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Edible Mushroom

 
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Edible mushrooms include thousands of types of mushrooms that are harvested, and others that are not easily cultivated, such as the truffle and the matsutake
Matsutake

Matsutake or, shortly, Mattake is the common name for a highly sought after mycorrhizal mushroom known to grow in China, Japan, Korea and a handful of other places around the world....
, which is prized. Some edible mushrooms have an extremely bad taste, such as the Bitter bolete
Tylopilus felleus

Tylopilus felleus, formerly Boletus felleus, is a fungus of the Boletaceae, found in Northern Europe and North America. It derives its specific name from the Latin fel meaning "gallbladder" referring to its bitter taste, like gallbladder....
 mushroom.

Before assuming that any wild mushroom is edible, check safety rules and be sure of its identification.






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Edible mushrooms include thousands of types of mushrooms that are harvested, and others that are not easily cultivated, such as the truffle and the matsutake
Matsutake

Matsutake or, shortly, Mattake is the common name for a highly sought after mycorrhizal mushroom known to grow in China, Japan, Korea and a handful of other places around the world....
, which is prized. Some edible mushrooms have an extremely bad taste, such as the Bitter bolete
Tylopilus felleus

Tylopilus felleus, formerly Boletus felleus, is a fungus of the Boletaceae, found in Northern Europe and North America. It derives its specific name from the Latin fel meaning "gallbladder" referring to its bitter taste, like gallbladder....
 mushroom.

Before assuming that any wild mushroom is edible, check safety rules and be sure of its identification. There is no "test" for edibility other than identifying the species. Even mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

History of mushroom use

Mycophagy (pron. /'maik??fe?d?i/), the act of consuming mushrooms, dates to ancient times. Edible mushroom species have been found in association with 13,000 year old ruins in Chile, but the first reliable evidence of mushroom consumption dates to several hundred years BC in China. The Chinese value mushrooms for medicinal properties as well as for food. Ancient Romans and Greeks ate mushrooms, particularly the wealthier classes. The Roman Caesars would have a food taster taste the mushrooms before the Caesar to make sure they were safe. Mushrooms are also easily preserved, and historically have provided additional nutrition over winter.

Many prehistoric and a few modern cultures around the world used psychedelic mushrooms for ritualistic purposes (see main article: Psilocybin mushrooms). Mushroom cultivation reached the United States in the late 1800s with imported spores from Mexico.

Current culinary use

A fraction of the many fungi consumed by humans are currently cultivated and sold commercially. Pioneers such as Paul Stamets
Paul Stamets

Paul Stamets is an American mycology, author, and advocate of bioremediation....
 are introducing more into cultivation. Commercial cultivation is important ecologically, as there have been concerns of depletion of larger fungi such as chanterelle
Chanterelle

Chanterelle or Golden chanterelle is probably the best known species of this genus Cantharellus. It is orange or yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped....
s in Europe, possibly because the group has grown so popular yet remains a challenge to cultivate.

Commercially cultivated fungi


Mushroom cultivation has a long history.
  • Agaricus bisporus, also known as champignon and the button mushroom. This species also includes the portobello and crimini mushrooms.
  • Agaricus campestris
    Agaricus campestris

    Agaricus campestris, commonly known as the Field mushroom or, in North America, Meadow mushroom, is a widely eaten Agaricales closely related to the button mushroom....
     - Meadow mushroom
  • Auricularia polytricha
    Cloud ear fungus

    Cloud ear fungus is an edible jelly fungus. It is gray-brown in color and often used in Asian cuisine. In Chinese, it is known as ?? , ??? , or ?? , and in Japanese it is called arage kikurage ....
     or Auricularia auricula-judae
    Auricularia auricula-judae

    Auricularia auricula-judae is commonly known as Judas's ear fungus or Jew's Ear, the name from which it derives the "judae" in its scientific name, or as the jelly ear fungus....
     (Tree ear fungus
    Wood ear

    Wood ear, or ?? , can refer to two different closely related species of edible fungus used primarily in Asian cuisine; these are commonly sold in Asian markets shredded and dried....
    ), two closely related species of jelly fungi
    Jelly fungi

    The class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi is a paraphyletic group of several Fungi orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales, Dacrymycetales....
     that are commonly used in Chinese cuisine
    Chinese cuisine

