint family widespread and abundant as a native plant in much of North America. This plant, with showy summer-blooming white flowers, is often used as a honey plant, medicinal plant, and garden ornamental...
  
  (Wild Bergamot)
• Nandina domestica (Heavenly bamboo)
• Nicotiana benthamiana
  Nicotiana benthamiana
  Nicotiana benthamiana is a close relative of tobacco and species of Nicotiana indigenous to Australia.The herbaceous plant is found amongst rocks on hills and cliffs throughout the northern regions of Australia. Variable in height and habit, the species may be erect and up to 1.5 metres or...
  
  (Australian tobacco)
• Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum)
• Olea europaea (Olive)
• Osteospermum
  Osteospermum
  Osteospermum is a genus belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower family .Osteospermum used to belong to the genus Dimorphotheca, but only the annual species remain in that genus; the perennials belong to Osteospermum. The genus Osteospermum is also closely related...
  
  (African daisy)
• Paeonia
  Paeonia
  Paeonia or Paionia may refer to:*the generic name of the peony*the ancient tribe and kingdom of Paeonia , in today's northern Greece and the Republic of Macedonia*Paionia , a municipality in northern Greece...
  
   spp. (Peony)
• Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng)
• Papaver orientale (Oriental poppy)
• Parthenium argentatum (Guayule)
• Parthenocissus
  Parthenocissus
  Parthenocissus , creepers, is a genus of climbing plants from the grape family, Vitaceae. It contains about 12 species, from Asia and North America. Several are grown for ornamental use....
  
  (Virginia Creeper)
• Pelargonium
  Pelargonium
  Pelargonium is a genus of flowering plants which includes about 200 species of perennials, succulents, and shrubs, commonly known as scented geraniums or storksbills. Confusingly, Geranium is the correct botanical name of a separate genus of related plants often called Cranesbills. Both Geranium...
  
   spp. (Pelargonium, Geranium)
• Persea americana (Avocado)
• Petunia
  Petunia
  Petunia is a widely cultivated genus of flowering plants of South American origin, closely related with tobacco, cape gooseberries, tomatoes, deadly nightshades, potatoes and chili peppers; in the family Solanaceae. The popular flower derived its name from French, which took the word petun, meaning...
  
  (Petunia)
• Pistacia
  Pistacia
  Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It contains ten to twenty species that are native to Africa and Eurasia from the Canary Islands, whole Africa, and southern Europe, warm and semi-desert areas across Asia, and also North America from Mexico to warm and...
  
  (Pistachio)
• Phlox
  Phlox
  Phlox is a genus of 67 species of perennial and annual plants found mostly in North America in diverse habitats from alpine tundra to open woodland and prairie. Some flower in spring, others in summer and autumn....
  
   spp. (Phlox)
• Phellodendron
  Phellodendron
  Phellodendron or Cork-tree, is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Rutaceae, native to east and northeast Asia. It has leathery, pinnate leaves and yellow, clumped flowers. The name refers to the thick and corky bark of some species in the genus.-Cultivation and uses:As an ornamental plant,...
  
  (Cork Tree)
• Physalis alkekengi
  Physalis alkekengi
  Physalis alkekengi , is a relative of P. peruviana , easily identifiable by the larger, bright orange to red papery covering over its fruit, which resemble Chinese lanterns. It is native from southern Europe east across southern Asia to Japan...
  
  (Chinese lantern plant)
• Polemonium
  Polemonium
  Polemonium, commonly called Jacob's ladder, is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Polemoniaceae, native to cool temperate to arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and also in the southern Andes in South America...
  
   spp. (Polemonium)
• Populus tremula
  Populus tremula
  Populus tremula, commonly called aspen, common aspen, Eurasian aspen, European aspen, trembling poplar, or quaking aspen, is a species of poplar native to cool temperate regions of Europe and Asia, from the British Isles east to Kamchatka, north to inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and...
  
  (European aspen)
• Prunus
  Prunus
  Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots and almonds. There are around 430 species spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for fruit and ornament.-Botany:Members of the genus...
  
