DB Class 401
Encyclopedia
The ICE 1 is the first series of German high-speed trains and one of five in the InterCityExpress
family. Revenue service at speeds up to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) started in 1991. It was raised to 280 km/h (174 mph) in May 1995 and later reduced to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) again. Today, only a handful of ICE 1 services on the Nuremberg-Ingolstadt high-speed rail line
reach 280 km/h (174 mph).
Trainsets consist of two power car
s (Class 401) and up to 14 intermediate cars (Classes 801 to 804). Occasionally, power cars and intermediate cars of the ICE 2 are used as well (Classes 402, 805 to 808). Unlike later ICE generations, trainsets always operate as a whole train and units cannot be coupled in regular service.
One of the 60 trainsets (trainset 51) was destroyed in the Eschede train disaster
. The others were refurbished between 2005 and 2008. Refurbished trainsets will remain in service for ten to fifteen additional years.
s from an operational point of view. During the refurbishment, which was completed in late 2008, trainsets were being standardized to 12 intermediate cars.
Until the refurbishment was completed, there had been three different configurations of ICE 1 trainsets:
A train consisting of 14 cars has a length of 410.7 metres (1,347.4 ft). Prior to the refurbishment this train would have had 192 seats in first class, 567 seats in second class and 40 seats in the restaurant car plus four in the conference compartment. There are two storing positions for wheelchair
s.
Most cars of the ICE 1 offer both compartments and rows of seats, just like the seating in German InterCity
cars. Cars at the ends of the trainsets were smoking areas. There are "quiet" cars as well as cars that were later equipped with cell phone repeaters. Some seats were designed to turn to face the direction of travel, but this was never used in revenue service.
includes the cab and the engine compartment. Besides the driver's seat and controls, the cab features a second seat and several controls behind the seats. The engine compartment has a central corridor with door at both ends as well as a door on each side of the power car.
Both bogie
s are powered by two forced-air cooled traction motor
s each. Each motor has a continuous power rating
of 1,250 kW, the UIC
power rating of the vehicle is 4,800 kW, the largest starting tractive effort
200 kN. The drive system uses asynchronous three-phase AC motors pioneered in the Henschel-BBC DE 2500 locomotives as well as the InterCityExperimental
. These motors are fitted between bogies and frame using pneumatics that are electronically adjusted depending on the current speed ("Umschaltbare Antriebsmasse UmAn," i.e., switchable drive mass). The power cars are directly derived from the Class 120 locomotives
.
At the time they entered into service, the power cars were considered exceptionally advanced technology. Each power car had ten computer systems. Displays on both sides of the driver's console allowed controlling operating conditions and entering failure messages, that were automatically reported to the maintenance facility via radio.
While the InterCityExperimental's power cars were higher than the intermediate cars, both heights could be adjusted for the ICE 1 series. A significant change to the predecessor is the pressure-sealed cab.
Power cars 001 to 020 and 501 to 520 had conventional power converter
s. All other power cars (051 to 090 and 551 to 591) have power converters that use GTO thyristors
which are responsible for the distinctive "melody" when the power car is brought up to speed. Power cars with conventional power converters weigh about 80.4 t, those with GTO power converters two and a half tons less. In October 2007, Deutsche Bahn tendered refitting two power cars with IGBT
power converters instead of the GTOs. After field testing, up to 36 additional power cars could be converted.
The power converters are rated to 7.6 MW. The transformer
s output 5.2 MW: 4.5 MW for traction and 700 kW for heating, air-conditioning and auxiliary circuits.
On the front, power cars have a Scharfenberg coupler underneath a cover. Unlike all other ICE trains, the coupler is for towing only and is not used in regular service.
The ICE 2 power cars (Class 402) are compatible to the intermediate cars of the ICE 1 and are used with ICE 1 trains when necessary. Two ICE 2 power cars were ordered specifically for powering ICE 1 trains (402 045 and 402 046).
Power cars for service into Switzerland are equipped with a second pantograph
matching Swiss specifications and the Swiss Integra-Signum
safety system as well as ETCS. The other power cars are prepared for fitting a second pantograph.
Usually the power car 401 0xx is coupled to the first class cars, while the power car 401 5xx is coupled to the second class end of the train.
The first order of ICE 1 trains (41 trainsets) included 105 cars of this type.
telephone, that was placed between the toilet and the first compartment.
The first order of ICE 1 trains included 41 cars of this type.
Seats were spaced 1020 mm (40.16 in) apart before the refurbishment, and the backrests could be reclined up to 40 degrees. Each car was designed in one of three different sets of colors for carpets and seat covers.
Some units, running as car number 1 (smokers' car second class), had one compartment refitted for storing luggage containers for the AIRail Service
. This was used for airline passengers travelling between Stuttgart
and Frankfurt Airport
. These special compartments were removed during the refurbishment.
The first order of ICE 1 trains (41 trainsets) included 246 cars of this type.
including a changing table. The doors are 100 millimetres (3.94 in) wider than in other cars to improve accessibility for wheelchars. There is an additional toilet reserved for employees of the restaurant car to ensure food safety
.
The second class seats were arranged just like in the usual second class intermediate cars. Originally, these cars also held the train's second phone booth.
At the time of commissioning, the conference compartment was equipped with a large table, four freely movable chairs, an electronic typewriter
, a fax machine a telephone and power sockets. It could be used, if at least three seats were reserved. Originally, first-class tickets were necessary. When there were no reservations in the conference compartment, it could be user at the head conductor's discretion. In 1992, demand was high: the conference compartments were booked 8197 times. A year later, that number dropped to 4400. Before the refurbishment program, the train's only power sockets for passengers were located in the conference compartment.
The train's information displays are controlled from the conductor's compartment. It is also the place where announcements are usually made.
The first order of ICE 1 trains (41 trainsets) included 41 cars of this type.
that is connected to a counter facing the BordBistro area (formerly referred to as Bord-Treff "on-board meeting point"). This self-service area is designed to 16 sitting and 10 standing guests.
The restaurant car can be easily recognized by its roof which is raised 450 mm (17.72 in) above the rest of the train. The raised roof was necessary to fit all the kitchen equipment. Unlike all other intermediate cars, the restaurant car has no doors for passengers. There is a door in the kitchen area that can only be opened from inside.
In the refurbishment program, the galley was redesigned. It now includes a microwave oven
, storage space for containers and a new coffeemaker
.
There is one restaurant car in every ICE 1 trainset. Originally, it was planned to serve meals at the tables of the neighboring first-class car as well, if all seats in the restaurant car were taken.
that was completed in 1985. Project planning of the series had already started the year before. Specification and a project schedule were completed in 1985, but because of the lack of practical experience it was considered provisional. After many details were changed, Deutsche Bundesbahn
published tender documents on 2 January 1986.
.
The development of the power cars was tendered in March 1986, with development of the intermediate cars in June. By the end of the year, all contracts were awarded.
At the delivery ceremony of the first Class 120 locomotive
on 13 January 1987, Werner Dollinger
, the federal minister for transport, said: "I hereby empower the board of the Deutsche Bundesbahn to order the first ten units of the series version of the ICE from the industry at once. Financing is assured." ("Hiermit ermächtigte ich den Vorstand der Deutschen Bundesbahn, sofort zehn Exemplare der Serienausführung des ICE bei der Industrie in Auftrag zu geben. Die Finanzierung ist gesichert.") Prior to that statement there had been speculation that the federal government would not provide funding for the trains that were necessary to effectively use the high-speed lines that were designed for speeds of 250 km/h. When the high-speed lines were to be opened in 1991, plans called for 40 to 50 ICE trainsets ready for service. The power output of the power cars was designed for trains with 14 intermediate cars at a speed of 250 km/h, while bogies and brakes were designed to 280 km/h.
Using a letter of intent
, Bundesbahn ordered 82 power cars in September 1987 and 482 intermediate car in July 1988 (different source: 492 intermediate cars). The Federal Ministry of Transport approved of the order in July 1988. The contracts were officially awarded to the consortium
s on 20 January (power cars) and 20 February 1989 (intermediate cars). Delivery of the first power car was planned for August 1989, the first intermediate car was to be deliveres in April 1990 testing of the trains was to start in spring of 1990.
