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General MIDI

General MIDI

Overview
General MIDI or GM is a standardized specification
Specification (technical standard)
A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, or service. Should a material, product or service fail to meet one or more of the applicable specifications, it may be referred to as being out of specificiation;...

 for music synthesizers
Synthesizer
A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that is capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequencies...

 that respond to MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIDI , ) is an industry-standard protocol defined in 1982 that enables electronic musical instruments such as keyboard controllers, computers, and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other...

 messages. GM was developed by the MIDI Manufacturers Association
MIDI Manufacturers Association
The MIDI Manufacturers Association, also known as MMA is an organization where companies work together to create the standards that assure compatibility among MIDI products. Since 1985 the MMA has produced 11 new specifications and adopted 38 sets of enhancements to MIDI.The MIDI Manufacturers...

 (MMA) and the Japan MIDI Standards Committee
Japan MIDI Standards Committee
The Japan MIDI Standards Committee is the body that ratifies and proposes MIDI standards within the Japanese manufacturing and developer community. It now operates within the . The JMSC ratifies MIDI as Japanese Industrial Standards through the Japanese Industry Standards Organisation.- External...

 (JMSC) and first published in 1991. The official specification is available in English from the MMA, bound together with the MIDI 1.0 specification, and in Japanese from the Association of Musical Electronic Industry (AMEI).

GM imposes several requirements beyond the more abstract MIDI 1.0 specification.
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Encyclopedia
General MIDI or GM is a standardized specification
Specification (technical standard)
A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, or service. Should a material, product or service fail to meet one or more of the applicable specifications, it may be referred to as being out of specificiation;...

 for music synthesizers
Synthesizer
A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that is capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequencies...

 that respond to MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIDI , ) is an industry-standard protocol defined in 1982 that enables electronic musical instruments such as keyboard controllers, computers, and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other...

 messages. GM was developed by the MIDI Manufacturers Association
MIDI Manufacturers Association
The MIDI Manufacturers Association, also known as MMA is an organization where companies work together to create the standards that assure compatibility among MIDI products. Since 1985 the MMA has produced 11 new specifications and adopted 38 sets of enhancements to MIDI.The MIDI Manufacturers...

 (MMA) and the Japan MIDI Standards Committee
Japan MIDI Standards Committee
The Japan MIDI Standards Committee is the body that ratifies and proposes MIDI standards within the Japanese manufacturing and developer community. It now operates within the . The JMSC ratifies MIDI as Japanese Industrial Standards through the Japanese Industry Standards Organisation.- External...

 (JMSC) and first published in 1991. The official specification is available in English from the MMA, bound together with the MIDI 1.0 specification, and in Japanese from the Association of Musical Electronic Industry (AMEI).

GM imposes several requirements beyond the more abstract MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communications protocol
Communications protocol
In the field of telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel. An example of a simple communications protocol adapted to voice...

 which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level (e.g., that pressing keys on a MIDI keyboard will cause an attached MIDI sound module to play musical notes), GM goes further in two ways: it requires that all GM-compatible synthesizers meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 note
Note
In music, the term note has two primary meanings:#a sign used in musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a sound;#a pitched sound itself....

s simultaneously (polyphony
Polyphony (instrument)
Polyphony is the property of an electronic musical instrument which describes how many notes it can sound at one time. An instrument which can produce multiple notes at a time is said to be polyphonic. If an instrument is capable of playing 16 notes at once, for example, it is said to have 16-voice...

), and it attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left under-specified in the MIDI 1.0 spec, such as defining instrument sounds for each of the 128 possible program numbers.

GM synthesizers are required to be able to:
  • Allow 24 voices to be active simultaneously (including at least 16 melodic and 8 percussive voices)
  • Respond to note velocity
  • Support all 16 channels simultaneously (with channel 10 reserved for percussion)
  • Support polyphony (multiple simultaneous notes) on each channel

Parameter interpretations


GM Instruments must also obey the following conventions for program and controller events:

Program change events


In MIDI, the instrument sound or "program" for each of the 16 possible MIDI channels is selected with the Program Change message, which has a Program Number parameter. The following table shows which instrument sound corresponds to each of the 128 possible Program Numbers for GM only. Note that for purposes of computer programming, this table should start at 0 instead of 1 and thus use all of the 7-bit range (0-127) allowed by the MIDI Program Change message. It should also be noted that some MIDI keyboards display these Program Numbers as shown in the table (1-128), whereas others show the range as actually coded in the Program Change message (0-127).