  (Cherry, Plum, Peach, Almond, other stone fruit)
• Pyrola
  Pyrola
  Pyrola is a genus of evergreen herbaceous plants in the family Ericaceae. Under the old Cronquist system it was placed in its own family Pyrolaceae, but genetic research showed it belonged in the family Ericaceae. The species are commonly known as wintergreen, a name shared with several other...
  
   spp. (Pyrola)
• Quercus palustris (Pin Oak)
• Quercus rubra (Red oak)
• Raphanus sativus (Radish)
• Reseda odorata
  Reseda
  Reseda may refer to:*Reseda , a plant genus also known as mignonette*1081 Reseda, a minor planet that orbits the Sun; named for the reseda plant genus*Reseda, Los Angeles, a suburb in the San Fernando Valley of Southern California...
  
  (Mignonette)
• Rhaphiolepis
  Rhaphiolepis
  Rhaphiolepis syn. Raphiolepis Lindl.) is a genus of about 15 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees in the family Rosaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical eastern and southeastern Asia, from southern Japan, southern Korea and southern China south to Thailand and Vietnam. The genus is...
  
  (India Hawthorn, Yeddo Hawthorn)
• Rheum rhaponticum
  Rheum (genus)
  Rheum is a genus of about 60 perennial plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus includes the vegetable rhubarb The species have large somewhat triangular shaped leaves with long, fleshy petioles. The flowers are small, greenish-white to rose-red, and grouped in large compound leafy...
  
  (Rhubarb)
• Rhododendron
  Rhododendron
  Rhododendron is a genus of over 1 000 species of woody plants in the heath family, most with showy flowers...
  
  (Azalea, Rhododendron)
• Rhus (Sumac, Lemonade berry)
• Ribes
  Ribes
  Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is usually treated as the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. Seven subgenera are recognized....
  
  (Gooseberry, Black, White, Red and other currants)
• Ricinus communis (Castor bean)
• Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust)
• Romneya coulteri
  Romneya coulteri
  Romneya coulteri is species of flowering plant in the poppy family. This poppy is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in dry canyons in chaparral and coastal sage scrub plant communities, sometimes in areas recently burned...
  
  (Tree poppy)
• Rorippa islandica (Marsh Cress)
• Rosa
  Rose
  A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows...
  
  (Rose)
• Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)
• (#) Rubus
  Rubus
  Rubus is a large genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are common, widely distributed members of the genus. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are...
  
  (Black-, Rasp-, Dew- and other berries)
• Rudbeckia serotinia (Black-eyed susan)
• Salpiglossis sinuata
  Salpiglossis sinuata
  Salpiglossis sinuata, Painted Tongue, Scalloped Tube Tongue, or Velvet Trumpet Flower, is a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae, native to southern Chile.-Description:...
  
  (Painted tongue)
• Salvia farinacea
  Salvia Farinacea
  Salvia farinacea is a herbaceous perennial native to Mexico and parts of the United States including Texas. Violet-blue spikes rest on a compact plant of typically narrow salvia-like leaves, however, the shiny leaves are what set this species apart from a more most other Salvia, which bear...
  
  (Mealycup sage)
• Salvia haematodes (Sage)
• Salvia azurea
  Salvia azurea
  Salvia azurea is a herbaceous perennial in the genus Salvia that is native to Central and Eastern North America.-Description:...
  
  (Blue sage)
• Sambucus spp. (Elderberry)
• Sassafras variifolium (Sassafras)
• Schinus
  Schinus
  Schinus is a genus of flowering trees and tall shrubs in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. Members of the genus are commonly known as pepper trees. The Peruvian Pepper Tree is the source of the spice known as pink peppercorns but can become serious invasive species outside their natural habitats...
  
  (Pepper Tree)
• Schizanthus pinnatus
  Schizanthus
  Schizanthus ,—common names butterfly flower, fringeflower, poor-man's-orchid—is a genus of plants in the Solanaceae family....
  
  (Butterfly flower)
• Senecio cruentus (Cineraria)
• Senecio vulgaris (Groundsel)
• Sisymbrium irio (London rocket)
• Solanum aethiopicum
  Solanum aethiopicum
  Ethiopian Eggplant , nakati or Solanum aethiopicum is a fruiting plant of the genus Solanum mainly found in Asia and Tropical Africa. It is also known as Mock Tomato, Garden Eggs and Ethiopian Nightshade...
  