The purchase price of the first 41 trainsets ordered was about 1.8 billion DM, about 1.2 billion DM of which was for the electric equipment. The Bundesbahn claims to have reduced the price by about 300 million DM through negotiations. One power car
cost 8.7 millions, a restaurant car four million, a service car three million and a regular intermediate car 2.7 million DM.
In July 1990, Bundesbahn ordered 19 additional trainsets of two power cars and twelve intermediate cars (including one service car) for another billion DM These 19 trainsets were homolongated for service in Switzerland
. This makes services past Basel
via Bern to Interlaken
and to Zurich
possible. Delivery of these units started in the fall of 1991.
A further development of the ICE 1 into a multi-system train for international services was specified as ICE-M. While this concept was later implemented in the ICE 3M
, plans for a fast freight train for pieced goods based on the ICE 1 (called ICE-G) were shelved.
When production of the power cars started in the fall of 1988, bogie
s and other parts were already in production. The skeletons of the bodies were built at Krauss-Maffei
at Munich. Further construction of the bodies was shared in equal parts between Krauss-Maffei, Krupp
(Essen) and Thyssen-Henschel
(Kassel). A consortium
of ABB
(BBC
), AEG
and Siemens
supplied the electrical equipment.
The first power car of the serial production was officially delivered to Bundesbahn on 26 September 1989 at Krauss-Maffei's factory at Munich
. Numerous guests of honor were present for the ceremony, including the federal minister of transport Friedrich Zimmermann, the federal minister of research Heinz Riesenhuber
and Bundesbahn CEO Reiner Gohlke. Delivery of the first 41 trainsets was planned to be completed by April 1991, while in early 1989 complete delivery had been planned for September 1991. Commissioning of the first vehicle began shortly after delivery. One power car was delivered every week. After some initial delays, delivery was back on schedule by spring 1990. By the end of May 1990, 35 power cars had been delivered. In the spring of 1990, 401 015 and 401 515 were delived, which were the first power cars equipped with additional pantographs for service in Switzerland.
The first presentation of the ICE outside Europe was the Technogerma exposition at Seoul
from 27 February to 9 March 1991. Power car 401 555 and one intermediate car were brought there by ship.
). Main partners were Duewag
(Krefeld-Uerdingen
), Waggon Union
(Berlin
), MHB and MBB Verkehrstechnik
(Donauwörth
). MAN and several smaller companies were involved as well. Preparations for production began in mid-1988, actual production started one year later. The bodies were a lightweight construction made from large extruded profiles
of an aluminium
-silicon
alloy
, the base plan was built as a hollow chamber profile.
The first car (of class 802) was delivered by MBB at Donauwörth
on 2 July 1990. The first cars of classes 801 and 803 were delivered by Duewag at Krefeld-Uerdingen on 13 August. The first restaurant cars followed in the fall of the same year.
s (type yl) that were homolongated for 200 km/h. These were fitted with special couplings for compatibility to the power cars. Usually, Class 110 locomotives
served as Angstlok as well as for pulling the train on the return trip. For braking tests, the locos were sometimes coupled between two power cars, with match wagons on both sides. The test runs usually started at the Opladen
repair workshop and used lines in the vicinity. Fast runs at up to 200 km/h were to Bielefeld
and Bremen
. Because of time pressure, some power cars ware used for tests that had not yet been accepted by Bundesbahn. For longer test runs, two "dummy trainsets" comprising eleven couchette cars and ten InterCity cars (type Bm 235) respectively were used to replace the missing intermediate cars.
Besides the test runs, the first power cars were used for various other purposes. 401 006 was sent to the Bundesbahn school at Munich-Aubing
for three weeks in April 1990. Later the same month 401 005 was used for fine-tuning the new depot at Hamburg-Eidelstedt to the trains. Starting 22 May, 401 504 and 401 008 were used to train drivers for acceptance runs at Nuremberg. At the same time, 401 503 was sent to Nuremberg for a test disassembly. In early June 1990, 401 010 was sent to the environmental test chamber at the Austrian Research and Test Center Arsenal
.
When the first intermediate cars became available, the first complete ICE 1 trains underwent trials between Fulda
and Würzburg
on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line, where they reached speeds of 310 km/h
Compared to the InterCity
, the new train had several distinctive features. Besides the increased top speed (250 instead of 200 km/h), travelling comfort was improved significantly. The ICE 1's cars are 20 centimeters wider than the newest IC cars at the time, the number of seats per second class car was reduced from 88 to 66 while the car length remained the same.
All passenger cars were air conditioned
. The passages between the cars were wide and without doors. The seat pitch of 102 (second class) and 111 cm (first class) was larger than on any other German train. The doors were unusually wide and featured steps that deployed automatically when the doors were opened to make entry as convenient as possible. The glass doors dividing the two major areas of the intermediate cars were opened by proximity sensor
s. The ICE 1 was the first German train in which smokers and non-smokers were separated not into different parts of each cars but to different cars altogether.
Each seat featured a standard 3.5 mm audio jack
with controls for switching between eight channels: three radio programs from public broadcasters, three programs played from Compact Disc
and two audio channels for video programs. In both classes, some seats featured video monitors in the backrests of the seats. Luggage could be stored both above and below the seats. The main part of the car was divided by a coat rack. Every seat had its own reading lamp. Information monitors in the entrance areas switched between displaying the train's route and the current speed.
Because they were conceived in the 1980s, the trainsets had no power sockets available to travellers except for the conference compartment prior to the refurbishment. The few power sockets were placed with cleaning equipment in mind and were usually disabled during the journey.
Service trials of the first ICE 1 trainsets started in the fall of 1990, about a year later than originally planned. On 28 February 1991 the ICE 1 was officially presented to the press at Fulda
, on 8 March the press was invited for a run from Hamburg
to Ulm
and back.
For the inauguration of the ICE system on 2 June 1991, ICE 1 trainsets operated on one ICE line from Hamburg
to Munich
, via Hanover
, Fulda
, Frankfurt
, Stuttgart
and Augsburg
at hourly intervals. This coincided with the inauguration of the first two German high-speed rail lines Mannheim-Stuttgart and Hanover-Würzburg. This operation required 18 trainsets. At the time of the inauguration a total of 25 trainsets were available. Originally, the trainsets were coupled from 13 intermediate cars: four first class, restaurant car, service car and seven cars second class.
In 1991 and 1992, ICE 1 trainsets gradually took over additional services between Hamburg/Bremen
and Munich line. On 31 May 1992, this IC service was officially transferred to the ICE. On the same day, the ICE Sprinter service was introduced.
In 1992 and 1993, the IC service from Hamburg to Basel
via Frankfurt and Karlsruhe
was gradually transferred to the ICE 1. Starting 27 September 1992, some trains continued into Switzerland to Zurich
for the first time.
Since 23 May 1993, some ICE services have started in Berlin
instead of Hamburg or Bremen. With three lines operating, the planned requirements of rolling stock increased to 48 trainsets. On 28 May 1995, some services were extended to Interlaken
, on 24 May 1998 an ICE service to Vienna
was introduced.
travelled onboard the ICE from Ludwigsburg
(near Stuttgart) of Rolandseck
(near Bonn
). For this purpose, a special trainset had been coupled from two power cars and six intermediate car, one of which had been converted to a palace car. The Guest of the State was accompanied by the Federal Minister of Transport Matthias Wissmann
, DB chief of passenger operations Klaus Daubertshäuser and several board members of AEG and Siemens. The train reached a maximum speed of 280 km/h. A visit to the cab that was scheduled for five minutes was extended to about 30 minutes by the Guest of the State. The companies involved hoped to sell ICE technology for the 1300 km Beijing to Shanghai connection
.
Starting 29 May 1995, ICE 1 trains were allowed to travel at their top speed of 280 km/h. This was used on ICE line 3 (Hamburg–Frankfurt–Basel) in conjunction with other measures to cut travel time by a total of 17 minutes. This significantly improved the trains' connections for Switzerland's synchronized timetable. In 1998, the top speed was again lowered to 250 km/h. Since mid-2006, single ICE 1 services on the Nuremberg-Munich high-speed rail line
travel at 280 km/h. In 2008, the ICE 1 service ICE 783 uses its top speed on the Hanover–Würzburg line.