Melodic sounds



Piano:

1 Acoustic Grand Piano

2 Bright Acoustic Piano
Piano
The piano is a musical instrument which is played by means of a keyboard. Widely used in Western music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal...



3 Electric Grand Piano
Electric piano
An electric piano is an electric musical instrument.Electric pianos produce sounds mechanically and the sounds are turned into electronic signals by pickups. Unlike a synthesizer, the electric piano is not an electronic instrument, but electro-mechanical...



4 Honky-tonk Piano
Honky tonk
A honky tonk is a type of bar with musical entertainment that is common in the Southwestern and Southern United States. The term has also been attached to various styles of 20th-century American music.-Derivation:The Oxford English Dictionary states that the origin of the term honky tonk is...



5 Electric Piano
Electric piano
An electric piano is an electric musical instrument.Electric pianos produce sounds mechanically and the sounds are turned into electronic signals by pickups. Unlike a synthesizer, the electric piano is not an electronic instrument, but electro-mechanical...

 1

6 Electric Piano 2


7 Harpsichord
Harpsichord
A harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It produces sound by plucking a string when a key is pressed.In the narrow sense, "harpsichord" designates only the large wing-shaped instruments in which the strings are perpendicular to the keyboard...



8 Clavinet
Clavinet
A Clavinet is an electrophonic keyboard instrument manufactured by the Hohner company. It is essentially an electronically amplified clavichord, analogous to an electric guitar. Its distinctive bright staccato sound has appeared particularly in funk, disco, rock, and reggae songs.Various models...




Chromatic Percussion:

9 Celesta
Celesta
The celesta or celeste is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. Its appearance is similar to that of an upright piano or of a large wooden music box . The keys are connected to hammers which strike a graduated set of metal plates suspended over wooden resonators...



10 Glockenspiel
Glockenspiel
A glockenspiel [German Glocken + spielen ] is a percussion instrument, composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone; however, the xylophone's bars are made of wood, while the glockenspiel's are metal, thus making...



11 Music Box
Musical box
A musical box is a 19th century automatic musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century and called carillons à musique...



12 Vibraphone
Vibraphone
The vibraphone, sometimes called the vibraharp or simply the vibes, is a musical instrument in the mallet subfamily of the percussion family....



13 Marimba
Marimba
The marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family. Keys or bars are struck with mallets to produce musical tones...



14 Xylophone
Xylophone
The xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family which probably originated in Slovakia. It consists of wooden bars of various lengths that are struck by plastic, wooden, or rubber mallets. Each bar is tuned to a specific pitch of the musical scale...



15 Tubular Bells
Tubular bell
Tubular bells are musical instruments in the percussion family. Each bell is a metal tube, 30–38 mm in diameter, tuned by altering its length. They range from c1 to f2 . Tubular bells are often replaced by studio chimes, which are a smaller and usually less expensive instrument...



16 Dulcimer
Hammered dulcimer
The hammered dulcimer is a stringed musical instrument with the strings stretched over a trapezoidal sounding board. Typically, the hammered dulcimer is set on a stand, at an angle, before the musician, who holds small mallet hammers in each hand to strike the strings...




Organ:

17 Drawbar Organ

18 Percussive Organ

19 Rock Organ

20 Church Organ

21 Reed Organ
Reed organ
A reed organ, also called parlor organ, pump organ, cabinet organ, cottage organ, is an organ that generates its sounds using free metal reeds...




22 Accordion
Accordion
The accordion is a portable box-shaped musical instrument of the hand-held bellows-driven free-reed aerophone family, sometimes referred to as a squeezebox...



23 Harmonica
Harmonica
The harmonica is a free reed wind instrument which is played by blowing air into it or drawing air out by placing lips over individual holes or multiple holes. The pressure caused by blowing or drawing air into the reed chambers causes a reed or multiple reeds to vibrate up and down creating sound...



24 Tango Accordion
Bandoneón
The bandoneón is a type of concertina particularly popular in Argentina and Uruguay. It plays an essential role in the orquesta tipica, the tango orchestra...