  (Ethiopian Eggplant)
• Solanum carolinense (Carolina horsenettle)
• Solanum elaeagnifolium
  Solanum elaeagnifolium
  Silver-leaved Nightshade or Silverleaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium, is a common weed of western North America and also found in South America. Other common names include Prairie Berry, Silverleaf Nettle, White Horsenettle or Silver Nightshade...
  
  (White horsenettle)
• Solanum melongena (Eggplant)
• Solanum nigrum
  Solanum nigrum
  Solanum nigrum is a species in the Solanum genus, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia and South Africa.-Description:Black...
  
  (Black nightshade)
• Solanum sarrachoides
  Solanum sarrachoides
  Solanum sarrachoides is a species of nightshade known as the Hairy Nightshade. In California, according to the Jepson Manual Solanum key, it is differentiated by its calyx that are enlarged during fruit, but smaller when in flower....
  
  (Hairy Nightshade)
• Solanum tuberosum (Potato)
• Sorbus torminalis (Wild Service Tree)
• Spinacia oleracea (Spinach)
• Spirea (Meadowsweet, Spirea)
• Styphnolobium
  Styphnolobium
  Styphnolobium is a small genus of three or four species of small trees and shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae, formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus Sophora. The species of Styphnolobium differ from Sophora in lacking the ability to form symbioses...
  
  (Japanese pagoda tree)
• Syringa (Lilac)
• Taraxacum officinale
  Taraxacum officinale
  Taraxacum officinale, the common dandelion , is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae . It can be found growing in temperate regions of the world, in lawns, on roadsides, on disturbed banks and shores of water ways, and other areas with moist soils. T...
  
  (Dandelion)
• Tetragonia tetragonioides (formerly T. expansa) (New Zealand spinach)
• (*) Tilia
  Tilia
  Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The greatest species diversity is found in Asia, and the genus also occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but not western North America...
  
  (Lime, Linden)
• Trachelospermum jasminoides
  Trachelospermum jasminoides
  Trachelospermum jasminoides is a species of flowering plant in the milkweed family, Apocynaceae, that is native to eastern and southeastern Asia, into Japan, Korea, southern China, and Vietnam. Common names include Star Jasmine, Confederate Jasmine, and Trader's Compass.-Description:Trachelospermum...
  
  (Star jasmine)
• Tragopogon porrifolius (Salsify)
• Ulmus americana (American elm)
• Ulmus procera (English elm)
• Ulmus rubra
  Ulmus rubra
  Ulmus rubra, the Slippery Elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America...
  
  (Slippery elm)
• Venidium
  Venidium
  Venidium is a genus of flowering plants in Family Asteraceae. Some species are alternatively placed in genus Arctotis. There are 20 to 30 annual and perennial species of Venidium, mostly in South Africa. V. fatuosum appears as many horticultural varieties. Most species occur in South Africa....
  
   spp. (Namaqualand daisy)
• Viburnum
  Viburnum
  Viburnum is a genus of about 150–175 species of shrubs or small trees in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny...
  
   spp. (Viburnum, Wayfaring tree)
• Vigna sesquipedalis (Yard-long bean)
• Vigna sinensis (Cowpea)
• Vitis
  Vitis
  Vitis is a genus of about 60 species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce...
  
  (Grapevine)
• Weigela
  Weigela
  Weigela is a small genus of about 12 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1-5 m tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel....
  
  (Weigela)

Families

• Cactaceae (Cactii)
• Graminae (Grasses, Grains, etc.)
• Gymnospermae (Firs, Pines, etc.)
• Monocotyledoneae (Bamboos, Bananas, Gladiolae, Grasses, Lilies, etc.)
• Polypodiaceae
  Polypodiaceae
  Polypodiaceae is a family of polypod ferns, which includes more than 60 genera divided into several tribes and containing around 1,000 species. Nearly all are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.-Description:...
  
