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Viburnum
 
 
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Viburnum (Viburnum) is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 of about 150-175 species of shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s or (in a few species) small tree
TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
s that were previously included in the family Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae

The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade consisting of about 800 dicotyledonous flowering plants, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution; centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa....
. Genetic
Genetics

Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and Genetic variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding....
 tests by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botany who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge in angiosperm relationships based upon molecular systematics studies....
 showed however that they are correctly classified in the family Adoxaceae
Adoxaceae

The Adoxaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, as now constituted comprising four genera and about 150-200 species....
.

They are native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of the equator?the word sphere literally means 'half sphere'. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator....
, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America
South America

South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
 and southeast Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
.






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Viburnum Lentago
Viburnum (Viburnum) is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 of about 150-175 species of shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s or (in a few species) small tree
TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
s that were previously included in the family Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae

The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade consisting of about 800 dicotyledonous flowering plants, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution; centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa....
. Genetic
Genetics

Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and Genetic variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding....
 tests by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botany who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge in angiosperm relationships based upon molecular systematics studies....
 showed however that they are correctly classified in the family Adoxaceae
Adoxaceae

The Adoxaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, as now constituted comprising four genera and about 150-200 species....
.

They are native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of the equator?the word sphere literally means 'half sphere'. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator....
, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America
South America

South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
 and southeast Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
. In Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
, the genus is confined to the Atlas Mountains
Atlas Mountains

The Atlas Mountains are a mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2,400 km through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The highest peak is Jbel Toubkal, with an elevation of in southwestern Morocco....
.

The leaves
Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
 are opposite, simple, and entire, toothed or lobed; cool temperate species are deciduous
Deciduous

Deciduous means falling off at maturity or tending to fall off and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe....
, while most of the warm temperate species are evergreen
Evergreen

In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant having leaf all year round. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage for part of the year....
. Some species are densely hairy on the shoots and leaves, with star-shaped hairs.

The flower
Flower

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproduction structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds....
s are produced in corymbs 5-15 cm across, each flower white to cream or pink, small, 3-5 mm across, with five petals, strongly fragrant in some species. The gynoecium
Gynoecium

A gynoecium is the female reproductive part of a flower. The male counterpart is called an androecium. A gynoecium is composed of one or more pistils....
 has 3 connate carpels with the nectary on top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers round the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target.

The fruit
Fruit

The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in food preparation and biology. In botany, which is the scientific study of plants, fruits are the ripened Ovary of flowering plants....
 is a spherical, oval or somewhat flattened drupe
Drupe

In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a shell of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. These fruits develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovary....
, red to purple, blue, or black, and containing a single seed
Seed

A seed is a small Plant embryogenesis plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some Food storage. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant....
; some are edible for humans (though many others are mildly poison
Poison

In the context of biology, poisons are Chemical substance that can cause disturbances to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism....
ous to people). The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larva
Larva

A larva is a young form of animal with indirect developmental biology, going through or undergoing metamorphosis .The larva can look completely different from the adult form, for example, a caterpillar differs from a butterfly....
e of some Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterfly. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterfly, skipper , and Hedylidae....
 species - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Viburnum.

Species

About 150 species are known, including the following:
  • Viburnum acerifolium
    Viburnum acerifolium

    Viburnum acerifolium is a species of Viburnum, native to eastern North America from southwestern Quebec and Ontario south to northern Florida and eastern Texas....
     - Maple-leaf Viburnum
  • Viburnum atrocyaneum
  • Viburnum betulifolium
  • Viburnum bitchiuense
  • Viburnum bracteatum
  • Viburnum buddleifolium
  • Viburnum burejaeticum
  • Viburnum calvum
  • Viburnum carlesii - Korean Spice Viburnum
  • Viburnum cassinoides - Witherod Viburnum
  • Viburnum cinnamonifolium
  • Viburnum cordifolium
  • Viburnum corylifolium
  • Viburnum cotinifolium
  • Viburnum cylindricum
  • Viburnum dasyanthum
  • Viburnum davidii
  • Viburnum dentatum
    Viburnum dentatum