Guitar
Guitar
The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that adapts readily to a wide variety of musical styles. It typically has six strings, but four-, seven-, eight-, ten-, eleven-, twelve-, thirteen- and eighteen-string guitars also exist. The size and shape of the neck and the base of the guitar...

:


25 Acoustic Guitar (nylon)
Classical guitar
The classical guitar is a plucked string instrument from the family of instruments called chordophones. It traditionally has 3 plain gut bass strings and 3 gut wound silk core treble strings and the modern adaption typically has 6 nylon strings .The basic characteristics of the shape of the...



26 Acoustic Guitar (steel)

27 Electric Guitar (jazz)
Jazz guitar
The term jazz guitar may refer to either a type of guitar or to the variety of playing styles used in the various genres which are commonly termed "jazz." The guitar has a long history in jazz music, as both an ensemble and solo instrument...



28 Electric Guitar (clean)
Electric guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current, which is made louder with an instrument amplifier and a speaker. The signal that comes from the guitar is sometimes electronically altered with guitar effects such as...



29 Electric Guitar (muted)
Electric guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current, which is made louder with an instrument amplifier and a speaker. The signal that comes from the guitar is sometimes electronically altered with guitar effects such as...



30 Overdriven Guitar
Electric guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current, which is made louder with an instrument amplifier and a speaker. The signal that comes from the guitar is sometimes electronically altered with guitar effects such as...



31 Distortion Guitar
Electric guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current, which is made louder with an instrument amplifier and a speaker. The signal that comes from the guitar is sometimes electronically altered with guitar effects such as...



32 Guitar harmonics
Harmonic
In acoustics and telecommunication, a harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency is...




Bass:

33 Acoustic Bass
Acoustic bass guitar
The acoustic bass guitar is a bass instrument with a hollow wooden body similar to, though usually somewhat larger than a steel-string acoustic guitar...



34 Electric Bass (finger)
Bass guitar
The electric bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a plectrum....



35 Electric Bass (pick)
Bass guitar
The electric bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a plectrum....



36 Fretless Bass
Fretless guitar
A fretless guitar is a guitar without frets. It operates in the same manner as most other stringed instruments and traditional guitars, but does not have any frets to act as the lower end point of the vibrating string...



37 Slap Bass 1
Bass guitar
The electric bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a plectrum....



38 Slap Bass 2
Bass guitar
The electric bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a plectrum....



39 Synth Bass 1
Bass guitar
The electric bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a plectrum....



40 Synth Bass 2
Bass guitar
The electric bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a plectrum....




Strings:

41 Violin
Violin
The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings usually tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello....



42 Viola
Viola
The viola is a bowed string instrument. It is the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin and the cello.The casual observer may mistake the viola for the violin because of their similarity in size, closeness in pitch range , and nearly identical playing position...



43 Cello
Cello
The cello is a bowed string instrument. The word derives from the Italian violoncello. A person who plays a cello is called a cellist. The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and as a member of the string section of an orchestra...



44 Contrabass
Contrabass
The term contrabass refers to very low musical instruments; generally those pitched one octave below instruments of the bass register...



45 Tremolo Strings
String instrument
A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones. The most common string instruments in the string family are guitar, violin, viola,...



46 Pizzicato
Pizzicato
Pizzicato is a playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a string instrument. The exact technique varies somewhat depending on the type of stringed instrument....

 Strings

47 Orchestral Harp
Harp
A harp is a stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. As many other non-percussion instruments, it can also be used as a percussion instrument. All harps have a neck, resonator and strings. Some, known as frame harps, also have a forepillar;...



48 Timpani
Timpani
Timpani are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of copper, and more recently, constructed of more lightweight fiberglass. They are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick...




Strings (continued):

49 String
String instrument
A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones. The most common string instruments in the string family are guitar, violin, viola,...

 Ensemble
Musical ensemble
Rock band redirects here. For the video game series, see Rock Band A musical ensemble is a group of two or more musicians who perform instrumental or vocal music...

 1

50 String Ensemble 2

51 Synth
Synthesizer
A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that is capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequencies...

 Strings
String instrument
A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones. The most common string instruments in the string family are guitar, violin, viola,...

 1

52 Synth Strings 2


53 Choir
Choir
A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform.A body of singers who perform together is called a choir or chorus...

 Aahs

54 Voice
Human voice
The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal folds for talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, etc. Human voice is specifically that part of human sound production in which the vocal folds are the primary sound source...