Since 1 September 2007, smoking has been prohibited in all of Deutsche Bahn
's trains. Smoking areas had gradually been reduced to both cars at the very ends of the ICE 1 trainsets (cars 1 and 14). Until 30 September 2006, smoking was allowed in the Bistro area of the restaurant car. The restaurant area had always been smoke-free. Starting in late 2005, smoking in the first class cars of refurbished trains had already been limited to the three compartments of car 14.
By mid-2005, each ICE 1 trainset had travelled 6.5 to 7.9 million kilometers and had been in revenue service for up to 14 years. In the summer of 2005 a refurbishment program was started, referred to by Deutsche Bahn as "Redesign". It is planned to toughen up all trainsets for another 10 to 15 years of service at the Nuremberg main railway workshop completing in December 2008.
For the refurbishment, trainsets are taken out of service for five weeks (25 work days). Refurbishing a single ICE 1 trainsets costs about three million Euro, a fraction of the cost of buying new trains. The entire program cost about 180 million Euro.
About 80 percent of the materials are re-used, including 16,000 tons to steel and 1,200 tons of copper from the power cars' traction motor
s. Compared to buying new trains, the program saves about 1.3 billion Euro. about 35,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions are avoided as well as about 500,000 tons of industrial waste.
After several weeks of testing, the first refurbished ICE 1 (trainset 11 "Nürnberg") went back into service on 5 August 2005. By March 2006, eleven trainsets had been refurbished, by February 2007 half the fleet (30 trainsets), by June 2007 37 of the 59 trainsets. In 2005, nine trainsets were refurbished, in 2006 and 2007 20 each. Until the end of 2007, two trains underwent refurbishment at the same time. The remaining trainsets are refurbished one-by-one.
The refurbishment program uses the full capacity of the Nuremberg workshop with 320 jobs.
In each of the 708 intermediate cars, about 3500 parts are removed, processed or replaced and reinstalled. This included 42,000 seats, 40,000 square meters of carpets, 5000 tables, 42,000 reservation displays and 11,000 window shades. The interior design is adapted to the newer ICE generations.
Interior changes include:
During the refurbishment, the audio and video systems were removed as well as the phone booths, the foot-rests in second class, the terminals for timetable information and the buttons in first class that were used to call the conductor. The backrests in second class compartments do not recline any more, those in second class row seats only by a limited amount. The seat cushion can still be moved to the front by about five centimeters.
The power cars received new bogie frames and a new power supply for the air conditioning. The power cars of trainsets 01 to 20 were refitted with GTO
power converters. Smaller measures included diagonosis and subsequent repair of the driver's brake valve, the installation of new relays into some safety circuits and some software changes.
After the refurbishment, all trainsets were coupled to a standardized combination of 12 intermediate cars. During the refurbishment, seats that differ between both versions cannot be reserved.
was tested in a first class intermediate car (801 088-6) in scheduled service. The two-year trial was to prove that the bogie that was homolongated for 300 km/h was ready to go into production for the ICE 2
Since 1995, two ICE 1 trainsets have been used as so-called idea trains ("Ideenzüge") on services from Hamburg to Basel and Stuttgart. These trainsets were used to test cellular repeaters, returnable bottles in the restaurant car and different concepts for in-train Internet access. Later these trainsets were used in regular ICE service, without tests being conducted. During the refurbishment, the additional installations were removed.
For the early-morning service Ernst Barlach from Hamburg to Munich, two compartments in cars 1 and 7 were reserved for the storage of ski
s in early 1995. In each compartment, racks for 28 pairs of skis were installed. This service was offered at no extra cost, reservation of storage space was not possible.
From 13 January to 23 March 1996, the same service was offered in a compartment of car 5 of ICE trains 585 and 588 from Hamburg to Garmisch-Partenkirchen
and back. On a pair of ICE trains between Berlin Zoo
and Interlaken this was offered as well on specific dates from mid-December 1995 to mid-April 1996
In 1995, some ICE 1 cars were used to field-test new air conditioning units that used air as cooling agent and therefore did not require special refrigerant
s. These units were later installed in the ICE 3
.
In the late 1990s, trainset 13 had ICE 2 power cars and a new intermediate car with traction motors for testing the distributed traction concept. The train was referred to as ICE D.
to the United States
. The trainset included two power cars, three intermediate cars and one service car second class, one restaurant car and one intermediate car first class. The train had been adapted to service on the Northeast Corridor
since April. Changes included adaptations to the 11 kV, 25 Hz electrification system and changed wheel profiles.
The trainset did presentation runs to 25 cities in the USA and Canada
. Starting 4 October, it was used in Metroliner service between Washington, D.C.
and New York City
for two months. On other lines the train was pulled by diesel locomotives.
Siemens
and AEG
-Westinghouse hoped to win a contract by Amtrak
for 26 trainsets for a fast Boston–New York–Washington service that would eventually become the Acela Express
. Had the bid been won, the trainsets would have been built at five plants of the GM Electro-Motive Division in the United States.
Other attempts to sell ICE 1 technology outside Germany remained unsuccessful as well. In 1993/1994 AES and Siemens offered the ICE to Taiwan
, hoping to win an order for 45 trainsets valued at about 3.5 million DM. The Taiwanese Minister for Transport Liu Chao-shiuan
tested the ICE in the summer of 1993, while in Germany.
. The trainset reached 288 km/h. The trainset had a modified pantograph, but two of the eight traction motor
s had been disabled.
of the ICE 1 trainsets is achieved by the eight driven axles of both power cars. Because relatively few axles have traction, the steepness of the grade the trains can safely negotiate are limited. The ICE 1 is limited to grades of about 3.5%. Steeper grades cannot be negotiated safely, because the wheels could slip because of the low adhesion
under adverse conditions, which may lead to a stopped train becoming stuck on a grade. This is one of the reasons the ICE 1 is not homologated for the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line, which has grades of up to 4%.
The intermediate cars sit on type MD 530 bogie
s with steel suspension and an axle base of 2500 mm. New wheels have a diameter of 920 mm. They are replaced when they reach a diameter of 860 mm. The cars are coupled 900 mm above the rails by a semi-automatic coupling
that was designed specifically for the ICE 1. It couples two brake pipes, two electric trainlines, cables and two fibre optic cables. The passage between two cars is 1.1 m wide and 2.05 m high. Unlike on the InterCityExperimental
, they are not positive locked on the outside.
The acceleration distance of a trainset with 14 cars to 100 km/h − starting at standstill, on level terrain − is given as 900 m (66 seconds), to 200 km/h on 6,850 m (200 s) and to 250 km/h on 18,350 m (380 s). Braking distance of a service stop under LZB control (0,5 m/s²) from 250 km/h is given as 4820 m that of a fast braking (1,05 m/s²) at 2300 m. For braking all cars have disc brake
s. Additionally, the power heads use regenerative brakes
, the intermediate cars have electromagnetic track brake
s. The power cars have spring-loaded parking brakes; intermediate cars use screw brakes for the same purpose. The bogies facilitate replacing the track brakes with eddy current brakes.
The pantograph type DSA-350 S was specifically developed by Dornier
for use in the ICE 1. At 100 kg they were considered very lightweight with minimal resonance
. Unlike its predecessor InterCityExperimental, the ICE 1 does not have a high-voltage connection of both power cars. Because of this, the pantographs of both power cars are raised during operation.
In the 1990s, the two phone booths inside each trainset were connected to Deutsche Telekom's C-Netz
by 13 so-called Funkfeststationen. Inside the tunnels of the first two high-speed lines, repeaters were installed at a distance of 1500 meters that communicated with the trains using leaky feeder
s. Between the tunnels, directional antennas were used. Inside the trains, antennas were installed in the service cars. Calls cost 0.7 DM per time unit. The same time unit cost 0.23 DM when using a landline.
(ETCS) in 2007 The cost of 34 millionen Swiss Franc
s was paid by the Swiss government. Spending tax money for refitting foreign trains has been a target for criticism.