    Viburnum dentatum is a small shrub, native to the Eastern United States from Maine south to Northern Florida and Eastern Texas.Like most Viburnum, it has opposite, simple leaves and fruit in berry-like drupes....
     - Arrowwood Viburnum
  • Viburnum dilatatum - Linden Viburnum
  • Viburnum edule - Squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, highbush cranberry, lowbush cranberry, moosomin (Cree language
    Cree language

    Cree is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Labrador, making it by far the most spoken Native American languages in Canada....
    )
  • Viburnum ellipticum
  • Viburnum erosum
  • Viburnum erubescens
  • Viburnum farreri - Farrer's Viburnum
  • Viburnum foetens
  • Viburnum foetidum
  • Viburnum furcatum
  • Viburnum grandiflorum - Himalayan Viburnum
  • Viburnum harryanum (after Harry Veitch
    Harry Veitch

    Sir Harry James Veitch was an eminent English horticulturist in the nineteenth century, who was the head of the family nursery business, Veitch Nurseries, based in Chelsea, London....
    )
  • Viburnum henryi
  • Viburnum hirtum
  • Viburnum hupehense
  • Viburnum ichangense
  • Viburnum jackii - Jack's Viburnum
  • Viburnum japonicum
  • Viburnum kansuense
  • Viburnum lantana
    Viburnum lantana

    Viburnum lantana is a species of Viburnum, native to central, southern and western Europe , northwest Africa, and southwestern Asia.It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 4-5 m tall....
     - Wayfaring Tree, Hoarwithy
  • Viburnum lantanoides
    Viburnum lantanoides

    Viburnum lantanoides is a perennial shrub of the family Caprifoliaceae growing 2-4 meters high with pendulous branches that take root where they touch the ground....
     (syn. V. alnifolium)
  • Viburnum lentago
    Viburnum lentago

    Viburnum lentago is a species of Viburnum native to the northeastern and midwestern United States, and in southern Canada from New Brunswick west to southeastern Saskatchewan....
     - Nannyberry
  • Viburnum lobophyllum
  • Viburnum macrocephalum
  • Viburnum molle
  • Viburnum mongolicum
  • Viburnum mullaha
  • Viburnum nudum
    Viburnum nudum

    Viburnum nudum is a plant in the muskroot family, Adoxaceae....
     - Possumhaw
  • Viburnum odoratissimum
  • Viburnum opulus
    Viburnum opulus

    Viburnum opulus is a species of Viburnum, native to Europe and Asia. Some botanists also treat the closely related North American species Viburnum trilobum as a variety of it , or a subspecies, Viburnum opulus subsp....
     - Guelder-rose
  • Viburnum orientale
  • Viburnum phlebotrichum
  • Viburnum plicatum
    Viburnum plicatum

    Viburnum plicatum is a species of Viburnum, native to eastern Asia, in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.It is a deciduous shrub growing to 3 m tall....
  • Viburnum propinquum
  • Viburnum prunifolium
    Viburnum prunifolium

    Viburnum prunifolium , is a species of Viburnum native to southeastern North America, from Connecticut west to eastern Kansas, and south to Alabama and Texas....
     - Blackhaw
  • Viburnum rafinesquianum
  • Viburnum recognitum
  • Viburnum rhytidophyllum
    Viburnum rhytidophyllum

    Viburnum rhytidophyllum is a species of Viburnum, native to Asia.The plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree with a suckering habit....
     - Wrinkled Viburnum
  • Viburnum rigidum
  • Viburnum rufidulum - Rusty Blackhaw
  • Viburnum sargentii
  • Viburnum schensianum
  • Viburnum sempervirens
  • Viburnum setigerum - Tea Viburnum
  • Viburnum sieboldii
    Viburnum sieboldii

    Viburnum sieboldii is a plant in the muskroot family, Adoxaceae....
     - Siebold's Viburnum
  • Viburnum suspensum
  • Viburnum sympodiale
  • Viburnum ternatum
  • Viburnum tinus
    Viburnum tinus

    Viburnum tinus is a species of flowering plant in the genus Viburnum, native to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. Laurus signifies the leaves' similarities to bay laurel; tinus means "tenth born"....
     - Laurustinus Viburnum
  • Viburnum trilobum
    Viburnum trilobum