 Oohs

55 Synth Voice

56 Orchestra Hit
Orchestra hit
An orchestra hit, also known as an orchestral hit, orchestra stab, or orchestral stab, is a sound created through the layering of the sounds of a number of different orchestral instruments. The orchestra hit sound was propagated by the use of early samplers, particularly the Fairlight CMI, and it...




Brass:

57 Trumpet
Trumpet
The trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpets are among the oldest musical instruments, dating back to at least 1500 BC...



58 Trombone
Trombone
The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player’s vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate...



59 Tuba
Tuba
The tuba is the largest and lowest pitched brass instrument. Sound is produced by vibrating or "buzzing" the lips into a large cupped mouthpiece. It is one of the most recent additions to the modern symphony orchestra, first appearing in the mid-19th century, when it largely replaced the...



60 Muted
Mute (music)
A mute is a device fitted to a musical instrument to alter the sound produced: by affecting the timbre, reducing the volume, or most commonly both.- Musical directions for muting :...

 Trumpet
Trumpet
The trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpets are among the oldest musical instruments, dating back to at least 1500 BC...



61 French Horn

62 Brass Section

63 Synth Brass 1

64 Synth Brass 2



Reed:

65 Soprano Sax
Soprano saxophone
The soprano saxophone was invented in 1840 and is a variety of the saxophone, a woodwind instrument. The soprano is the third in size of the saxophone family which consists, as generally accepted, of the sopranino, soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass, and contrabass...



66 Alto Sax
Alto saxophone
The alto saxophone is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented by the Belgian instrument designer in 1841 Adolphe Sax. The alto, with the tenor, is the most common size of saxophone...



67 Tenor Sax
Tenor saxophone
The tenor saxophone is a medium-sized member of the saxophone family, a group of instruments invented by Adolphe Sax in the 1840s. The tenor, with the alto, is the most common type of saxophone. The tenor is pitched in the key of B, and written as a transposing instrument in the treble clef,...



68 Baritone Sax
Baritone saxophone
The baritone saxophone, often called "bari sax" , is one of the larger and lower pitched members of the saxophone family. It was invented by Adolphe Sax...



69 Oboe
Oboe
The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. In English, prior to 1770, the instrument was called "hautbois", "hoboy", or "French hoboy". The spelling "oboe" was adopted into English ca...



70 English Horn

71 Bassoon
Bassoon
The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and tenor registers, and occasionally higher. Appearing in its modern form in the 1800s, the bassoon figures prominently in orchestral, concert band, and chamber music literature...



72 Clarinet
Clarinet
The clarinet is a musical instrument in the woodwind family. The name derives from adding the suffix -et to the Italian word clarino , as the first clarinets had a strident tone similar to that of a trumpet...




Pipe:

73 Piccolo
Piccolo
The piccolo is a half-size flute, and a member of the woodwind family of musical instruments. The piccolo has the same fingerings as its larger sibling, the flute, but the sound it produces is an octave higher than written...



74 Flute
Flute
The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening...



75 Recorder
Recorder
The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes or internal duct flutes — whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle and ocarina. The recorder is end-blown and the mouth of the instrument is constricted by a wooden plug, known as a block or fipple...



76 Pan Flute
Pan flute
The pan flute or pan pipe is an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the Closed tube, consisting usually of five or more pipes of gradually increasing length...



77 Blown Bottle

78 Shakuhachi
Shakuhachi
The is a Japanese end-blown flute. Its name means "1.8 Shaku", referring to its size. It is traditionally made of bamboo, but versions now exist in ABS and hardwoods. It was used by the monks of the Fuke school of Zen Buddhism in the practice of...



79 Whistle
Whistle
A whistle or call is a simple aerophone, an instrument which produces sound from a stream of forced air. It may be mouth-operated, or powered by air pressure, steam, or other means...



80 Ocarina
Ocarina
The ocarina is an ancient flute-like wind instrument. While several variations exist, an ocarina is typified by an oval-shaped enclosed space with four to twelve finger holes and a mouth tube projecting out from the body...




Synth Lead:

81 Lead 1 (square
Square wave
A square wave is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform, most typically encountered in electronics and signal processing. An ideal square wave alternates regularly and instantaneously between two levels.- Origins and uses :...