Switzerland paid for the equipment after Deutsche Bahn had announced the it would not convert any of their high-speed lines to ETCS cab signalling within the following ten years. Because of this, DB claimed to have no interest in refitting ICE trainsets with ETCS. If ETCS is used on any high-speed line in Germany within ten years, Switzerland has to be paid back part of the cost.
ETCS is used in Switzerland on the newly built Mattstetten–Rothrist line that has been used by ICE 1 trains since 10 December 2006. Currently, the line is used by three to four pairs of ICE trains each day, including one intra-Swiss ICE from Bern to Basel.
The exterior design of the InterCityExperimental
by Alexander Neumeister
was applied to the series production with only minor adjustments. Neumeister's concept for the interior however was not used. The interior was designed by Jens Peters. The same team had designed the InterRegio
trains in the mid-1980s.
Aerodynamic
reasons led to the design of the power cars' front as well as the flush fitting of the windows and the low skirts. In places without windows, 6 mm thick glass is used to continue the ribbon glazing.
The exterior design is very similar to that of the ICE 2. A major difference to all other ICE generations is the raised roof of the restaurant car. The ICE 1 is the only ICE without electronic displays for route information of the outside; the car numbers are indicated by adhesive labels. ICE 1 trainsets have car numbers ranging from 1 to 14, while all other ICE trains have car numbers from 21 to 44.
is the sole operator and owner of ICE 1 trains. There are currently 59 units of twelve intermediate cars. At about 750 seats and a length of 360 meters, the ICE 1 trainsets are the longest ICE trains that have been built yet. Other ICE trains have the same length and capacity when two (sometimes three) trainsets are coupled.
The trainsets are used in synchronized schedules on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line:
Additionally, there are single trains of other ICE lines serviced by ICE 1 trainsets. Until December 2007, ICE trains from Germany to Innsbruck
and Vienna
were ICE 1 services as well.
Because they exceed the UIC loading gauge
, ICE 1, ICE 2 and Metropolitan
trainsets are collectively referred to as ICE A in internal use.
All 59 trainsets are based at Hamburg-Eidelstedt.
InterCityExpress
The Intercity-Express or ICE is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries. It is the highest service category offered by DB Fernverkehr and is the flagship of Deutsche Bahn...
family. Revenue service at speeds up to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) started in 1991. It was raised to 280 km/h (174 mph) in May 1995 and later reduced to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) again. Today, only a handful of ICE 1 services on the Nuremberg-Ingolstadt high-speed rail line
Nuremberg-Munich high-speed rail line
The Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway line is a German high-speed railway in length. It links the two largest cities in Bavaria, Nuremberg and Munich....
reach 280 km/h (174 mph).
Trainsets consist of two power car
Power car
A power car is a railroad vehicle that is closely related to the locomotive. What differentiates the two is their construction or their use. A true locomotive can be physically separated from its train and does nothing but provide propulsion . A power car, on the other hand, is frequently an...
s (Class 401) and up to 14 intermediate cars (Classes 801 to 804). Occasionally, power cars and intermediate cars of the ICE 2 are used as well (Classes 402, 805 to 808). Unlike later ICE generations, trainsets always operate as a whole train and units cannot be coupled in regular service.
One of the 60 trainsets (trainset 51) was destroyed in the Eschede train disaster
Eschede train disaster
The Eschede train disaster was the world's deadliest high-speed train accident. It occurred on 3 June 1998, near the village of Eschede in the Celle district of Lower Saxony, Germany. The toll of 101 people dead and 88 injured surpassed the 1971 Dahlerau train disaster as the deadliest accident in...
. The others were refurbished between 2005 and 2008. Refurbished trainsets will remain in service for ten to fifteen additional years.
Formation
ICE 1 trains consist of two powerheads and 9 to 14 intermediate cars. Because trainsets are not separated in regular service, they are multiple unitMultiple unit
The term multiple unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelled carriages capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one driving cab. The term is commonly used to denote passenger trainsets consisting of more than one carriage...
s from an operational point of view. During the refurbishment, which was completed in late 2008, trainsets were being standardized to 12 intermediate cars.
Until the refurbishment was completed, there had been three different configurations of ICE 1 trainsets:
- Refurbished trainsets consist of two power cars and 12 intermediate cars. These include four cars first class, including the service car with the conductors' compartment (numbered 9, 11, 12, 14), one restaurant car (8) and seven cars second class (1 to 7). Smoking is prohibited in all cars. Cars 1, 3, 9, 11 and 14 are equipped with cellular repeaterCellular repeaterA cellular repeater, cell phone repeater, or wireless cellular signal booster, a type of bi-directional amplifier as commonly named in the wireless telecommunications industry, is a device used for boosting the cell phone reception to the local area by the usage of a reception antenna, a signal...
s. - Non-refurbished trainsets for domestic service consisted of three cars first class (11, 12 and 14), seven cars second class (1 to 7), a service car (9) and a restaurant car (10). Car number 7 might have been one of three types: an original second-class-car of the ICE 1, a second-class-car from the ICE 2 or a first-class car from the ICE 1, marked as second class. The first class car number 13 was removed; this was one of two first class cars for smokers, but without the additional equipment of car 14 (video, telephone)
- Non-refurbished trainsets for service into SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
consisted of four cars first class (11 to 14) and six cars second class (1 to 6) plus service and restaurant cars (9 and 10)
A train consisting of 14 cars has a length of 410.7 metres (1,347.4 ft). Prior to the refurbishment this train would have had 192 seats in first class, 567 seats in second class and 40 seats in the restaurant car plus four in the conference compartment. There are two storing positions for wheelchair
Wheelchair
A wheelchair is a chair with wheels, designed to be a replacement for walking. The device comes in variations where it is propelled by motors or by the seated occupant turning the rear wheels by hand. Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing...
s.
Most cars of the ICE 1 offer both compartments and rows of seats, just like the seating in German InterCity
Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)
Intercity is the second-highest train classification in Germany, after the ICE. Intercity services are loco-hauled express services, usually over long-distances. There are Intercity routes throughout Germany, and routes generally operate with a two-hour frequency, with multiple routes giving a more...
cars. Cars at the ends of the trainsets were smoking areas. There are "quiet" cars as well as cars that were later equipped with cell phone repeaters. Some seats were designed to turn to face the direction of travel, but this was never used in revenue service.
Power Cars (Class 401)
The class 401 power carPower car
A power car is a railroad vehicle that is closely related to the locomotive. What differentiates the two is their construction or their use. A true locomotive can be physically separated from its train and does nothing but provide propulsion . A power car, on the other hand, is frequently an...
includes the cab and the engine compartment. Besides the driver's seat and controls, the cab features a second seat and several controls behind the seats. The engine compartment has a central corridor with door at both ends as well as a door on each side of the power car.
Both bogie
Bogie
A bogie is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle. It can be fixed in place, as on a cargo truck, mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or sprung as in the suspension of a caterpillar...
s are powered by two forced-air cooled traction motor
Traction motor
Traction motor refers to an electric motor providing the primary rotational torque of a machine, usually for conversion into linear motion ....
s each. Each motor has a continuous power rating
Power rating
In electrical and electronic engineering, the power rating of a device is a guideline set by the manufacturer as a maximum power to be used with that device. This limit is usually set somewhat lower than the level where the device will be damaged, to allow a margin of safety.The power rating can...
of 1,250 kW, the UIC
International Union of Railways
The UIC , or International Union of Railways, is an international rail transport industry body.- Brief history :The railways of Europe originated as separate concerns. There were many border changes after World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. Colonial railways were the responsibility of the...
power rating of the vehicle is 4,800 kW, the largest starting tractive effort
Tractive effort
As used in mechanical engineering, the term tractive force is the pulling or pushing force exerted by a vehicle on another vehicle or object. The term tractive effort is synonymous with tractive force, and is often used in railway engineering to describe the pulling or pushing capability of a...
200 kN. The drive system uses asynchronous three-phase AC motors pioneered in the Henschel-BBC DE 2500 locomotives as well as the InterCityExperimental
InterCityExperimental
The Intercity Experimental, later renamed ICE V, was an experimental train for research into high-speed rail. It is the predecessor of all Intercity-Express trains.- History :...