  (Ferns)

Species

Acer pseudoplatanus (Sycamore)

• Ageratum spp. (Ageratum)
• Alnus spp. (Alder)
• Alyssum
  Alyssum
  Alyssum is a genus of about 100–170 species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region...
  
   spp. (Alyssum)
• Althaea rosea (Hollyhock)
• (*) Amelanchier spp. (Serviceberry)
• Anemone
  Anemone
  Anemone , is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae in the north and south temperate zones...
  
   spp. (Anemone)
• Apium graveolens (Celery)
• Aquilegia
  Aquilegia
  Aquilegia is a genus of about 60-70 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.-Etymology:The genus name Aquilegia is derived from the Latin word for eagle , because...
  
   spp. (Columbine)
• Arctostaphylos
  Arctostaphylos
  Arctostaphylos is a genus of plants comprised by the manzanitas and bearberries. They are shrubs or small trees.There are about 60 species of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain species to small trees up to 6 m tall. Most are evergreen , with small oval...
  
   spp. (Manzanita)
• Asimina triloba
  Asimina triloba
  Asimina triloba, the pawpaw, paw paw, paw-paw, or common pawpaw, is a species of Asimina in the same plant family as the custard-apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, ylang-ylang and soursop...
  
  (Pawpaw)
• Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus)
• Begonia semperflorens (Waxy or fibrous Begonia)
• Begonia tuberhybrida (Tuberous Begonia)
• Bellis perennis
  Bellis perennis
  Bellis perennis is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal species of that name. Many related plants also share the name "Daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies it is sometimes qualified as Common Daisy, Lawn Daisy or occasionally English daisy. It is...
  
  (English daisy)
• Betula spp. (Birch, Hophornbeam)
• Brassica oleracea Italica Group (Broccoli)
• Browallia
  Browallia
  Browallia is a genus of Solanaceae family. It is named after Johannes Browallius , also known as Johan Browall, a swedish botanist, physician and bishop.-Selected species:* Browallia americana L. - Jamaican forget-me-not...
  
   spp. (Browallia)
• Buxus
  Buxus
  Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood ....
  
   spp. (Boxwood)
• Calendula officinalis
  Calendula officinalis
  Calendula officinalis is a plant in the genus Calendula , in the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and may possibly be of garden origin...
  
  (Marigold)
• Carpinus spp. (Ironwood, Hornbeam)
• Carya (Hickory, Pecan)
• Castanea mollissima
  Castanea mollissima
  Castanea mollissima is a member of the family Fagaceae, and a species of chestnut native to China.- Description :...
  
  (Chinese chestnut)
• Ceanothus
  Ceanothus
  Ceanothus L. is a genus of about 50–60 species of shrubs or small trees in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The genus is confined to North America, the center of its distribution in California, with some species in the eastern United States and southeast Canada, and others extending as far south...
  
   spp. (Californian Lilac, Ceanothus, Red root)
• Celtis spp. (Hackberry)
• Cercidiphyllum japonicum
  Cercidiphyllum japonicum
  Cercidiphyllum japonicum, known as the Japanese Judas-tree, is a species of flowering tree in the Cercidiphyllaceae family that commonly goes by the name Katsura tree. It is native to China and Japan. The tree is deciduous and grows to 40 to 60 feet. Its leaves are round. The tree flowers in March...
  
  (Katsura Tree)
• Cheiranthus cheiri (Wallflower)
• Cistus corbariensis (White rock rose)
• Cistus salvifolius (Sage-leaf rock rose)
• Cistus tauricus (Rock rose)
• Citrus
  Citrus
  Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar and the Yunnan province of China...
  
   spp. (Orange, Lemon, Grapefruit, etc.)
• Cleome
  Cleome
  Cleome is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cleomaceae. Previously it had been placed in family Capparaceae, until DNA studies found the Cleomaceae genera to be more closely related to Brassicaceae than Capparaceae...
  
   spp. (Cleome)
• (*) Cornus spp. (Dogwood)
• Crataegus
  Crataegus
  Crataegus , commonly called hawthorn or thornapple, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe,...
  
   spp. (Hawthorn)
• Daucus carota (Carrot)
• Dianthus
  Dianthus
  Dianthus is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species extending south to north Africa, and one species in arctic North America. Common names include carnation , pink and sweet William Dianthus is a genus of...
  
   spp. (Carnation, Pink, Sweet William)
• Eucalyptus
  Eucalyptus
  Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowering trees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia...
  
   spp. (Eucalyptus)
• Fagus
  Beech
  Beech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.-Habit:...
  
