Juba II

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Juba II

Juba II (Iuba in Latin; ?óßa? (?óßa) or ???ßa? in Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
) or Juba II of Numidia (52 BC/50 BC-23) was a king of Numidia

Numidia

Mauretania

In Antiquity, Mauretania was originally an independent Berber people monarchy on the Mediterranean coast of north Africa , corresponding to western Algeria, northern Morocco and Spain Plazas de soberan?a....
. His first wife was Cleopatra Selene II, the last Ptolemaic

Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC....
Monarch and daughter to Greek

Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
Ptolemaic

Ptolemaic

Ptolemaic is the adjective formed from the name Ptolemy.This adjective is usually used in one of three ways:*To describe the Egyptian dynasty founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter...
Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman triumvir Mark Antony

Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius , known in English as Marc Antony, was a Roman Republic politician and General. He was an important supporter and the best friend of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator, being Caesar's second cousin, once removed, by his mother Julia Antonia....
.

II was the only child and heir to King Juba I of Numidia

Juba I of Numidia

File:Juba denarius in support of Pompey against Cesar 60 46 BCE.jpgJuba I of Numidia or Juba I , was a King of Numidia. He was the son and successor to King of Numidia Hiempsal II....
. His mother is unknown.

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Encyclopedia

Juba II (Iuba in Latin; ?óßa? (?óßa) or ???ßa? in Greek

Greek language

Numidia

Mauretania

Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC....
Monarch and daughter to Greek

Greece

Ptolemaic

Mark Antony

Early Life

Juba II was the only child and heir to King Juba I of Numidia

Juba I of Numidia

Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
(in Thapsus

Thapsus

Thapsus was an ancient city in what is modern day Tunisia. Its ruins exist at Ras Dimas near Bekalta, approximately 200 km southeast of Carthage....
, North Africa) and Numidia became a Roman Province. His father was an ally to the Roman General Pompey

Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'p?mpi/, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir , was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman Republic....
. Juba II claimed to be a descendant to the sister of General Hannibal (Scol. Lucan, Pharsalia 8.287).

Juba II was brought to Rome

Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
by Julius Caesar and took part in Caesar’s triumphal procession. In Rome, he learned Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
and Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
, became romanized

Romanization (cultural)

Romanization was a gradual process of cultural assimilation, in which the conquered "barbarians" gradually adopted and largely replaced their own native culture with the culture of their conquerors - the Romans....
and was granted Roman citizenship. Through dedication to his studies, he is said to have become one of Rome's best educated citizens, and by age 20 he wrote one his first works entitled Roman Archaeology. He was raised by Julius Caesar and later by his great-nephew Octavius (future Emperor Caesar Augustus). Juba II while growing up, accompanied Octavius on military campaigns, gaining valuable experience as a leader. He fought alongside Octavius in the battle of Actium

Actium

Actium was the ancient name of a promontory of western Greece in northwestern Acarnania, at the mouth of the Sinus Ambracius opposite Nicopolis, built by Caesar Augustus on the north side of the strait....
in 31 BC. Throughout the years, Juba II and Octavius became lifelong friends.

Restored to the Throne

Augustus restored Juba II as the king of Numidia between 29 BC-27 BC. Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. Juba II would become one of the most loyal client kings that served Rome. Between 26 BC-20 BC, Augustus arranged for him to marry Cleopatra Selene II, giving her a large dowry

Dowry

A dowry is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her new husband. Compare bride price, which is paid to the bride's parents, and dower, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage....
and appointing her queen. Juba II and Cleopatra did not enjoy a long rule over Numidia

Numidia

Numidia was an ancient Berber people kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia that later alternated between being a Roman province and being a Roman client state, and is no longer in existence today....
. The fact that Juba II was romanized to such a great degree alienated the local population and caused enough civil unrest to force Juba II and Cleopatra to leave Numidia

Numidia

Mauretania

When they moved to Mauretania, they renamed their new capital to Caesaria (modern Cherchell

Cherchell

Cherchell is a seaport town in the provinces of Algeria of Tipaza Province, Algeria, 55 miles West of Algiers. It is the districts of Algeria of Cherchell District....
, Algeria

Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
). The city was named in honor of Augustus. The construction and sculpture projects at Caesaria and another city Volubilis

Volubilis

Volubilis is an List of archaeological sites in Morocco situated near Meknes between Fez, Morocco and Rabat along the N13 road . The nearest town is Moulay Idriss....
, display a rich mixture of Egyptian

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an Ancient history civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile in what is now the modern nation of Egypt....
, Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
and Roman

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
architectural styles.

Cleopatra is said to have exerted considerable influence on Juba II's policies. Juba II encouraged and supported the performing arts, research of the sciences and research of natural history. Juba II also supported Mauretanian trade. The Kingdom of Mauretania was of great importance to the Roman Empire. Mauretania traded all over the Mediterranean, particularly with Spain

Spain

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
. Mauretania exported fish

Fish

A fish is any marine biology vertebrate animal that is typically ectothermic , covered with scale , and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins....
, grape

Grape

File:Table grapes on white.jpgA grape is the non-Climacteric #In_botany fruit that grows on the Perennial plant and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis....
s, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from certain shellfish, which was used in the manufacture of purple stripes for senatorial robes. Juba II sent a contingent to Iles Purpuraires

Iles Purpuraires

Iles Purpuraires are a set of small islands off the western coast of Morocco at the bay located at Essaouira. These islands were settled in antiquity by the Phoenicians, chiefly to exploit certain marine resources and as a promontory fort....
to re-establish the ancient Phoenician dye manufacturing process. Tingis, a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern Strait of Gibraltar

Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar is the strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from Morocco. The name comes from Gibraltar, which in turn originates from the Arabic language Jebel Tariq meaning mountain of Tariq....
) became a major trade centre. In Gades, (modern Cádiz

Cádiz

C?diz is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of C?diz, one of eight which make up the Autonomous communities of Spain of Andalusia....
) and Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena

Cartagena

Cartagena may refer to:...
) Spain

Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
, Juba II was appointed by Augustus as an honorary Duovir. A Duovir was a chief magistrate of a Roman colony or town, most probably involving with trade and was also a Patronus Colonaie.