. These motors are fitted between bogies and frame using pneumatics that are electronically adjusted depending on the current speed ("Umschaltbare Antriebsmasse UmAn," i.e., switchable drive mass). The power cars are directly derived from the Class 120 locomotives
DB Class 120
The DB Baureihe 120 is a class of electric locomotives operated by DB Fernverkehr in Germany.-Background and design:The locomotives' prototypes, delivered in 1979 , were one of the first electric locomotives with three-phase motors. They were based on experiences made in the 1970s with...
.
At the time they entered into service, the power cars were considered exceptionally advanced technology. Each power car had ten computer systems. Displays on both sides of the driver's console allowed controlling operating conditions and entering failure messages, that were automatically reported to the maintenance facility via radio.
While the InterCityExperimental's power cars were higher than the intermediate cars, both heights could be adjusted for the ICE 1 series. A significant change to the predecessor is the pressure-sealed cab.
Power cars 001 to 020 and 501 to 520 had conventional power converter
Power converter
A power converter is an electrical or electro-mechanical device for converting electrical energy. It may be converting AC to or from DC, or the voltage or frequency, or some combination of these.Amongst the many devices that are used for this purpose are;...
s. All other power cars (051 to 090 and 551 to 591) have power converters that use GTO thyristors
Gate turn-off thyristor
A gate turn-off thyristor is a special type of thyristor, a high-power semiconductor device. GTOs, as opposed to normal thyristors, are fully controllable switches which can be turned on and off by their third lead, the GATE lead.-Device description:...
which are responsible for the distinctive "melody" when the power car is brought up to speed. Power cars with conventional power converters weigh about 80.4 t, those with GTO power converters two and a half tons less. In October 2007, Deutsche Bahn tendered refitting two power cars with IGBT
Insulated gate bipolar transistor
The insulated gate bipolar transistor or IGBT is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch and in newer devices is noted for combining high efficiency and fast switching...
power converters instead of the GTOs. After field testing, up to 36 additional power cars could be converted.
The power converters are rated to 7.6 MW. The transformer
Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field...
s output 5.2 MW: 4.5 MW for traction and 700 kW for heating, air-conditioning and auxiliary circuits.
On the front, power cars have a Scharfenberg coupler underneath a cover. Unlike all other ICE trains, the coupler is for towing only and is not used in regular service.
The ICE 2 power cars (Class 402) are compatible to the intermediate cars of the ICE 1 and are used with ICE 1 trains when necessary. Two ICE 2 power cars were ordered specifically for powering ICE 1 trains (402 045 and 402 046).
Power cars for service into Switzerland are equipped with a second pantograph
Pantograph (rail)
A pantograph for rail lines is a hinged electric-rod device that collects electric current from overhead lines for electric trains or trams. The pantograph typically connects to a one-wire line, with the track acting as the ground wire...
matching Swiss specifications and the Swiss Integra-Signum
Integra-Signum
Integra-Signum is a Swiss train protection system introduced in 1933. Originally it was called Signum; the name Integra was added later. It transmits data inductively and is simple, robust and reliable also in snow.-How it works:...
safety system as well as ETCS. The other power cars are prepared for fitting a second pantograph.
Usually the power car 401 0xx is coupled to the first class cars, while the power car 401 5xx is coupled to the second class end of the train.
First Class Intermediate Car (Class 801)
When delivered, these cars were divided into two main areas. One area had rows of seats in a 2+1 arrangement further divided by a coat rack in the middle of the area. Seats were spaced 1114 mm (43.86 in) apart, the aisle was 636 mm (25.04 in) wide. The other area comprised three compartments with five seats each. Between the compartments and the doors were the toilet, three display cabinets, lockers and several trash cans.The first order of ICE 1 trains (41 trainsets) included 105 cars of this type.
First Class Intermediate Car with Special Equipment (Class 801.8)
These cars are the same as the class 801 car, except for a C-NetzC-Netz
The Radio Telephone Network C , was a first generation analog cellular phone system deployed and operated in Germany by DeTeMobil...
telephone, that was placed between the toilet and the first compartment.
The first order of ICE 1 trains included 41 cars of this type.
Second Class Intermediate Car (Class 802)
These cars are divided into two main areas as well. One part comprises two toilets and four passenger compartments with six seats each. The other part is fitted with rows of seats in a 2+2 arrangement, divided in two halves by a coat rack. Prior to the refurbishment, this area had six tables with seats arranged on both sides. This has been reduced to four in favor of additional seats.Seats were spaced 1020 mm (40.16 in) apart before the refurbishment, and the backrests could be reclined up to 40 degrees. Each car was designed in one of three different sets of colors for carpets and seat covers.
Some units, running as car number 1 (smokers' car second class), had one compartment refitted for storing luggage containers for the AIRail Service
AiRail Service
AIRail Service is offered by Deutsche Bahn AG in cooperation with Lufthansa, American Airlines and Emirates. It is one example of several a dedicated air-rail alliances currently operating worldwide....
. This was used for airline passengers travelling between Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Stuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million ....
and Frankfurt Airport
Frankfurt (Main) Flughafen Fernbahnhof
Frankfurt Airport long distance railway station is a railway station at Frankfurt Airport in Germany that is served by long-distance trains, mostly ICE services running on the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line. It is the largest airport railway station in Germany with about 23,000 passengers...
. These special compartments were removed during the refurbishment.
The first order of ICE 1 trains (41 trainsets) included 246 cars of this type.
Second Class Car with Special Configuration (Class 802.9)
The order for the ICE 2 trainsets in October 1993 included additional cars to be coupled into ICE 1 trainsets. 24 second class cars (class 806.9) and one first class car (class 805.9) were collectively designated class 802.9 and coupled into ICE 1 trainsets as car number 7, after two years of passenger service had shown that second class capacity was too low.Service Car (Class 803)
Prior to the refurbishment, the class 803 service car had 39 seats second class, two wheelchair positions and a conference compartment with four seats. Additionally, there is the conductors' compartment, one compartment for employees of the restaurant car and a wheelchair-accessible toiletAccessible toilets
An accessible toilet is a special toilet designed to accommodate people with physical disabilities.Public toilets and restrooms can present accessibility challenges for people with disabilities, for example those in wheelchairs. Stalls may not be able to fit a wheelchair, and transferring between...
including a changing table. The doors are 100 millimetres (3.94 in) wider than in other cars to improve accessibility for wheelchars. There is an additional toilet reserved for employees of the restaurant car to ensure food safety
Food safety
Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards....
.
The second class seats were arranged just like in the usual second class intermediate cars. Originally, these cars also held the train's second phone booth.
Typewriter
A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical device with keys that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a medium, usually paper. Typically one character is printed per keypress, and the machine prints the characters by making ink impressions of type elements similar to the pieces...
, a fax machine a telephone and power sockets. It could be used, if at least three seats were reserved. Originally, first-class tickets were necessary. When there were no reservations in the conference compartment, it could be user at the head conductor's discretion. In 1992, demand was high: the conference compartments were booked 8197 times. A year later, that number dropped to 4400. Before the refurbishment program, the train's only power sockets for passengers were located in the conference compartment.
The train's information displays are controlled from the conductor's compartment. It is also the place where announcements are usually made.
The first order of ICE 1 trains (41 trainsets) included 41 cars of this type.
Restaurant Car (Class 804)
The restaurant car (class 804, also referred to as Bordrestaurant, former spelling BordRestaurant) has a total of 40 seats. On the side facing the first class cars is a dining area, where guests are served at eight tables with 24 seats in a 2+1 arrangement. The central part of the car comprises the galleyGalley (kitchen)
The galley is the compartment of a ship, train or aircraft where food is cooked and prepared. It can also refer to a land based kitchen on a naval base or a particular formed household kitchen.-Ship's kitchen:...
that is connected to a counter facing the BordBistro area (formerly referred to as Bord-Treff "on-board meeting point"). This self-service area is designed to 16 sitting and 10 standing guests.