   spp. (Beech)
• Ficus carica (Fig)
• Gaillardia
  Gaillardia
  Gaillardia , the blanket flowers, is a genus of drought-tolerant annual and perennial plants from the sunflower family , native to North and South America. It was named after M. Gaillard de Charentonneau, an 18th-century French magistrate who was a patron of botany...
  
   spp. (Gaillardia)
• Geum
  Geum
  Geum , commonly called avens, is a genus of about 50 species of perennial herbaceous plants in the rose family Rosaceae, native to Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and New Zealand...
  
   spp. (Geum)
• Gleditsia
  Gleditsia
  Gleditsia is a genus of locust trees in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, native to North America and Asia. The Latin name commemorates Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, director of the Berlin Botanical Gardens, who died in 1786....
  
   spp. (Honey locust)
• Gypsophila paniculata
  Gypsophila paniculata
  Gypsophila paniculata, commonly known as Baby's-breath, is a cultivated ornamental garden plant in the Caryophyllaceae family, popular in the florist trade to provide a background for more colourful flowers....
  
  (Baby's breath)
• Hebe anonda (Hebe)
• Hebe x franciscana (Hebe)
• Hebe x menziesii (Hebe)
• Hebe salicifolia
  Hebe salicifolia
  Hebe salicifolia is a plant of the family Plantaginaceae, which is found throughout the South Island of New Zealand and in Chile. It is large, evergreen shrub, reaching 2 m in height, with light green, spear-shaped leaves that are up to 12 cm long. Flowers are white or pale lilac.-Synonyms:* Hebe...
  
  (Hebe)
• Helianthemum nummularium
  Helianthemum nummularium
  Helianthemum nummularium is a species of rockrose , native to most of Europe.-Description:It is an evergreen trailing plant with loose terminal clusters of bright yellow, saucer-shaped flowers...
  
  (Sun rose)
• Helleborus niger
  Helleborus niger
  Helleborus niger, commonly called Christmas rose or black hellebore, is an evergreen perennial flowering plant in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae...
  
  (Hellebore, Christmas Rose)
• Heuchera sanguinea (Coral bells)
• Iberis
  Iberis
  Iberis is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae. It comprises herbs and subshrubs of the Old World. These species are commonly known as candytufts...
  
   spp. (Candytuft)
• Ilex spp. (Holly)
• Impatiens sultani (Hardy Busy Lizzy)
• Ipomoea batatas (Sweet potato)
• Juglans spp. (Walnut, Butternut)
• Juniperus spp. (Juniper)
• Lactuca
  Lactuca
  Lactuca, commonly known as lettuce, is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae. The genus includes about 100 species, distributed worldwide, but mainly in temperate Eurasia....
  
   spp. (Lettuce)
• Lantana
  Lantana
  Lantana is a genus of about 150 species of perennial flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are native to tropical regions of the Americas and Africa but exist as an introduced species in numerous areas, especially in the Australian-Pacific region. The genus includes both...
  
   spp. (Lantana)
• Larix spp. (larch)
• Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweet gum)
• Lunaria annua (Honesty)
• (+) Malus
  Malus
  Malus , the apples, are a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae. Other studies go as far as 55 species including the domesticated Orchard Apple, or Table apple as it was formerly called...
  
   spp. (Apple)
• (+) Medicago sativa (Alfalfa)
• Mimulus
  Mimulus
  Mimulus is a diverse plant genus, the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers. The about 150 species are currently placed in the family Phrymaceae. The genus has traditionally been placed in Scrophulariaceae. The removal of Mimulus from that family has been supported by studies of chloroplast DNA first...
  
   spp. (Monkey flower)
• Morus
  Morus
  Morus may refer to:* Morus , a genus of trees* Morus , a genus of seabird in the family Sulidae* Thomas Morus, alias Thomas More, a philosopher...
  
   spp. (Mulberry)
• Nemesia strumosa (Nemesia)
• Nemophila menziesii (Baby blue eyes)
• Nerium oleander (Oleander)
• Nierembergia frutescens (Cupflower)
• Oenothera
  Oenothera
  Oenothera is a Genus of about 125 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to North and South America. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae, the Evening Primrose Family. Common names include evening-primrose, suncups, and sundrops.The species vary in...
  