)

82 Lead 2 (sawtooth
Sawtooth wave
The sawtooth wave is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is named a sawtooth based on its resemblance to the teeth on the blade of a saw....

)

83 Lead 3 (calliope
Calliope (music)
A calliope is a musical instrument that produces sound by sending a gas, originally steam or more recently compressed air, through large whistles, originally locomotive whistles....

)

84 Lead 4 (chiff)

85 Lead 5 (charang)

86 Lead 6 (voice)

87 Lead 7 (fifths)

88 Lead 8 (bass + lead)


Synth Pad:

89 Pad 1 (new age)

90 Pad 2 (warm)

91 Pad 3 (polysynth
Synthesizer
A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that is capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequencies...

)

92 Pad 4 (choir)

93 Pad 5 (bowed)

94 Pad 6 (metallic)

95 Pad 7 (halo)

96 Pad 8 (sweep)


Synth Effects:

97 FX
Sound effect
Sound effects or audio effects are artificially created or enhanced sounds, or sound processes used to emphasize artistic or other content of films, television shows, live performance, animation, video games, music, or other media...

 1 (rain)

98 FX 2 (soundtrack)

99 FX 3 (crystal)

100 FX 4 (atmosphere)

101 FX 5 (brightness)

102 FX 6 (goblins)

103 FX 7 (echoes)

104 FX 8 (sci-fi)


Ethnic:

105 Sitar
Sitar
The sitar is a plucked stringed instrument predominantly used in Hindustani classical music, where it has been ubiquitous since the Middle Ages...



106 Banjo
Banjo
The banjo is a stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments.The name banjo is commonly thought to be derived from the Kimbundu term mbanza...



107 Shamisen
Shamisen
The shamisen or samisen , also called sangen is a three-stringed musical instrument played with a plectrum called a bachi...



108 Koto
Koto (musical instrument)
The koto is a traditional Japanese stringed musical instrument derived from the Chinese guzheng. The koto is the national instrument of Japan. Koto are about long, and made from kiri wood . They have 13 strings that are strung over 13 movable bridges along the length of the instrument...



109 Kalimba
Marímbula
A marímbula is a folk musical instrument of the Caribbean Islands . The marímbula is usually classified as part of the lamellophone family of musical instruments. With its roots in African instruments, marimbula originated in the province of Oriente, Cuba in the 19th century...



110 Bag pipe
Bagpipes
Bagpipes are a class of musical instrument, aerophones using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. Though the Scottish Great Highland Bagpipe and Irish uilleann pipes have the greatest international visibility, bagpipes of several varieties can be found in use...



111 Fiddle
Fiddle
The term fiddle may refer to any bowed string musical instrument, including the violin. It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music...



112 Shanai


Percussive:

113 Tinkle Bell

114 Agogo
Agogô
An agogô is a single or multiple bell now used throughout the world but with origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias . The agogô may be the oldest samba instrument and was based on West African Yoruba single or double bells...



115 Steel Drums
Steelpan
Steelpans is a musical instrument and a form of music originating from Trinidad...



116 Woodblock
Wood block
A wood block is essentially a small piece of slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. It is struck with a stick, making a characteristically percussive sound....



117 Taiko Drum
Taiko
means "drum" in Japanese . Outside Japan, the word is often used to refer to any of the various Japanese drums and to the relatively recent art-form of ensemble taiko drumming .-Types of taiko:Japanese taiko drums have been developed into a wide...



118 Melodic Tom
Tom-tom drum
A tom-tom is a cylindrical drum with no snare.The tom-tom originates from Native American or Asian cultures...



119 Synth Drum


Sound effects:

120 Reverse Cymbal
Cymbal
Cymbals are a common percussion instrument. Cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys; see cymbal making for a discussion of their manufacture. The greater majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a...



121 Guitar Fret
Fret
A fret is a raised portion on the neck of a stringed instrument, that extends generally across the full width of the neck. On most modern western instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard...

 Noise

122 Breath Noise

123 Seashore
Coast
The coast is defined as where the land meets the sea. A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the process of tides. The term "coastal zone" can be used instead, which is a spatial zone where interaction of the sea and land processes occurs...



124 Bird Tweet

125 Telephone Ring

126 Helicopter
Helicopter
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades. Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from fixed-wing aircraft because the helicopter achieves lift with the...