The restaurant car can be easily recognized by its roof which is raised 450 mm (17.72 in) above the rest of the train. The raised roof was necessary to fit all the kitchen equipment. Unlike all other intermediate cars, the restaurant car has no doors for passengers. There is a door in the kitchen area that can only be opened from inside.
In the refurbishment program, the galley was redesigned. It now includes a microwave oven
Microwave oven
A microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that heats food by dielectric heating, using microwave radiation to heat polarized molecules within the food...
, storage space for containers and a new coffeemaker
Coffeemaker
Coffeemakers or coffee machines are cooking appliances used to brew coffee without having to boil water in a separate container. While there are many different types of coffeemakers using a number of different brewing principles, in the most common devices, coffee grounds are placed in a paper or...
.
There is one restaurant car in every ICE 1 trainset. Originally, it was planned to serve meals at the tables of the neighboring first-class car as well, if all seats in the restaurant car were taken.
History
The trains are based on the experimental vehicle InterCityExperimentalInterCityExperimental
The Intercity Experimental, later renamed ICE V, was an experimental train for research into high-speed rail. It is the predecessor of all Intercity-Express trains.- History :...
that was completed in 1985. Project planning of the series had already started the year before. Specification and a project schedule were completed in 1985, but because of the lack of practical experience it was considered provisional. After many details were changed, Deutsche Bundesbahn
Deutsche Bundesbahn
The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany on September 7, 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft '...
published tender documents on 2 January 1986.
Procurement
A first series of 41 trainsets was eventually ordered after lengthy discussion between the Bundesbahn and the Federal Ministry of TransportFederal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (Germany)
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development is a Ministry of Germany.It was created in 1998 by merger of the former Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development, both established in 1949...
.
The development of the power cars was tendered in March 1986, with development of the intermediate cars in June. By the end of the year, all contracts were awarded.
At the delivery ceremony of the first Class 120 locomotive
DB Class 120
The DB Baureihe 120 is a class of electric locomotives operated by DB Fernverkehr in Germany.-Background and design:The locomotives' prototypes, delivered in 1979 , were one of the first electric locomotives with three-phase motors. They were based on experiences made in the 1970s with...
on 13 January 1987, Werner Dollinger
Werner Dollinger
Dr. Werner Dollinger was a German politician and economist. Born in Neustadt an der Aisch, he helped found the Christian Socialist Union Party in 1946. Dollinger was a member of the Bundestag , minister for the Treasury , minister of postal services and telecommunication and minister of transport...
, the federal minister for transport, said: "I hereby empower the board of the Deutsche Bundesbahn to order the first ten units of the series version of the ICE from the industry at once. Financing is assured." ("Hiermit ermächtigte ich den Vorstand der Deutschen Bundesbahn, sofort zehn Exemplare der Serienausführung des ICE bei der Industrie in Auftrag zu geben. Die Finanzierung ist gesichert.") Prior to that statement there had been speculation that the federal government would not provide funding for the trains that were necessary to effectively use the high-speed lines that were designed for speeds of 250 km/h. When the high-speed lines were to be opened in 1991, plans called for 40 to 50 ICE trainsets ready for service. The power output of the power cars was designed for trains with 14 intermediate cars at a speed of 250 km/h, while bogies and brakes were designed to 280 km/h.
Using a letter of intent
Letter of intent
A letter of intent is a document outlining an agreement between two or more parties before the agreement is finalized. The concept is similar to a heads of agreement...
, Bundesbahn ordered 82 power cars in September 1987 and 482 intermediate car in July 1988 (different source: 492 intermediate cars). The Federal Ministry of Transport approved of the order in July 1988. The contracts were officially awarded to the consortium
Consortium
A consortium is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal....
s on 20 January (power cars) and 20 February 1989 (intermediate cars). Delivery of the first power car was planned for August 1989, the first intermediate car was to be deliveres in April 1990 testing of the trains was to start in spring of 1990.
The purchase price of the first 41 trainsets ordered was about 1.8 billion DM, about 1.2 billion DM of which was for the electric equipment. The Bundesbahn claims to have reduced the price by about 300 million DM through negotiations. One power car
Power car
A power car is a railroad vehicle that is closely related to the locomotive. What differentiates the two is their construction or their use. A true locomotive can be physically separated from its train and does nothing but provide propulsion . A power car, on the other hand, is frequently an...
cost 8.7 millions, a restaurant car four million, a service car three million and a regular intermediate car 2.7 million DM.
In July 1990, Bundesbahn ordered 19 additional trainsets of two power cars and twelve intermediate cars (including one service car) for another billion DM These 19 trainsets were homolongated for service in Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
. This makes services past Basel
Basel
Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...
via Bern to Interlaken
Interlaken
Interlaken is a municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland, a well-known tourist destination in the Bernese Oberland.-History:...
and to Zurich
Zürich
Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich...
possible. Delivery of these units started in the fall of 1991.
A further development of the ICE 1 into a multi-system train for international services was specified as ICE-M. While this concept was later implemented in the ICE 3M
ICE 3
ICE 3 is a family of high-speed EMUs of Deutsche Bahn. It includes classes 403 and 406, which are known as ICE 3 and ICE 3M respectively...
, plans for a fast freight train for pieced goods based on the ICE 1 (called ICE-G) were shelved.
Power Cars
Production of the power cars began in the fall of 1988, based just on a letter of intent. The production contract became legally binding much later. The first 82 power cars received fleet numbers 401 001 to 020, 401 051 to 071, 401 501 to 520 and 401 551 to 571.When production of the power cars started in the fall of 1988, bogie
Bogie
A bogie is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle. It can be fixed in place, as on a cargo truck, mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or sprung as in the suspension of a caterpillar...
s and other parts were already in production. The skeletons of the bodies were built at Krauss-Maffei
Krauss-Maffei
The Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co KG or simply Krauss-Maffei is an injection molding machine manufacturer and defence company based in Munich, Germany...
at Munich. Further construction of the bodies was shared in equal parts between Krauss-Maffei, Krupp
Krupp
The Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...
(Essen) and Thyssen-Henschel
Henschel & Son
Henschel & Son was a German company, situated in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons....
(Kassel). A consortium
Consortium
A consortium is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal....
of ABB
Asea Brown Boveri
ABB is a Swiss-Swedish multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland, and best known for its robotics. ABB operates mainly in the power and automation technology areas. It ranked 143rd in Forbes Ranking ....
(BBC
Brown, Boveri & Cie
Brown, Boveri & Cie was a Swiss group of electrical engineering companies.It was founded in Baden, Switzerland, in 1891 by Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown and Walter Boveri who worked at the Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. In 1970 BBC took over the Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon...
), AEG
AEG
Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft was a German producer of electrical equipment founded in 1883 by Emil Rathenau....
and Siemens
Siemens Transportation Systems
Siemens Mobility is a division of the German Siemens AG conglomerate. The Mobility sub-division brings together Siemens competencies in rail, road, and air traffic solutions....
supplied the electrical equipment.
The first power car of the serial production was officially delivered to Bundesbahn on 26 September 1989 at Krauss-Maffei's factory at Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
. Numerous guests of honor were present for the ceremony, including the federal minister of transport Friedrich Zimmermann, the federal minister of research Heinz Riesenhuber
Heinz Riesenhuber
Heinz Riesenhuber is a German politician and was minister in the cabinets of Helmut Kohl from 1982 until 1993.-Life and education:...
and Bundesbahn CEO Reiner Gohlke. Delivery of the first 41 trainsets was planned to be completed by April 1991, while in early 1989 complete delivery had been planned for September 1991. Commissioning of the first vehicle began shortly after delivery. One power car was delivered every week. After some initial delays, delivery was back on schedule by spring 1990. By the end of May 1990, 35 power cars had been delivered. In the spring of 1990, 401 015 and 401 515 were delived, which were the first power cars equipped with additional pantographs for service in Switzerland.
The first presentation of the ICE outside Europe was the Technogerma exposition at Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...
from 27 February to 9 March 1991. Power car 401 555 and one intermediate car were brought there by ship.
Intermediate Cars
Development and production of the intermediate cars was lead-managed by LHB (SalzgitterSalzgitter
Salzgitter is an independent city in southeast Lower Saxony, Germany, located between Hildesheim and Braunschweig. Together with Wolfsburg and Braunschweig, Salzgitter is one of the seven Oberzentren of Lower Saxony...