    Chinese cuisine originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world ? from Asia to the Americas, Australia, Western Europe and Southern Africa....
    .
  • Flammulina velutipes
    Enokitake

    Enokitake are long, thin white mushrooms used in Asian cuisines, particularly those of Cuisine of China, Cuisine of Japan and Cuisine of Korea....
    , the "winter mushroom", also known as enokitake in Japan
  • Hypsizygus tessulatus
    Shimeji

    'Shimeji' is a group of edible mushrooms native to East Asia. Hon-shimeji is a mycorrhiza and difficult to cultivate. Other species are saprotroph, and buna-shimeji is now widely cultivated....
     (also Hypsizygus marmoreus), called shimeji in Japanese, it is a common variety of mushroom available in most markets in Japan. Known as "Beech mushroom" in Europe.
  • Lentinus edodes, also known as shiitake
    Shiitake

    The shiitake is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries, as well as being dried and exported to many countries around the world....
    , oak
    Oak

    The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus , which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus....
     mushroom. Lentinus edodes is largely produced in Japan
    Japan

    Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
    , China
    China

    China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
     and South Korea
    South Korea

    South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea , ), often referred to as Korea and the "names of Korea#Revival of the names", is a Semi-presidential system republic in East Asia, located in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula....
    . Lentinus edodes accounts for 10% of world production of cultivated mushrooms. Common in Japan, China, Australia and North America.
  • Pleurotus
    Pleurotus

    Pleurotus is a genus of Gill ed mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, the oyster mushroom.*Like all other basidiomycetes, it is distinguished by having clamp connections along its hyphal length....
     species, The oyster mushroom
    Oyster mushroom

    The Oyster mushroom, or Pleurotus ostreatus, is a common edible mushroom. Long fungiculture in Asia, it is now cultivated around the world for food....
     and king trumpet mushroom
    Pleurotus eryngii

    Pleurotus eryngii is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean Basin regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also fungiculture in parts of Asia....
    . Pleurotus mushrooms are the second most important mushrooms in production in the world, 25% of total world production of cultivated mushrooms. Pleurotus mushrooms are worldwide, China is the major producer. Several species can be grown on carbonaceous matter such as straw or newspaper. In the wild they are usually found growing on wood.
    • Pleurotus cornucopiae
    • Pleurotus eryngii
      Pleurotus eryngii

      Pleurotus eryngii is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean Basin regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also fungiculture in parts of Asia....


    • Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom)
  • Rhizopus oligosporus
    Rhizopus oligosporus

    Rhizopus oligosporus is a fungus of the family Mucoraceae that is a widely used starter culture for the home production of tempeh. The spores produce fluffy, white Mycelium, binding the beans together to create an edible ?cake? of partly fermented soybeans....
     - the fungal starter culture used in the production of tempeh
    Tempeh

    Tempeh, or tempe in Javanese language, is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form....
    . In tempeh the mycelia of R. oligosporus are consumed.
  • Sparassis crispa - recent developments have led to this being cultivated in California
    California

    California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California....
    .
  • Tremella fuciformis (Snow fungus), another type of jelly fungus that is commonly used in Chinese cuisine
    Chinese cuisine

    Chinese cuisine originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world ? from Asia to the Americas, Australia, Western Europe and Southern Africa....
    .
  • Tuber species, (the truffle), Truffles belong to the ascomycete grouping of fungi. The truffle fruitbodies develop underground in mycorrhiza
    Mycorrhiza

    A mycorrhiza is a symbiosis association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. In a mycorrhizal association the fungus may colonize the roots of a host plant either intracellularly or extracellularly....
    l association with certain trees e.g. oak
    Oak

    The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus , which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus....
    , poplar
    Poplar

    Populus is a genus of between 25?35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere....
    , beech
    Beech

    Beech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe and North America.The leaf of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 cm long and 4–10 cm broad....
    , and hazel. Being difficult to find, trained pig
    Pig

    Pigs, also called hogs or swine, are a genus of even-toed ungulates within the Family Suidae. The name pig, hog, or swine most commonly refers to the Domestic pig in everyday parlance, but technically encompasses several distinct species, including the Wild Boar....
    s or dog
    Dog