127 Applause
Applause
Applause is primarily the expression of approval by the act of clapping, or striking the palms of the hands together, in order to create noise. Audiences are usually expected to applaud after a performance, such as a musical concert, speech, or play...



128 Gunshot
Gunshot
A gunshot is the discharge of a firearm, and the sound effect thereof; the term can also refer to a wound caused by such a discharge.-Gunshot sound:...




Percussion



In GM, MIDI channel 10 is reserved for percussion
Percussion instrument
A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration...

 instruments only. Notes played on channel 10 always produce percussion sounds regardless of any Program Change messages or Program Numbers that may have been sent on channel 10. Each of the 128 different possible note numbers is interpreted as a separate, different instrument, and the percussion sound's pitch is not related to the note number:


35 Bass Drum
Bass drum
A bass drum is a relatively large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The bass drums are of variable sizes and are used in several musical genres . Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished: the large orchestral bass drum, the smaller kick' drum, and the...

 2

36 Bass Drum 1

37 Side Stick

38 Snare Drum
Snare drum
The snare drum is a drum with strands of snares made of curled metal wire, metal cable, plastic cable, or gut cords stretched across the drumhead, typically the bottom...

 1

39 Hand Clap

40 Snare Drum 2

41 Low Tom
Tom-tom drum
A tom-tom is a cylindrical drum with no snare.The tom-tom originates from Native American or Asian cultures...

 2

42 Closed Hi-hat
Hi-hat
A hi-hat, or hihat, is a type of cymbal and stand used as a typical part of a drum kit by percussionists in R&B, hip-hop, disco, jazz, rock and roll, house, reggae and other forms of contemporary popular music.-Operation:...



43 Low Tom 1

44 Pedal Hi-hat

45 Mid Tom 2

46 Open Hi-hat

47 Mid Tom 1

48 High Tom 2

49 Crash Cymbal
Crash cymbal
A crash cymbal is a type of cymbal that produces a loud, sharp "crash" and is used mainly for occasional accents, as opposed to in ostinato. The term "crash" may have been first used by Ed McMahon in 1928....

 1

50 High Tom 1

51 Ride Cymbal
Ride cymbal
A ride cymbal is a type of cymbal that is a standard part of most drum kits. Its function is to maintain a steady rhythmic pattern, sometimes called a ride pattern, rather than to provide accents as with, for example, the crash cymbal. A drummer will normally place the main ride cymbal near their...

 1

52 Chinese Cymbal

53 Ride Bell

54 Tambourine
Tambourine
The tambourine or Marine is a musical instrument of the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zils"...



55 Splash Cymbal
Splash cymbal
A splash cymbal is a small cymbal used for an accent in a drum kit. Splash cymbals and china cymbals are the main types of effects cymbals. The cymbal is also known as a multi-crash cymbal or crescent cymbal....



56 Cowbell

57 Crash Cymbal 2

58 Vibra Slap
Vibraslap
A vibraslap is a percussion instrument consisting of a piece of stiff wire connecting a wood ball to a block of wood with metal “teeth” inside...




59 Ride Cymbal 2

60 High Bongo
Bongo drum
Bongo drums or bongos are a Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of single-headed, open-ended drums attached to each other. The drums are of different size: the larger drum is called in Spanish the hembra and the smaller the macho...



61 Low Bongo

62 Mute High Conga
Conga
The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum with African antecedents. It is thought to be derived from the Makuta drums or similar drums associated with Afro-Cubans of Central African descent....



63 Open High Conga

64 Low Conga

65 High Timbale
Timbales
Timbales are shallow single-headed drums with metal casing, invented in Cuba. They are shallower in shape than single-headed tom-toms, and usually much higher tuned...



66 Low Timbale

67 High Agogo

68 Low Agogo

69 Cabasa
Cabasa
The cabasa, similar to the shekere, is a percussion instrument that is constructed with loops of steel ball chain wrapped around a wide cylinder. The cylinder is fixed to a long, narrow wooden or plastic handle. It was originally of African origin, and constructed from dried oval- or pear-shaped...



70 Maraca
Maraca
Maracas are a native instrument of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Venezuela and several nations of the Caribbean and Latin America. They are simple percussion instruments , usually played in pairs, consisting of a dried calabash or gourd shell or coconut shell filled with seeds or dried beans...

s

71 Short Whistle
Whistle
A whistle or call is a simple aerophone, an instrument which produces sound from a stream of forced air. It may be mouth-operated, or powered by air pressure, steam, or other means...