). Main partners were Duewag
DUEWAG
The DUEWAG AG was one of Germany's major manufacturers for rail vehicles. The business was sold in 1999 to Siemens transportation.- History :The company was founded in 1898 as Waggonfabrik Uerdingen AG in Uerdingen...
(Krefeld-Uerdingen
Uerdingen
Uerdingen is a district of the city of Krefeld, Germany, with a population of 18,507, though Uerdingen received its charter as a city as early as 1255, well before Krefeld. Uerdingen was merged with Krefeld in 1929, after which the term “Krefeld-Uerdingen” was used, until, eventually, the use of...
), Waggon Union
Waggon Union
Waggon Union was a German manufacturer of rail vehicles and bus bodies, that was also known as Deutsche Waggon und Maschinenfabrik or DWM....
(Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
), MHB and MBB Verkehrstechnik
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm was a German aerospace company formed as the result of several mergers in the late 1960s. Among its best-known products was the MBB Bo 105 light twin helicopter...
(Donauwörth
Donauwörth
Donauwörth is a city in the German State of Bavaria , in the region of Swabia . It is said to have been founded by two fisherman where the Danube and Wörnitz rivers meet...
). MAN and several smaller companies were involved as well. Preparations for production began in mid-1988, actual production started one year later. The bodies were a lightweight construction made from large extruded profiles
Extrusion
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed or drawn through a die of the desired cross-section...
of an aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances....
-silicon
Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, it is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table...
alloy
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may or may not be homogeneous in distribution, depending on thermal history...
, the base plan was built as a hollow chamber profile.
The first car (of class 802) was delivered by MBB at Donauwörth
Donauwörth
Donauwörth is a city in the German State of Bavaria , in the region of Swabia . It is said to have been founded by two fisherman where the Danube and Wörnitz rivers meet...
on 2 July 1990. The first cars of classes 801 and 803 were delivered by Duewag at Krefeld-Uerdingen on 13 August. The first restaurant cars followed in the fall of the same year.
Commissioning
When the first ICE 1 power cars were commissioned in late 1989, the intermediate cars were not yet available. Instead, they were coupled to retired couchette carCouchette car
The couchette car is a railroad car conveying basic non-private sleeping accommodation.The car is divided into a number of compartments accessed from the side corridor of the car, which in daytime are configured with a bench seat along each long side of the compartment...
s (type yl) that were homolongated for 200 km/h. These were fitted with special couplings for compatibility to the power cars. Usually, Class 110 locomotives
DB Class E 10
The class E 10 is an electric locomotive of the Deutsche Bundesbahn, introduced in 1952. It belongs to the Einheits-Elektrolokomotiven program and was built for express passenger service. In 1968 the series was redesignated as class 110 and class 112...
served as Angstlok as well as for pulling the train on the return trip. For braking tests, the locos were sometimes coupled between two power cars, with match wagons on both sides. The test runs usually started at the Opladen
Opladen
Opladen, now a suburb of Leverkusen, used to be the capital of the Rhein-Wupper-Kreis up to 1975. Opladen station is located 10 m. N.E. from Cologne on the railway to Wuppertal. Its is also on the Autobahn A3. Pop. 6338, 42,000. It has an Evangelical and several Roman Catholic churches...
repair workshop and used lines in the vicinity. Fast runs at up to 200 km/h were to Bielefeld
Bielefeld
Bielefeld is an independent city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population of 323,000, it is also the most populous city in the Regierungsbezirk Detmold...
and Bremen
Bremen
The City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the river Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen-Oldenburg metropolitan area . Bremen is the second most populous city in North Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is...
. Because of time pressure, some power cars ware used for tests that had not yet been accepted by Bundesbahn. For longer test runs, two "dummy trainsets" comprising eleven couchette cars and ten InterCity cars (type Bm 235) respectively were used to replace the missing intermediate cars.
Besides the test runs, the first power cars were used for various other purposes. 401 006 was sent to the Bundesbahn school at Munich-Aubing
Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied
Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied is the 22nd borough of the German city of Munich. The districts Aubing, Lochhausen and Langwied were incorporated together in 1992, thus forming the largest borough of the city at 3,400 hectares, yet having the lowest density of population with 37,352 residents as of 2002...
for three weeks in April 1990. Later the same month 401 005 was used for fine-tuning the new depot at Hamburg-Eidelstedt to the trains. Starting 22 May, 401 504 and 401 008 were used to train drivers for acceptance runs at Nuremberg. At the same time, 401 503 was sent to Nuremberg for a test disassembly. In early June 1990, 401 010 was sent to the environmental test chamber at the Austrian Research and Test Center Arsenal
Arsenal (Vienna)
The Arsenal is a former military complex of buildings in the south-east of Vienna in the third district.Several brick buildings in a rectangle layout make up the complex which is located on a bank south of the Landstraßer Gürtel...
.
When the first intermediate cars became available, the first complete ICE 1 trains underwent trials between Fulda
Fulda
Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :...
and Würzburg
Würzburg
Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located at the Main River, it is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia. The regional dialect is Franconian....
on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line, where they reached speeds of 310 km/h
Distinctive features
Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)
Intercity is the second-highest train classification in Germany, after the ICE. Intercity services are loco-hauled express services, usually over long-distances. There are Intercity routes throughout Germany, and routes generally operate with a two-hour frequency, with multiple routes giving a more...
, the new train had several distinctive features. Besides the increased top speed (250 instead of 200 km/h), travelling comfort was improved significantly. The ICE 1's cars are 20 centimeters wider than the newest IC cars at the time, the number of seats per second class car was reduced from 88 to 66 while the car length remained the same.
All passenger cars were air conditioned
Air conditioning
An air conditioner is a home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat from an area. The cooling is done using a simple refrigeration cycle...
. The passages between the cars were wide and without doors. The seat pitch of 102 (second class) and 111 cm (first class) was larger than on any other German train. The doors were unusually wide and featured steps that deployed automatically when the doors were opened to make entry as convenient as possible. The glass doors dividing the two major areas of the intermediate cars were opened by proximity sensor
Proximity sensor
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic or a beam of electromagnetic radiation , and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as...
s. The ICE 1 was the first German train in which smokers and non-smokers were separated not into different parts of each cars but to different cars altogether.
Each seat featured a standard 3.5 mm audio jack
TRS connector
A TRS connector is a common family of connector typically used for analog signals including audio. It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although sometimes with two or four . It is also called an audio jack, phone jack, phone plug, and jack plug...
with controls for switching between eight channels: three radio programs from public broadcasters, three programs played from Compact Disc
Compact Disc
The Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage , write-once audio and data storage , rewritable media , Video Compact Discs , Super Video Compact Discs ,...
and two audio channels for video programs. In both classes, some seats featured video monitors in the backrests of the seats. Luggage could be stored both above and below the seats. The main part of the car was divided by a coat rack. Every seat had its own reading lamp. Information monitors in the entrance areas switched between displaying the train's route and the current speed.
Because they were conceived in the 1980s, the trainsets had no power sockets available to travellers except for the conference compartment prior to the refurbishment. The few power sockets were placed with cleaning equipment in mind and were usually disabled during the journey.
Start of operation
Fulda
Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :...
, on 8 March the press was invited for a run from Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
to Ulm
Ulm
Ulm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. The city, whose population is estimated at 120,000 , forms an urban district of its own and is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district. Ulm, founded around 850, is rich in history and...
and back.
For the inauguration of the ICE system on 2 June 1991, ICE 1 trainsets operated on one ICE line from Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
to Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
, via Hanover
Hanover
Hanover or Hannover, on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony , Germany and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg...
, Fulda
Fulda
Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :...
, Frankfurt
Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
, Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Stuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million ....
and Augsburg
Augsburg
Augsburg is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is, as of 2008, the third-largest city in Bavaria with a...
at hourly intervals. This coincided with the inauguration of the first two German high-speed rail lines Mannheim-Stuttgart and Hanover-Würzburg. This operation required 18 trainsets. At the time of the inauguration a total of 25 trainsets were available. Originally, the trainsets were coupled from 13 intermediate cars: four first class, restaurant car, service car and seven cars second class.