The value and quality of Mauretanian coins became distinguished. The Greek historian

Historian

A historian is an individual who studies and writes about history, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, systematic narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all events in time....
Plutarch

Plutarch

Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. AD 46 ? 120 ? commonly known in English as Plutarch ? was a Ancient Rome historian , biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonism....
describes him as 'one of the most gifted rulers of his time'. Between 2 BC-2, he travelled with Gaius Caesar

Gaius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar , most commonly known as Gaius Caesar or Caius Caesar, was the oldest son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder.....
(a grandson of Augustus), as a member of his advisory staff to the troubled Eastern Mediterranean. In 21, Juba II made his son Ptolemy co-ruler and Juba II died in 23. Juba II was buried alongside his first wife in their mausoleum

Mausoleum

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons....
. Ptolemy then became the sole ruler of Mauretania.

Marriages and Children

First marriage to Greek
Greeks

The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in Greek diaspora communities around the world....
Ptolemaic
Ptolemaic

Ptolemaic is the adjective formed from the name Ptolemy.This adjective is usually used in one of three ways:*To describe the Egyptian dynasty founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter...
princess Cleopatra Selene II (40 BC-6). Their children were Cleopatra of Mauretania
Cleopatra of Mauretania

Cleopatra of Mauretania or Cleopatra IX could have been a possible daughter of Greeks Ptolemaic princess and later queen Cleopatra Selene II and African king Juba II....
a possible daughter, Ptolemy of Mauretania
Ptolemy of Mauretania

Ptolemy of Mauretania or Ptolemy of Morocco was a prince and the last Roman client king of Mauretania.Ptolemy was the only son to queen Cleopatra Selene II and king Juba II of Mauretania....
(1 BC-40) and Drusilla of Mauretania (born 5).
Second marriage to princess of Cappadocia
Cappadocia

Cappadocia, Wikipedia:IPA for English /k?p?'do???/ , was an extensive inland district of Asia Minor . The name continued to be used in western sources and in the Christianity tradition throughout history and is still widely used as an international Tourism in Turkey concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders characterized by...
Glaphyra
Glaphyra

Glaphyra was a Princess of Cappadocia and daughter of King Archelaus of Cappadocia. Her mother is unknown, was born at an unknown date and raised in the 1st century BC....
. Glaphyra’s first husband was prince Alexandros (a son of King of Judea Herod the Great
Herod the Great

Herod , also known as Herod I or Herod the Great , was a Roman Empire client state of Israel. Herod is known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and other parts of the ancient world, including the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple....
), Alexandros was executed in 7 BC. Glaphyra married Juba II either in 6 or 7. Glaphyra fell in love with King of Judea Herod Archelaus
Herod Archelaus

Herod Archelaus was the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD. He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace, the brother of Herod Antipas, and the half-brother of Herod Philip I....
(another son of Herod the Great
Herod the Great

Herod , also known as Herod I or Herod the Great , was a Roman Empire client state of Israel. Herod is known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and other parts of the ancient world, including the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple....
). Glaphyra ended her brief marriage to Juba II and divorced him to marry Herod Archelaus
Herod Archelaus

Herod Archelaus was the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD. He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace, the brother of Herod Antipas, and the half-brother of Herod Philip I....
. Juba II had no children with Glaphyra.

Author

Juba II wrote a number of books in Greek and Latin on history, natural history, geography, grammar, painting and theatre. His guide to Arabia became a bestseller in Rome. Only fragments of his work survived. He collected a substantial library on a wide variety of topics, which no doubt complemented his own prolific output. Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus , better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient author, naturalist or natural philosopher and naval and military commander of some importance who wrote Natural History ....
refers to him as an authority 65 times in the Natural History and in Athens

Athens

Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
, a monument was built in recognition of his writings.

Natural History

According to Pliny the Younger

Pliny the Younger

Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo , better known as Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, author, and natural philosopher of Ancient Rome....
, Juba II sent an expedition to the Canary Islands

Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are a Spain archipelago which, in turn, forms one of the Spanish Autonomous Communities and an Outermost Region of the European Union....
and Madeira

Madeira

Madeira is a Portugal archipelago in the north Atlantic Ocean that lies between and . It is one of the Autonomous regions of Portugal, with Madeira Island and Porto Santo Island being the only inhabited islands....
. Juba II had given the Canary Islands that name because he found particularly ferocious dogs (canaria) on the island.

Among his discoveries there is a medicinal plant nowadays called Euphorbia regisjubae (‘King Juba's euphorbia’, a species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
of the spurge

Spurge

Euphorbia is a genus of plants belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Consisting of about 2160 species, Euphorbia is one of the most diverse genera in the plant kingdom....
family). The Latin name of the Chile Cocopalm or Honey Palm is ‘Iubaea chilensis‘, called after him due to his interests and writings on botany. The sap of the Chile Cocopalm is used in the making of wine and sugar.

Sources

king of Mauretania

Mauretania

In Antiquity, Mauretania was originally an independent Berber people monarchy on the Mediterranean coast of north Africa , corresponding to western Algeria, northern Morocco and Spain Plazas de soberan?a....
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary.Edited by William Smith , the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 pages....
Encyclopaedia Britannica Microsoft Encarta 2002 Encyclopaedia emazighen.com/article.php3?_article=41