72 Long Whistle

73 Short Guiro
Güiro
The güiro is a percussion instrument consisting of an open-ended, hollow gourd with parallel notches cut in one side. It is played by rubbing a wooden stick along the notches to produce a ratchet-like sound. The güiro is commonly used in Latin-American music, and plays a key role in the typical...



74 Long Guiro

75 Claves
Claves
Claves are a percussion instrument , consisting of a pair of short , thick dowels. Traditionally they were made of wood, typically rosewood, ebony or grenadilla. Nowadays they are also made of fibreglass or plastics due to the greater durability of these materials.When struck they produce a bright...



76 High Wood Block
Wood block
A wood block is essentially a small piece of slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. It is struck with a stick, making a characteristically percussive sound....



77 Low Wood Block

78 Mute Cuica
Cuíca
Cuíca is a Brazilian friction drum often used in samba music. The tone it produces has a high-pitched squeaky timbre. It has been called a 'laughing gourd' due to this sound....



79 Open Cuica

80 Mute Triangle
Triangle (instrument)
The triangle is an idiophone type of musical instrument in the percussion family. It is a bar of metal, usually steel in modern instruments, bent into a triangle shape. Usually held by a string at the top curve.- Shaping :...



81 Open Triangle


Controller events


In MIDI, adjustable parameters for each of the 16 possible MIDI channels may be set with the Control Change message, which has a Control Number parameter and a Control Value parameter. GM also specifies which operations should be performed by multiple Control Numbers:http://www.indiana.edu/~emusic/cntrlnumb.htmlhttp://www.midisite.com/info/synth/Control.htm


1 Modulation wheel

6 Data Entry MSB

7 Volume

10 Pan

11 Expression

38 Data Entry LSB

64 Sustain
Sustain
In music, sustain is a parameter of musical sound over time. As its name implies, it denotes the period of time during which the sound remains before it becomes inaudible, or silent.Additionally, sustain is the third of the four segments in an ADSR envelope...

 pedal

91 Reverb level

92 Tremolo level

93 Chorus level

94 Celeste level

95 Phaser level

98 Non-registered Parameter LSB

99 Non-registered Parameter MSB

100 Registered Parameter Number LSB

101 Registered Parameter Number MSB

121 All controllers off

123 All notes off


RPN


GM defines several Registered Parameters, which act like Controllers but are addressed in a different way. In MIDI, every Registered Parameter is assigned a Registered Parameter Number or RPN. Registered Parameters are usually called RPNs for short.

Setting Registered Parameters requires sending (numbers are decimal):
  1. two Control Change messages using Control Numbers 101 and 100 to select the parameter, followed by
  2. any number of Data Entry messages of one or two bytes (MSB = Controller #6, LSB = Controller #38), and finally
  3. an "End of RPN" message


The following global Registered Parameter Numbers (RPNs) are standardised (the parameter is specified by RPN LSB/MSB pair and the value is set by Data Entry LSB/MSB pair):


0,0 Pitch bend range

1,0 Channel Fine tuning

2,0 Channel Coarse tuning

3,0 Tuning Program Change

4,0 Tuning Bank Select

5,0 Modulation Depth Range

127,127 RPN Null


For example: RPN control sequence to set coarse tuning to A440 (parm 2, value 64):

101:0, 100:2, 6:64, 101:127, 100:127

System Exclusive messages


Two GM System Exclusive ("SysEx") messages are defined: one to enable and disable General MIDI compatibility mode (for synthesizers that also have non-GM modes); and the other to set the synthesizer's master volume.

GS extensions


A superset of the General MIDI standard, added several proprietary extensions. The most notable addition was the ability to address multiple banks of programs (instrument sounds) by using an additional pair of Bank Select controllers to specify up to 16384 'variation' sounds (cc#0 is Bank Select MSB, and cc#32 is Bank Select LSB). Other most notable features were 9 Drum kits with 14 additional drum sounds each, Control Change messages for controlling the send level of sound effect blocks (cc#91-94), entering additional parameters (cc#98-101), portamento, sostenuto, soft pedal (cc#65-67), and model-specific SysEx messages for setting various parameters of the synth engine.