    The dog is a domesticated subspecies of the Gray Wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties....
    s are often used to sniff them out for easy harvesting.
    • Tuber aestivum (Summer or St. Jean truffle)
    • Tuber magnatum (Piemont white truffle)
    • Tuber melanosporum (Perigord truffle)
    • T.melanosporum x T.magnatum (Khanaqa truffle)
    • Terfezia sp. (Desert truffle)
  • Ustilago maydis (Corn smut), a fungal pathogen of the maize plants. Also called the Mexican truffle, although not a true truffle.
  • Volvariella volvacea
    Volvariella volvacea

    Volvariella volvacea is a species of edible mushroom fungiculture throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisines....
     (the "Paddy straw mushroom.") Volvariella
    Volvariella

    Volvariella is a genus of mushrooms with pink gills and spore prints. They lack a ring, and have an Amanita-like volva at the stem base. Some species of Amanita look similar, but Amanita has white spores and often have a ring....
     mushrooms account for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world.


Commercially harvested wild edibles

Chanterelle Cantharellus Cibarius
Some species are difficult to cultivate; others (particularly mycorrhizal species) have not yet been successfully cultivated. Some of these species are harvested from the wild, and can be found in markets. When in season they can be purchased fresh, and many species are sold dried as well. The following species are commonly harvested from the wild:
  • Boletus edulis
    Boletus edulis

    Boletus edulis is an edible basidiomycete mushroom. Most commonly known as porcini , it has a number of common names, including cep , king bolete and penny bun....
     or edible Boletus, native to Europe, known in Italian as Fungo Porcino (plural 'porcini') (Pig mushroom), in German as Steinpilz (Stone mushroom), in Russian as "white mushroom", and in French the cep. It also known as the king bolete, and is renowned for its delicious flavor. It is sought after worldwide, and can be found in a variety of culinary dishes.
  • Cantharellus cibarius (The chanterelle), The yellow chanterelle is one of the best and most easily recognizable mushrooms, and can be found in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. There are poisonous mushrooms which resemble it, though these can be confidently distinguished if one is familiar with the chanterelle's identifying features.
  • Clitocybe nuda - Blewit (or Blewitt)
  • Cortinarius caperatus
    Cortinarius caperatus

    Cortinarius caperatus, commonly known as the gypsy mushroom, is a highly esteemed edible mushroom of the genus Cortinarius found in northern regions of Europe and North America....
     the Gypsy mushroom (recently moved from genus Rozites)
  • Craterellus cornucopioides - Trompette du Mort or Horn of Plenty
  • Grifola frondosa
    Grifola frondosa

    Grifola frondosa is a polypore mushroom that grows in clusters at the base of trees, particularly oaks. Commonly known among English speakers as Sheep?s Head mushroom, Ram?s Head mushroom or Hen of the Woods, in Japan it is called "Maitake," which, literally translated, means "dancing mushroom."...
    , known in Japan as maitake (also "hen of the woods" or "sheep’s head"); a large, hearty mushroom commonly found on or near stumps and bases of oak trees, and believed to have medicinal properties.
  • Gyromitra esculenta this "False morel
    False morel

    Gyromitra esculenta is an Ascomycota fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America and one of several species of fungi known as false morels....
    " is prized by the Finns. This mushroom is deadly poisonous if eaten raw, but highly regarded when parboil
    Parboil

    Parboiling is the partial boiling of food in order to later finish cooking it.The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foodstuffs, such as removing gyromitrin from false morels....
    ed (see below
    Edible mushroom

    Edible mushrooms include thousands of types of mushrooms that are harvested, and others that are not easily cultivated, such as the Tuber and the matsutake, which is prized....
    ).
  • Hericium erinaceus
    Hericium erinaceus

    Hericium erinaceus is an edible mushroom in the tooth fungus group. It can be identified by its tendency to grow all the spines out from one group , long spines and its appearance on hardwoods....
    , a tooth fungus
    Tooth fungus

    Tooth fungi are a relatively small polyphyly group of fungi whose mushroom bears its spores on a hymenium - a layer of "mother cell " -Although many tooth fungi are hard and inedible, some are prized both for their flavor and their ease of identification, such as Hericium erinaceus, the "bearded tooth mushroom"....
    ; also called "lion's mane mushroom."
  • Hydnum repandum Sweet tooth fungus
  • Lactarius deliciosus
    Lactarius deliciosus

    Lactarius deliciosus, known as the Saffron milk cap, Red pine mushroom is the one of the best known members of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales....
     Saffron milk cap - Consumed around the world and prized in Russia
  • Morchella species, (morel family), morels belong to the ascomycete grouping of fungi. They are usually found in open scrub, woodland or open ground in late spring. When collecting this fungus, care must be taken to distinguish it from the poisonous false morel
    False morel

