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For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see cotton
Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
.


Gossypium is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 of 39-40 species of shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s in the mallow
Malva

Malva is a genus of about 25?30 species of herbaceous annual plant, biennial plant, and perennial plants in the family Malvaceae , one of several closely related genera in the family to bear the common English name mallow....
 family, Malvaceae
Malvaceae

Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Judd & al. The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus , Sterculia , Dombeya , Pavonia and Sida ....
, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World
Old World

The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans in the 15th century....
 and the New World
New World

The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth, specifically the Americas and Australasia. When the term originated in the late 15th century, the Americas were new to the Europeans, who previously thought of the world as consisting only of Europe, Asia, and Africa ....
. The cotton plants, sources of commercial cotton
Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
 fabric, are included in this genus.

Cotton shrubs can grow up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes.






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For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see cotton
Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
.


Gossypium is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 of 39-40 species of shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s in the mallow
Malva

Malva is a genus of about 25?30 species of herbaceous annual plant, biennial plant, and perennial plants in the family Malvaceae , one of several closely related genera in the family to bear the common English name mallow....
 family, Malvaceae
Malvaceae

Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Judd & al. The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus , Sterculia , Dombeya , Pavonia and Sida ....
, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World
Old World

The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans in the 15th century....
 and the New World
New World

The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth, specifically the Americas and Australasia. When the term originated in the late 15th century, the Americas were new to the Europeans, who previously thought of the world as consisting only of Europe, Asia, and Africa ....
. The cotton plants, sources of commercial cotton
Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
 fabric, are included in this genus.

Cotton shrubs can grow up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a capsule
Capsule (fruit)

In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two or more carpels, that, at maturity, split apart to release the seeds within....
 called a boll, each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. These fibres are the commercially interesting part of the plant and they are removed by a process called ginning. At the first ginning the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning the shorter fibres, called linters, are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles including the eponymous Lint. Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (90% of world production), G. barbadense (8%), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (together, 2%). While cotton fibers occur naturally in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of coloured cotton varieties.

Species of Gossypium

Commercial cotton species Commercial cotton
Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
 fibres, used to manufacture cloth, are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially:
  • Gossypium arboreum
    Gossypium arboreum

    Gossypium arboreum, commonly called tree cotton, is a species of Gossypium native to India and Pakistan and other tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World....
     L.
    Carolus Linnaeus

    Carl Linnaeus was a Sweden botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern alpha taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology....
     – Tree cotton, native to India
    India

    India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
     and Pakistan
    Pakistan

    Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
    .
  • Gossypium barbadense
    Gossypium barbadense

    Pima cotton , also known as Extra Long Staple, South American, Creole, Sea Island cotton, Egyptian, Algodon pais, and West Indische katoen, is a species of cotton plant which is widely cultivated though it originated in Peru....
     L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical South America
    South America

    South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
    .
  • Gossypium herbaceum
    Gossypium herbaceum

    Gossypium herbaceum, also called Levant cotton, is a species of Gossypium native to the semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Arabia where it still grows in the wild as a perennial shrub....
     L. – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa
    Africa

    Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
     and Arabian Peninsula
    Arabian Peninsula

    The Arabian Peninsula , Arabia, Arabistan, and the Arabian subcontinent is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. The area is an important part of the Middle East and plays a critically important geopolitics role because of its vast reserves of petroleum and natural gas....
    .
  • Gossypium hirsutum
    Gossypium hirsutum

    Gossypium hirsutum, known as Upland Cotton or Mexican Cotton, is the most widely planted species of Gossypium in the United States, constituting some 95% of all cotton production....
     L. – Upland cotton, native to Central America
    Central America

    Central America is a central geography region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmus portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast....
    , Mexico
    Mexico

    The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
    , the Caribbean
    Caribbean

    The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and Northern America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America....
     and southern Florida
    Florida

    Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
     - most commonly grown species in the world.
Non-commercial species
  • Gossypium australe
    Gossypium australe

    Gossypium australe is an endemic woody shrub, related to cotton, found in north western Australia. Preferring sandy soils near watercourses, it grows to about two or three feet tall....
     F.Muell
    Ferdinand von Mueller

    Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, KCMG was a German Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist....
     – Endemic to north-western Australia
    Australia

    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
  • Gossypium darwinii
    Gossypium darwinii

    Darwin's cotton is a species of cotton plant which is found only on the Galapagos Islands. Genetic studies indicate that it is most closely related to the native American species Gossypium barbadense, thus it is surmised that a seed arrived from South America on the wind, in the droppings of a bird or associated with debris by sea....
     - Darwin's cotton, found only on the Galapagos Islands
    Galápagos Islands

    Gal?pagos Islands are an archipelago of Island#Volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of continental Ecuador....
  • Gossypium sturtianum J.H. Willis
    Jim Willis

