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Neutral country
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For other uses of Neutral and Neutrality, see Neutral
A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties. A neutralist policy aims at neutrality in case of an armed conflict that could involve the party in question. A neutralist is an advocate of neutrality in international affairs. The concept of neutrality in conflicts must be distinguished from that of non-alignment, i.e., the wilful desistence from military alliances in order to preserve neutrality in case of war, and perhaps with the hope of preventing a war altogether.
concept of neutrality in war is narrowly defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognized right to remain neutral.
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Encyclopedia
For other uses of Neutral and Neutrality, see Neutral
A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties. A neutralist policy aims at neutrality in case of an armed conflict that could involve the party in question. A neutralist is an advocate of neutrality in international affairs. The concept of neutrality in conflicts must be distinguished from that of non-alignment, i.e., the wilful desistence from military alliances in order to preserve neutrality in case of war, and perhaps with the hope of preventing a war altogether.
Concept and adherents
The concept of neutrality in war is narrowly defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognized right to remain neutral. A wider concept is that of non-belligerence. The basic international law covering neutral territories is the Second Hague Convention.
A country that reserves the right to become a belligerent if attacked by a party to the war is in a condition of armed neutrality.
Current neutral countries include:
- Austria (now a member of EU, see below) - neutral country since 1955, to maintain external independence and inviolability of borders (expressly modeled after the Swiss neutrality).
- Costa Rica - neutral country since 1949, after abolishing its military.
- Finland (now EU) - military doctrine of competent, "credible" independent defence, not depending on any outside support, and the desire to remain outside international conflicts.
- Ireland (now EU) - a traditional policy of military neutrality defined as non-membership of mutual defence alliances.
- Japan - constitutionally forbidden from participating in wars, but maintains heavily-armed "self-defense forces" and a military alliance
- Liechtenstein
- Malta (now EU) - policy of neutrality since 1980, guaranteed in a treaty with Italy concluded in 1983
- Sweden (now EU) - Sweden has not fought a war since ending its involvement in the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 with a short war with Norway, making it the oldest neutral country in the world.
- Switzerland - self-imposed, permanent, and armed, designed to ensure external security. Switzerland is the second oldest neutral country in the world; it has not fought a foreign war since its neutrality was established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
- Turkmenistan - declared its permanent neutrality and had it formally recognised by the U.N. in 1995.
- Vatican City - the Lateran Treaty signed in 1929 with Italy imposed that "The Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties" thus making Vatican City neutral since then.
Countries claimed to have neutrality but not recognized by international affairs
- Cambodia - claimed neutrality 1955-1970, 1993 to the present day
- Moldova - Article 11 of the 1994 Constitution proclaims "permanent neutrality"
- Serbia - Resolution of the National Assembly adopted on 16 December 2007 stated that "due to the overall role of NATO, from the illegal bombing of Serbia in 1999 without Security Council resolution until the annex 11 of the rejected Ahtisaari's plan stipulating that NATO should be the 'final authority' in the 'independent state of Kosovo', National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia decided to declare armed neutrality in relation to the existing military alliances until eventual referendum when the final decision on that issue would be brought".
Past neutral countries include:
- Belgium - neutral stance since 1839, abolished through the Treaty of Versailles after WWI and abolished again after WWII, non-neutral alignment confirmed by membership of NATO.
- Estonia - declared its neutrality on December 1 1938, but Estonia's neutrality was questioned by the Soviet Union and Germany when a Polish submarine escaped from internment in Tallinn on September 18 1939, which led to the Occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Now a NATO member.
- Laos - the International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos was signed in Geneva on July 23, 1962, by 14 nations, including the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
- Latvia - declared its neutrality on December 21 1938, but was thereafter occupied by the Soviet Union in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Now a NATO member.
- Lithuania - declared its neutrality on January 25 1939, but was thereafter occupied by the Soviet Union in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Now a NATO member.
- Luxembourg - neutral stance since 1839, abolished through its constitution in 1948, non-neutral alignment confirmed by membership of NATO.
- Netherlands - self-imposed neutrality between 1839 and 1940 on the European continent. Now a NATO member.
Other countries may be more active on the international stage, while emphasising an intention to remain neutral in case of war close to the country. By such a declaration of intentions, the country hopes that all belligerents will count on the country's territory as off limits for the enemy, and hence unnecessary to waste resources on. The neutrality of Republic of Moldova is an interesting case. According to Ion Marandici, Moldova has chosen neutrality in order to avoid Russian security schemes and Russian military presence on its territory. Even if the country is constitutionally neutral, some researchers argue that de facto this former Soviet republic never was neutral, because parts of the XIV-th Russian army are present at Bender. The same author suggests that one solution in order to avoid unnecessary contradictions and deepen at the same time the relations with NATO would be
"to interpret the concept of permanent neutrality in a flexible manner".
Many countries made such declarations during World War II. Most, however, became occupied, and in the end only the states of Ireland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland (with Liechtenstein) remained neutral of the European countries closest to the war. Their fulfilment to the letter of the rules of neutrality have been questioned: Ireland supplied some important secret information to the Allies; for instance, the date of D-Day was decided on the basis of incoming Atlantic weather information secretly supplied to them by Ireland but kept from Germany. Also, German pilots who crash landed in Ireland were interned, whereas their Allied counterparts usually went "missing" close to the border. Sweden and Switzerland, as embedded within Nazi Germany and its occupied territory, similarly made some concessions to Nazi requests as well as to Allied requests. Sweden was also involved in intelligence operations with the Allies, including listening stations in Sweden and espionage in Germany, as well as secret military training of Norwegian soldiers in Sweden. Spain also pursued a policy of "non-alignment" and sent a volunteer combat division to aid the Nazi war effort.
European Union nations
The neutrality of some countries now in the European Union is under dispute, especially as the EU now operates a common foreign policy. This view was supported by the Finnish Prime Minister, Matti Vanhanen, on July 5, 2006, while speaking to the European Parliament as Council President;
"Mr Pflüger described Finland as neutral. I must correct him on that: Finland is a member of the EU. We were at one time a politically neutral country, during the time of the Iron Curtain. Now we are a member of the Union, part of this community of values, which has a common policy and, moreover, a common foreign policy."
A similar question relates to Ireland which hasn't described itself as being neutral for some decades. Instead Ireland has a traditional policy of military neutrality which is defined as the non-membership in military alliances. No definition of military neutrality ever uttered by the Irish government has ever made a commitment to non-participation in war. This is not the definition of neutrality but of non-alignment.
The vagueness of Irish non-alignment can be summed up by a quote from former Taoiseach Jack Lynch who once said that "We can make up our minds as to our neutrality in the light of circumstances prevailing". Irish non-alignment is very confusing to the uninformed because on the one hand there is a constitutional prohibition on joining European Common Defence, which was inserted as part of the second Nice referendum. And yet on the other hand Ireland participates in the EU Battlegroups, and allows American transport planes to refuel in Shannon airport on their way to and from Afghanistan and Iraq.
The Irish government has consistently voted against all private members bills recommending inserting a clear expression of neutrality in the constitution.
Footnotes
See also
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