    Gyromitra esculenta is an Ascomycota fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America and one of several species of fungi known as false morels....
    s, including Gyromitra esculenta.
    • Morchella conica var. deliciosa
    • Morchella esculenta var. rotunda
  • Tricholoma matsutake the Matsutake, a mushroom highly prized in Japanese cuisine.
  • Tuber species, (the truffle), Truffles have long eluded the modern techniques of domestication known as trufficulture. Although the field of trufficulture has greatly expanded since its inception in 1808, several species still remain uncultivated. For a list of domesticated truffles, see above.
    • Tuber borchii
    • Tuber brumale
    • Tuber indicum - Chinese black truffle
    • Tuber macrosporum - White truffle
    • Tuber mesentericum - The Bagnoli truffle
    • Tuber uncinatum - Black summer truffle


Other edible wild species

Many wild species are consumed around the world. The species which can be identified "in the field" (without use of special chemistry or a microscope) and therefore safely eaten vary widely from country to country, even from region to region. This list is a sampling of lesser-known species that are reportedly edible.
  • Amanita caesarea
    Amanita caesarea

    Amanita caesarea, commonly known in English as Caesar's Mushroom, is a highly regarded edible mushroom in the genus Amanita, native to southern Europe and North Africa....
     (Caesar's Mushroom)
  • Armillaria mellea
    Armillaria mellea

    Armillaria mellea is a plant pathogen and a kind of Honey fungus. It causes Armillaria root rot many plant species. The mushrooms are edible but some people may be intolerant to them....
  • Boletus badius
    Boletus badius

    The Bay bolete, Boletus badius, is a common edible Boletus from Europe and North America. Often considered a poor relation of the Cep , it is nevertheless highly regarded by some authors such as Antonio Carluccio....
  • Boletus elegans
  • Chroogomphus rutilus (pine-spikes or spike-caps)
  • Calvatia gigantea (Giant Puffball)
  • Clavariaceae species (coral fungus family)
  • Clavulinaceae species (coral fungus family)
  • Coprinus comatus
    Coprinus comatus

    Coprinus comatus, the shaggy ink cap, lawyer's wig, or shaggy mane, is a common fungus often seen growing on lawns, along gravel roads and waste areas....
    , the Shaggy mane. Must be cooked
    Cooking

    Cooking is the process of preparing food by applying heat, selecting, measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible food....
     as soon as possible after harvesting or the caps will first turn dark and unappetizing, then deliquesce and turn to ink. Not found in markets for this reason.
  • Cortinarius variecolor
  • Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak polypore or the ox tongue)
  • Hygrophorus chrysodon
?
  • Lactarius salmonicolor
  • Lactarius subdulcis
    Lactarius subdulcis

    Lactarius subdulcis, commonly known as the mild milkcap or beech milk cap, is an edible mushroom in the genus Lactarius. It is brown in colour, with a large number of gills and a particularly thin layer of flesh in the cap....
     (mild milkcap)
  • Lactarius volemus
    Lactarius volemus

    Lactarius volemus is an edible fungus of the genus Lactarius. It is considered a choice mushroom for eating, and is closely related to the edible Lactarius corrugis....
  • Laetiporous sulphureus
    Sulphur shelf

    Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world. Some species are commonly known as sulphur shelf, chicken of the woods, the chicken mushroom, or the chicken fungus because many think they taste like chicken....
     (Sulphur shelf). Also known by names such as the "chicken mushroom", "chicken fungus", sulphur shelf is a distinct bracket fungus
    Bracket fungus

    Bracket fungi, or shelf fungi, are fungus, in the phylum Basidiomycota. They produce shelf- or bracket-shaped mushroom that lie in a close planar grouping of separate or interconnected horizontal rows....
     popular among mushroom hunters.
  • Leccinum aurantiacum
    Leccinum aurantiacum

    Leccinum aurantiacum, which in North America goes by the common name Red-capped scaber stalk, is an edible Boletaceae of the genus Leccinum....
     (Red-capped scaber stalk)
  • Leccinum scabrum (Birch bolete)
  • Lepiota procera
  • Polyporus squamosus
    Polyporus squamosus