   spp. (Evening primrose)
• Penstemon
  Penstemon
  Penstemon , Beard-tongue, is a large genus of North American and East Asian plants traditionally placed in the Scrophulariaceae family. Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae...
  
   spp. (Penstemon)
• Phaseolus
  Phaseolus
  Phaseolus is a genus in the family Fabaceae of about fifty plant species, all native to the Americas.At least four of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans. Most prominent among these is the common bean, P...
  
   spp. (Bean)
• Pisum sativum (Pea)
• Platanus
  Platanus
  Platanus is a small genus of trees native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae....
  
   spp. (Sycamore, Plane tree)
• Platycodon grandiflorus (Balloon flower)
• Populus (Poplar)
• Portulaca grandiflora (Moss rose)
• Potentilla
  Potentilla
  Potentilla is the genus of typical cinquefoils, containing about 500 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the rose family Rosaceae. They are generally Holarctic in distribution, though some may even be found in montane biomes of the New Guinea Highlands...
  
   spp. (Potentilla)
• Primula
  Primula
  Primula is a genus of 400–500 species of low-growing herbs in the family Primulaceae. They include primrose, auricula, cowslip and oxlip. Many species are grown for their ornamental flowers...
  
   spp. (Primrose)
• Pyracantha
  Pyracantha
  Pyracantha is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in the family Rosaceae, with common names Firethorn or Pyracantha. They are native to an area extending from Southeast Europe east to Southeast Asia, resemble and are related to Cotoneaster, but have serrated leaf margins and numerous thorns...
  
   spp. (Firethorn)
• (+) Pyrus spp. (Pear)
• Quercus alba (White oak)
• Quercus falcata (Southern red oak)
• Quercus phellos (Willow oak)
• Quercus virginiana (Live oak)
• Ranunculus asiaticus
  Ranunculus asiaticus
  Ranunculus asiaticus is a species of buttercup native to the eastern Mediterranean region in southwestern Asia, southeastern Europe , and northeastern Africa....
  
  (Persian buttercup)
• Saintpaulia ionantha (African violet)
• Scabiosa atropurpurea
  Scabiosa atropurpurea
  Scabiosa atropurpurea is an ornamental plant of Scabiosa genus in the Dipsacaceae family....
  
  (Scabious)
• Salix spp. (Willow)
• Sorbus aucuparia
  Sorbus aucuparia
  Sorbus aucuparia , is a species of the genus Sorbus, native to most of Europe except for the far south, and northern Asia...
  
  (European mountain ash)
• (*) Tilia
  Tilia
  Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The greatest species diversity is found in Asia, and the genus also occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but not western North America...
  
  (Lime, Linden)
• Torenia fournieri
  Torenia fournieri
  Torenia fournieri is a perennial plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, with blue, white, or pink flowers that have yellow markings. It is typically grown as a landscape annual, reaching 12-15 in. tall. It has simple opposite or subopposite leaves with serrated edges....
  
  (Wishbone plant)
• Tropaeolum majus
  Tropaeolum majus
  Tropaeolum majus is a flowering plant in the family Tropaeolaceae, originating in South America in the Andes from Bolivia north to Colombia. It is of cultivated, probably hybrid origin, with possible parent species including T. minus, T. moritzianum, T. peltophorum, and T...
  
  (Nasturtium)
• Umbellularia californica (Californian laurel)
• Verbena hybrida (Verbena)
• Vinca minor
  Vinca minor
  Vinca minor, Lesser periwinkle and Dwarf periwinkle, is a plant native to central and southern Europe, from Portugal and France north to the Netherlands and the Baltic States, and east to the Caucasus, and also in southwestern Asia in Turkey...
  
  (Periwinkle)
• Viola spp. (Pansy, Viola, Violet)
• Zelkova serrata
  Zelkova serrata
  Zelkova serrata is a species of Zelkova native to Japan, Korea, eastern China, and Taiwan. It is often grown as an ornamental tree, and used in bonsai.-Description:...
  
  (Zelkova)
• Zinnia
  Zinnia
  Zinnia is a genus of 20 species of annual and perennial plants of family Asteraceae, originally from scrub and dry grassland in an area stretching from the American Southwest to South America, but primarily Mexico, and notable for their solitary long-stemmed flowers that come in a variety of bright...
  
  spp. (Zinnia)