GS was introduced with the Roland Sound Canvas
Roland Sound Canvas
Roland/Edirol Sound Canvas lineup is a series of PCM-based MIDI sound modules and PC sound cards primarily intended for computer music usage, created by Roland Corporation. All Sound Canvas modules are General MIDI compatible...

 line, which was also Roland's first General MIDI synth module.

General MIDI Level 2


In 1999, the official GM standard was updated to include more controllers, patches
Patch (synthesizer)
A patch, in terms of music synthesizers, is a sound setting. For example, a synthesizer may have patches for a piano sound, a guitar sound, etc.Modular synthesizers, the first synthesizers, used cables to patch the different sound modules together...

, RPNs and SysEx messages, in an attempt to reconcile the conflicting and proprietary Roland GS and Yamaha XG additions. Here's a quick overview of the GM2 changes in comparison to GM/GS:
  • Number of Notes - minimum 32 simultaneous notes
  • Simultaneous Percussion Kits - up to 2 (Channels 10/11)
  • Additional 128 melodic sounds are included in variation banks, for a total of 256
  • 9 GS Drum kits are included
  • Additional Control Change messages
    • Filter Resonance (Timbre/Harmonic Intensity) (cc#71)
    • Release
      ADSR envelope
      An ADSR envelope is a component of many synthesizers, samplers, and other electronic musical instruments. Its function is to modulate some aspect of the instrument's sound — often its loudness — over time...

       Time (cc#72)
    • Attack
      ADSR envelope
      An ADSR envelope is a component of many synthesizers, samplers, and other electronic musical instruments. Its function is to modulate some aspect of the instrument's sound — often its loudness — over time...

       time (cc#73)
    • Brightness/Cutoff Frequency (cc#74)
    • Decay
      ADSR envelope
      An ADSR envelope is a component of many synthesizers, samplers, and other electronic musical instruments. Its function is to modulate some aspect of the instrument's sound — often its loudness — over time...

       Time (cc#75)
    • Vibrato
      Vibrato
      Vibrato is a musical effect, produced in singing and on musical instruments by a regular pulsating change of pitch, and is used to add expression and vocal-like qualities to instrumental music...

       Rate (cc#76)
    • Vibrato Depth (cc#77)
    • Vibrato Delay (cc#78)
  • Registered Parameter Numbers (RPNs)
    • Modulation
      Modulation
      Modulation is the process of varying one waveform in relation to another waveform. In telecommunications, modulation is used to convey a message, or a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. Often a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used...

       Depth Range (Vibrato Depth Range)
  • Universal SysEx messages
    • Master Volume, Fine Tuning, Coarse Tuning
    • Reverb Type, Time
    • Chorus
      Chorus effect
      A chorus effect is:* A condition in the way people perceive similar sounds coming from multiple sources.* A simulation of this effect created by signal processing equipment.* A signal processing device designed to produce this effect.- Methods :...

       Type, Mod Rate, Mod Depth, Feedback, Send to Reverb
    • Controller Destination Setting
    • Scale/Octave Tuning Adjust
    • Key-Based Instrument Controllers
    • GM2 System On SysEx message


Additional melodic instruments can be accessed by setting CC#32 to 121 and then using CC#0 to select the bank before a Program Change. The most expanded group is Acoustic Pianos.

General MIDI sound modules

  • Roland's
    Roland Corporation
    is a Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments, electronic equipment and software. It was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi in Osaka on April 18, 1972, with ¥33 million in capital. In 2005 Roland's headquarters relocated to Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture. Today it has factories in...

     Sound Canvas
    Roland Sound Canvas
    Roland/Edirol Sound Canvas lineup is a series of PCM-based MIDI sound modules and PC sound cards primarily intended for computer music usage, created by Roland Corporation. All Sound Canvas modules are General MIDI compatible...

     series, starting with Roland SC-55
    Roland SC-55
    The Roland SC-55 is a GS MIDI synthesizer sound module released in 1991 by Roland Corporation. The SC-55 was the first sound module to incorporate the new General MIDI standard....

  • Various modules in Yamaha's
    Yamaha
    Yamaha may refer to:* Yamaha Corporation, a Japanese company with a wide range of products and services** Yamaha Motor Company, a Japanese motorized vehicle-producing company...

     Tone Generator series
  • Korg 03R/W
  • Korg 05R/W

External links


Official MIDI Standards Organizations