    Polyporus squamosus is an edible basidiomycete bracket fungus, with common names including Dryad's saddle and Pheasant's back mushroom....
     (Dryad's saddle and Pheasant's back mushroom)
  • Polyporus sulphureus
  • Ramariaceae species (coral fungus family)
  • Rhizopogon luteolus
  • Russula
    Russula

    Around 750 worldwide species of mycorrhizal mushrooms compose the genus Russula. They are typically common, fairly large, and brightly colored - making them one of the most recognizable genera among mycologists and mushroom collectors....
    , some members of this genus are edible.
  • Sparassis crispa. Also known as "cauliflower mushroom".
  • Suillus bovinus
    Suillus bovinus

    Suillus bovinus, also known as the Jersey cow mushroom, is a Boletales of the genus Suillus in the Suillaceae family. It is an edible mushroom that often grows in a symbiosis with pine....
  • Suillus luteus
    Suillus luteus

    Suillus luteus is a Boletales of the genus Suillus in the Suillaceae family. It has a white stalk with a distinctive ring and an often slimy brown cap, earning it the name Slippery Jack in North America....
  • Tricholoma terreum
    Tricholoma terreum

    Tricholoma terreum, commonly known as the grey knight or dirty tricholoma, is a grey-capped edible mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma....


Conditionally edible species

There are a number of fungi that are considered choice by some and toxic by others. In some cases, proper preparation can remove some or all of the toxins.
  • Amanita muscaria
    Amanita muscaria

    Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly Amanita, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita....
     is edible if parboil
    Parboil

    Parboiling is the partial boiling of food in order to later finish cooking it.The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foodstuffs, such as removing gyromitrin from false morels....
    ed to leach out toxins.. Fresh mushrooms cause vomiting, twitching, drowsiness, and hallucinations due to the presence of ibotenic acid
    Ibotenic acid

    Ibotenic acid is a chemical compound that is naturally occurring in the mushrooms Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina, among others....
    .
  • Coprinopsis atramentaria
    Coprinopsis atramentaria

    Coprinopsis atramentaria, commonly known as the Common Inkcap or Inky Cap, is an edible mushroom found in Europe and North America....
     is edible without special preparation. However, consumption with alcohol is toxic due to the presence of coprine
    Disulfiram

    Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals....
    . Some other Coprinus
    Coprinus

    The genus Coprinus is a small genus of mushrooms consisting of Coprinus comatus and several of its close relatives. Until 2001, Coprinus was a large genus consisting of all agaric species in which the lamellae autodigested to release their spores....
     spp. share this property.
  • Gyromitra esculenta is eaten by some after it has been parboil
    Parboil

    Parboiling is the partial boiling of food in order to later finish cooking it.The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foodstuffs, such as removing gyromitrin from false morels....
    ed; however, mycologists do not recommend it. Raw Gyromitra
    Gyromitra

    'Gyromitra' is a genus of Ascomycota mushrooms found in the northern hemisphere. The most famous member is the controversial false morel ....
     are toxic due to the presence of gyromitrin
    Gyromitrin

    Gyromitrin is a toxic and possibly carcinogenic chemical present in most members of the mushroom genus Gyromitra, most notably the False Morel ....
    , and it is not known if all of the toxin can be removed by parboil
    Parboil

    Parboiling is the partial boiling of food in order to later finish cooking it.The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foodstuffs, such as removing gyromitrin from false morels....
    ing.
  • Lactarius
    Lactarius

    Fungi of the genus Lactarius, sometimes called milk-caps, are characterized by the fact that they exude a milky fluid if cut or damaged....
     spp.     - Apart from Lactarius deliciosus which is universally considered edible, other Lactarius
    Lactarius

    Fungi of the genus Lactarius, sometimes called milk-caps, are characterized by the fact that they exude a milky fluid if cut or damaged....
     spp.     that are considered toxic elsewhere in the world are eaten in Russia after pickling or parboil
    Parboil

    Parboiling is the partial boiling of food in order to later finish cooking it.The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foodstuffs, such as removing gyromitrin from false morels....
    ing.
  • Verpa bohimica - Considered choice by some, it even can be found for sale as a "morel", but cases of toxicity have been reported. Verpas contain toxins similar to gyromitrin
    Gyromitrin

    Gyromitrin is a toxic and possibly carcinogenic chemical present in most members of the mushroom genus Gyromitra, most notably the False Morel ....
     and similar precautions apply.