    James Hamlyn Willis was an Australian botanist....
     – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to Australia
    Australia

    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
    .
  • Gossypium thurberi
    Gossypium thurberi

    Desert cotton , also known as Arizona wild cotton and Thurber's cotton, is a wild species of Gossypium native to the Sonoran desert area of northern Mexico and parts of the state of Arizona in the United States....
     Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to Arizona
    Arizona

    The State of Arizona is a U.S. state located in the Southwestern United States of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona....
     and northern Mexico
    Mexico

    The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
    .
  • Gossypium tomentosum
    Gossypium tomentosum

    Hawaiian cotton , also called ma?o, is a species of Gossypium endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The seed hairs are short and reddish brown, unsuitable for spinning or twisting into thread....
     Nutt.
    Thomas Nuttall

    Thomas Nuttall was an England botany and zoologist, who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1841.Nuttall was born in the village of Long Preston, near Settle in the West Riding of Yorkshire and spent some years as an apprentice printer in England....
     ex Seem – Ma‘o or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands
    Hawaiian Islands

    The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of 19 islands and atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll....
    .
  • Gossypium raimondii one of the putative progenitor species of tetraploid cotton alongside Gossypium arboreum.


Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance.

Cotton pests and diseases


Pests

  • Boll weevil
    Boll weevil

    The boll weevil is a beetle measuring an average length of six millimeters, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central America, it migrated into the US from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all US cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American so...
    , Anthonomus grandis
  • Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii
  • Cotton stainer, Dysdercus Koenigii
  • Cotton bollworm
    Cotton bollworm

    Cotton bollworm may refer to:* Helicoverpa zea, the American cotton bollworm or corn earworm* Helicoverpa armigera, the African cotton bollworm or tomato grub...
    , Helicoverpa armigera and native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
  • Some other Lepidoptera
    Lepidoptera

    Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterfly. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterfly, skipper , and Hedylidae....
     (butterfly
    Butterfly

    A butterfly is an insect of the Order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual Biological life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form....
     and moth
    Moth

    A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly, both being of the Order Lepidoptera. The differences between butterflies and moths are more than just taxonomy....
    ) larva
    Larva

    A larva is a young form of animal with indirect developmental biology, going through or undergoing metamorphosis .The larva can look completely different from the adult form, for example, a caterpillar differs from a butterfly....
    e also feed on cotton - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.


  • Green mirid (Creontiades dilutus), a sucking insect
  • Spider mite
    Spider mite

    Spider mites are members of the Acari family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1600 species. They generally live on the under sides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and they can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed....
    s, Tetranychus urticae, T. ludeni and T. lambi
  • Thrips
    Thrips

    Thrips are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings . Other common names for thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, and corn lice....
    , Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei


Diseases

  • Alternaria leaf spot
    Alternaria

    Alternaria is a genus of Ascomycota fungi. Alternaria species are known as major Phytopathology. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma....
    , caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata
    Alternaria alternata

    Alternaria alternata has been recorded causing leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species. It is opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots and blights on many plant parts....
  • Anthracnose boll rot, caused by Colletotrichum gossypii
    Colletotrichum gossypii

    Colletotrichum gossypii is a plant pathogen. This fungi is related to cotton plants where causes anthracnose. It reproduction in the plants is asexually ....
  • Black root rot
    Thielaviopsis

    'Thielaviopsis' is a small genus of fungi in the Order Microascales. The genus includes several important agricultural Phytopathology. The most widespread is T....
    , caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola
    Thielaviopsis basicola

    Thielaviopsis basicola is a plant pathogen.External links * References...
  • Blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
  • Fusarium boll rot caused by Fusarium spp.
  • Phytophthora boll rot, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica
  • Sclerotinia boll rot, caused by fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
    Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

    Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant pathogen. It has a wide range of hosts and is characterized by white fuzzy growths on the plant it infects....
  • Stigmatomycosis
    Stigmatomycosis

    The term Stigmatomycosis is the general name for a fungal disease that occurs in a number of crops, such as cotton, soybean, pecan, pomegranate, citrus, and pistachio....
    , caused by the fungi     Ashbya gossypii
    Ashbya gossypii

    Ashbya gossypii is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast, but growing exclusively in a filamentous way. It was originally isolated from cotton as a pathogen causing stigmatomycosis by Ashby and Novell in 1926....
    , Eremothecium coryli (Nematospora coryli) and Aureobasidium pullulans
    Aureobasidium pullulans

    Aureobasidium pullulans is a plant pathogen, causing stigmatomycosis on cotton. It can be cultivated on potato dextrose agar where it produces smooth, faint pink yeast-like colonies that are covered with a slimy mass of spores....


See also

  • Cotton
    Cotton

    Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....


External links

  • (India)