    Viburnum trilobum is a species of Viburnum native to northern North America, from Newfoundland west to British Columbia, south to Washington state and east to northern Virginia, with an isolated population in New Mexico....
     - Highbush Viburnum
  • Viburnum urceolatum
  • Viburnum utile - Service Viburnum
  • Viburnum veitchii
  • Viburnum venosum
  • Viburnum wilsonii
  • Viburnum wrightii - Wright's Viburnum


    • Cultivation and uses

    Many species of viburnum have become popular as garden
    Garden

    A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials....
     or landscape
    Landscape

    Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including physical elements such as landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements such as lighting and weather conditions, and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment....
     plants because of their showy flowers and berries, fragrance, and good autumn colour of some forms. Some popular species, hybrids, and cultivar
    Cultivar

    A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics; it is usually distinct from similar plants and when Plant propagation it retains those characteristics....
    s include:
    • The hybrid Viburnum × bodnantense (V. farreri × V. grandiflorum) is particularly popular for its strongly scented pink flowers on the leafless deciduous
      Deciduous

      Deciduous means falling off at maturity or tending to fall off and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe....
       shoots in mid to late winter.
    • Viburnum × burkwoodii (V. carlesii × V. utile)
    • Viburnum × carlcephallum (V. carlesii × V. macrocephalum)
    • Viburnum carlesii has round white flowerheads, strong fragrance, dense structure, and reddish leaves in autumn.
    • Viburnum davidii is an evergreen species from China with blue fruit.
    • Viburnum dentatum has flat-topped flowers, bluish fruit, and reddish leaves in autumn. It is somewhat salt tolerant. The cultivar 'Blue Muffin' is more compact than the species and has fruit that are a deeper blue than the species.
    • Viburnum dilatatum has flat-topped flowers, reddish leaves in autumn, and bright red fruit that persist into winter.
    • Viburnum × juddii (V. bitchiuense × V. carlesii)
    • Viburnum plicatum has white flowers, textured leaves, reddish-black fruit, and can grow quite large under ideal conditions. The species can tolerate shade, but not drought.
    • Viburnum × pragense (V. rhytidophyllum × V. utile)
    • Viburnum × rhytidophylloides (V. lantana × V. rhytidophyllum)
    • Viburnum rhytidophyllum is a popular evergreen
      Evergreen

      In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant having leaf all year round. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage for part of the year....
       species, grown mainly for its foliage effect of large, dark green leathery leaves with strongly wrinkled surface. This is the parent species of two popular hybrid cultivars known as 'Alleghany' and 'Pragense'. 'Alleghany' was selected from a hybrid between V. rhytidophyllum and V. lantana 'Mohican' (in 1958, at the US National Arboretum).
    • Viburnum setigerum has upright, coarse structure and orange to reddish-orange fruit.
    • Viburnum sieboldii has coarse, open structure, flat-topped flowers, reddish-black fruit, and can grow as a small tree.
    • Viburnum tinus is a widely grown garden and landscape shrub.


    Other uses

    In prehistory
    Prehistory

    Prehistory is a term often used to describe the period before Recorded history. Paul Tournal originally coined the term Pr?-historique in describing the finds he had made in the caves of southern France....
    , the long straight shoots of some viburnums were used for arrow
    Arrow

    An arrow is a pointed projectile that is shot with a bow . It predates recorded history and is common to most cultures....
    -shafts, as those found with Ötzi the Iceman
    Ötzi the Iceman

    ?tzi the Iceman , and Similaun Man are modern names of a well-preserved natural mummy of a man from about 34th century BC . The mummy was found in 1991 in the Schnalstal glacier in the ?tztal Alps, near Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy....
    .

    The fruit of some species (e.g. V. lentago) are edible and can be eaten either raw or for making jam, while other species (e.g. V. opulus) are mildly toxic and can cause vomiting if eaten in quantity.

    The bark
    BARK

    BARK was an early Electromechanics. BARK was built using standard phone relays, implementing a 32-bit binary machine and could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms....
     of some species is used in herbal medicine, as an anti-spasmodic and to treat asthma.