Hallucinogenic species

Several mushroom species are cultivated or collected for use in a recreational or ritualistic context. Although they are not consumed for food, these mushrooms are "edible" in the sense that for most people they can be safely eaten: the mycotoxins present in the mushrooms will be metabolized by the eater and their effects will disappear within several hours.

Cultivation and sale of hallucinogenic mushrooms is illegal in most countries, but remains legal in Spain and Austria.

Psilocybe cubensis
Psilocybe cubensis

Psilocybe cubensis is a species of Psilocybin mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Commonly called "Gold Caps" , it belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis....
, although originating from the tropical Americas, is now cultivated worldwide for its hallucinogenic properties. It is by far the most commonly cultivated hallucinogenic mushroom, and is marketed in the Netherlands under several names ("Equadoriaanse paddestoelen", "Golden Teacher", etc.)

Other species that have been cultivated for hallucinogenic use include:
  • Copelandia cyanescens - marketed as "Hawaiian"
  • Panaeolus cyanescens
    Panaeolus cyanescens

    Panaeolus cyanescens, also known as Copelandia cyanescens, Hawaiians and blue meanies is a hallucinogenic mushroom that contains psilocybin, serotonin, and urea....
     - marketed as "Cambodia"
  • Psilocybe cyanescens
    Psilocybe cyanescens

    Psilocybe cyanescens, also known as "wavy caps" is a potent psychedelic mushroom whose main active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. It belongs to the family Strophariaceae and was described from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom, by E....
  • Psilocybe azurescens
    Psilocybe azurescens

    Psilocybe azurescens is a psychedelic mushroom whose main active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. It is among the most potent of the tryptamine-bearing mushrooms, containing up to 1.8% psilocybin, 0.5% psilocin, and 0.4% baeocystin by dry weight, averaging to about 1.1% psilocybin and 0.15% psilocin....
  • Psilocybe mexicana
    Psilocybe mexicana

    Psilocybe mexicana is a psychedelic mushroom, it was from this species that Dr. Albert Hofmann first isolated and named the active compounds, psilocybin and psilocin in 1958....
     - marketed as "Philosopher's Stones"
  • Psilocybe tampanensis
    Psilocybe tampanensis

    Psilocybe tampanensis is a very rare psychedelic mushroom whose only known natural specimen was collected in the wild by Steven Pollock, near Tampa, Florida in 1977....


In addition, there are many hallucinogenic species collected from the wild:
  • Agrocybe farinacea
    Agrocybe

    Agrocybe is a genus of mushrooms, some which are mushroom poisoning. The edible mushrooms of the species are not easy to identify and it is safer to avoid the entire genus when mushroom hunting for consumption....
     - collected in Japan. Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    .
  • Amanita muscaria
    Amanita muscaria

    Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly Amanita, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita....
     - Commonly used for shamanistic purposes by the peoples of Siberia, Turkic peoples
    Turkic peoples

    The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
    , the Sami people
    Sami people

    The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia....
    , and others. Contains ibotenic acid
    Ibotenic acid

    Ibotenic acid is a chemical compound that is naturally occurring in the mushrooms Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina, among others....
    , muscarine
    Muscarine

    Muscarine, L--muscarine, or muscarin is a Secondary metabolite found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly Clitocybe dealbata....
    , muscimol
    Muscimol

    Muscimol is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. Unlike psilocybin, a tryptamine, muscimol is a potent, selective agonist of the GABA A receptor receptor....
    .
  • Conocybe spp.
    Conocybe

    The genus Conocybe is a genus of mushrooms consisting of Conocybe tenera and at least 243 other species, with at least 50 species in North America....
     - Used for shamanic purposes by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca. Contains psilocin
    Psilocin

    Psilocin sometimes also spelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic drug mushroom alkaloid. It is found in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin....
     and psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    .
  • Copelandia spp.
    Copelandia

    The genus Copelandia is a genus of mushrooms consisting of at least 12 species. Most have a long, thin fragile stem and are delicate, growing in grasslands on dead moss, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung....
     - Commonly growing in Hawaii. Contains psilocin
    Psilocin

    Psilocin sometimes also spelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic drug mushroom alkaloid. It is found in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin....
     and psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
  • Galerina steglichii
    Galerina

    Galerina is a genus of small brown-spored saprotrophic agarics, with over 300 species found throughout the world, from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean....
     - Rare and rarely collected. Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    , alpha-amanitin
    Alpha-amanitin

    alpha-Amanitin or a-amanitin is a Cyclic compound peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins found in several members of the Amanita genus of mushrooms, one being the Death cap as well as the Destroying angel, a complex of similar species, principally A....
     and other amatoxins.
  • Gerronema fibula
    Gerronema

    Gerronema is a genus of small to medium sized wood-decay fungus agarics with white, amyloid , basidiospores and decurrent lamella . Typically the pileus has a shallow to deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped pileus the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel....
    - A tropical mushroom.
  • Gerronema solidipes
    Gerronema

    Gerronema is a genus of small to medium sized wood-decay fungus agarics with white, amyloid , basidiospores and decurrent lamella . Typically the pileus has a shallow to deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped pileus the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel....
     - A tropical mushroom.
  • Gymnopilus spp.
    Gymnopilus

    Gymnopilus is a genus of gilled mushrooms within the fungal family Cortinariaceae containing over 150 rusty-orange spored mushroom species formerly divided among Pholiota and the defunct genus Flammula....
     - Commonly bitter in taste, recreational use is uncommon with most species. Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    , bis-noryangonin, and hispidine.
  • Hypholoma spp.
    Hypholoma

    Fungi of the genus Hypholoma are quite well-known due to the commonness of Sulphur Tuft on stumps in temperate woodlands. This species is easily recognizable because the dark spores create a distinctive greenish effect on the yellow cap underside....
     - Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    .
  • Inocybe spp.
    Inocybe

    Inocybe is a large, complex genus of mushrooms. Members of Inocybe are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments....
     - Contains muscarine
    Muscarine

    Muscarine, L--muscarine, or muscarin is a Secondary metabolite found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly Clitocybe dealbata....
    , psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    , and aeruginascine.
  • Mycena cyanorrhiza
    Mycena cyanorrhiza

    Mycena cyanorrhiza is a small white mushroom which has a blue base. It grows in forests on wood and has a white spore print.It is sometimes reported to contain the psilocybin, however it has no record of use as a hallucinogen and its edibility is unknown....
     - Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    .
  • Panaeolus spp.
    Panaeolus

    Panaeolus is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word Panaeolus is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced....
     - Collected and cultivated for recreational use. Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    , psilocin
    Psilocin

    Psilocin sometimes also spelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic drug mushroom alkaloid. It is found in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin....
    , serotonin
    Serotonin

    Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans....
    , urea
    Urea

    Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula 2carbonoxygen.Urea is also known by the International Nonproprietary Name carbamide, as established by the World Health Organization....
    , and tryptophan
    Tryptophan

    Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
    .
  • Pluteus spp.
    Pluteus

    Pluteus is a large genus of mushroom with over 100 species. They are wood rotting saprobes with pink spore prints and gills that are free from the stem....
     - Contains psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
     
  • many otherPsilocybe spp.
    Psilocybe

    Psilocybe is a genus of small mushrooms growing worldwide. This genus is best known for its species with Psychedelic drug properties, widely known as "psychedelic mushroom", though the majority of species do not contain hallucinogenic compounds....
     - These species contain the mycotoxins: psilocybin
    Psilocybin

    Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug indole of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. It is present in List of Psilocybin mushrooms of fungi, including those of the genus Psilocybe, such as Psilocybe cubensis and liberty cap , but also reportedly isolated from a dozen or so other genera....
    , psilocin
    Psilocin

    Psilocin sometimes also spelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic drug mushroom alkaloid. It is found in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin....
    , baeocystin
    Baeocystin

    Baeocystin is a mushroom alkaloid and analog of the psychedelic Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants psilocybin, a tryptamine derivative....
    , norbaeocystin
    Norbaeocystin

    Norbaeocystin is a mushroom alkaloid and analog of the psychedelic Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants psilocybin. It is found as a minor compound in most psilocybin mushrooms together with psilocin, psilocybin and baeocystin....
    , and occasionally other psychoactive tryptamines.
  • Weraroa novae-zelandiae
    Weraroa novae-zelandiae

    Weraroa novae-zelandiae, is a hallucinogenic pouch fungus of New Zealand, it may be used by the indigenous Tohunga "shaman" of the Iwi of New Zealand....


Preparing wild edibles