In 1991 and 1992, ICE 1 trainsets gradually took over additional services between Hamburg/Bremen
Bremen
The City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the river Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen-Oldenburg metropolitan area . Bremen is the second most populous city in North Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is...
and Munich line. On 31 May 1992, this IC service was officially transferred to the ICE. On the same day, the ICE Sprinter service was introduced.
In 1992 and 1993, the IC service from Hamburg to Basel
Basel
Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...
via Frankfurt and Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe
The City of Karlsruhe is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border.Karlsruhe was founded in 1715 as Karlsruhe Palace, when Germany was a series of principalities and city states...
was gradually transferred to the ICE 1. Starting 27 September 1992, some trains continued into Switzerland to Zurich
Zürich
Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich...
for the first time.
Since 23 May 1993, some ICE services have started in Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
instead of Hamburg or Bremen. With three lines operating, the planned requirements of rolling stock increased to 48 trainsets. On 28 May 1995, some services were extended to Interlaken
Interlaken
Interlaken is a municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland, a well-known tourist destination in the Bernese Oberland.-History:...
, on 24 May 1998 an ICE service to Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
was introduced.
Further Development
On 12 August 1995, the Chinese head of state Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin is a former Chinese politician, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2005...
travelled onboard the ICE from Ludwigsburg
Ludwigsburg
Ludwigsburg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about north of Stuttgart city centre, near the river Neckar. It is the largest and primary city of the Ludwigsburg urban district with about 87,000 inhabitants...
(near Stuttgart) of Rolandseck
Rolandseck railway station
Rolandseck station in Rolandseck near Remagen, Germany, built in 1856, is considered an important part of the cultural heritage of the Rhineland and a significant early Germany railway building...
(near Bonn
Bonn
Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located in the Cologne/Bonn Region, about 25 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was the capital of West Germany from 1949 to 1990 and the official seat of government of united Germany from 1990 to 1999....
). For this purpose, a special trainset had been coupled from two power cars and six intermediate car, one of which had been converted to a palace car. The Guest of the State was accompanied by the Federal Minister of Transport Matthias Wissmann
Matthias Wissmann
Matthias Wissmann is the president of the Verband der Automobilindustrie.Since 1999 he has been a partner with the law firm WilmerHale.-Education:...
, DB chief of passenger operations Klaus Daubertshäuser and several board members of AEG and Siemens. The train reached a maximum speed of 280 km/h. A visit to the cab that was scheduled for five minutes was extended to about 30 minutes by the Guest of the State. The companies involved hoped to sell ICE technology for the 1300 km Beijing to Shanghai connection
High-speed rail in China
High-speed rail in China refers to any commercial train service in the China with an average speed of or higher. By that measure, China has the world's longest high-speed rail network with about of routes in service as of June 2011 including of rail lines with top speeds of...
.
Nuremberg-Munich high-speed rail line
The Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway line is a German high-speed railway in length. It links the two largest cities in Bavaria, Nuremberg and Munich....
travel at 280 km/h. In 2008, the ICE 1 service ICE 783 uses its top speed on the Hanover–Würzburg line.
Since 1 September 2007, smoking has been prohibited in all of Deutsche Bahn
Deutsche Bahn
Deutsche Bahn AG is the German national railway company, a private joint stock company . Headquartered in Berlin, it came into existence in 1994 as the successor to the former state railways of Germany, the Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany...
's trains. Smoking areas had gradually been reduced to both cars at the very ends of the ICE 1 trainsets (cars 1 and 14). Until 30 September 2006, smoking was allowed in the Bistro area of the restaurant car. The restaurant area had always been smoke-free. Starting in late 2005, smoking in the first class cars of refurbished trains had already been limited to the three compartments of car 14.
Refurbishment
For the refurbishment, trainsets are taken out of service for five weeks (25 work days). Refurbishing a single ICE 1 trainsets costs about three million Euro, a fraction of the cost of buying new trains. The entire program cost about 180 million Euro.
About 80 percent of the materials are re-used, including 16,000 tons to steel and 1,200 tons of copper from the power cars' traction motor
Traction motor
Traction motor refers to an electric motor providing the primary rotational torque of a machine, usually for conversion into linear motion ....
s. Compared to buying new trains, the program saves about 1.3 billion Euro. about 35,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions are avoided as well as about 500,000 tons of industrial waste.
After several weeks of testing, the first refurbished ICE 1 (trainset 11 "Nürnberg") went back into service on 5 August 2005. By March 2006, eleven trainsets had been refurbished, by February 2007 half the fleet (30 trainsets), by June 2007 37 of the 59 trainsets. In 2005, nine trainsets were refurbished, in 2006 and 2007 20 each. Until the end of 2007, two trains underwent refurbishment at the same time. The remaining trainsets are refurbished one-by-one.
The refurbishment program uses the full capacity of the Nuremberg workshop with 320 jobs.
In each of the 708 intermediate cars, about 3500 parts are removed, processed or replaced and reinstalled. This included 42,000 seats, 40,000 square meters of carpets, 5000 tables, 42,000 reservation displays and 11,000 window shades. The interior design is adapted to the newer ICE generations.
Interior changes include:
- new colors, brighter lights
- panelling from teakTeakTeak is the common name for the tropical hardwood tree species Tectona grandis and its wood products. Tectona grandis is native to south and southeast Asia, mainly India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Burma, but is naturalized and cultivated in many countries, including those in Africa and the...
wood, similar to the second-generation ICE 3 interior - reduction to the seat pitch in second class to 920 mm. This allows the installation of 60 additional seats per trainset. Because the window arrangement was not changed, this results in some "wall window seats": Window seats without windows next to them.
- power sockets on the seats and luggage racks in the center of the car. For supplying the power sockets, four additional power circuits were installed in each car.
- passenger information displays were modernized and now include displays indicating reserved seats.
- new design of the restaurant car, which now resembles the restaurant cars of the first series ICE TSiemens VenturioSiemens Venturio is a concept intercity and interregional train from Siemens.The Venturio concept is intended for top speeds between 160 km/h and 250 km/h, train lengths of 3-9 cars, and optional active tilting...
- the accessible toilet now features a panic button. Buttons to call for assistance have been installed at the wheelchair storage positions.
- reduced maximum power due to set IGBT instead of GTO.
- reduction to the maximum speed to 220 km/h.
During the refurbishment, the audio and video systems were removed as well as the phone booths, the foot-rests in second class, the terminals for timetable information and the buttons in first class that were used to call the conductor. The backrests in second class compartments do not recline any more, those in second class row seats only by a limited amount. The seat cushion can still be moved to the front by about five centimeters.
The power cars received new bogie frames and a new power supply for the air conditioning. The power cars of trainsets 01 to 20 were refitted with GTO
Gate turn-off thyristor
A gate turn-off thyristor is a special type of thyristor, a high-power semiconductor device. GTOs, as opposed to normal thyristors, are fully controllable switches which can be turned on and off by their third lead, the GATE lead.-Device description:...
power converters. Smaller measures included diagonosis and subsequent repair of the driver's brake valve, the installation of new relays into some safety circuits and some software changes.
After the refurbishment, all trainsets were coupled to a standardized combination of 12 intermediate cars. During the refurbishment, seats that differ between both versions cannot be reserved.
Field tests
Starting in mid-1993, a newly developed bogie with air suspensionAir suspension
Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension powered by an engine driven or electric air pump or compressor. This pump pressurizes the air, using compressed air as a spring. Air suspension replaces conventional steel springs. If the engine is left off for an extended period, the car will settle...
was tested in a first class intermediate car (801 088-6) in scheduled service. The two-year trial was to prove that the bogie that was homolongated for 300 km/h was ready to go into production for the ICE 2
Since 1995, two ICE 1 trainsets have been used as so-called idea trains ("Ideenzüge") on services from Hamburg to Basel and Stuttgart. These trainsets were used to test cellular repeaters, returnable bottles in the restaurant car and different concepts for in-train Internet access. Later these trainsets were used in regular ICE service, without tests being conducted. During the refurbishment, the additional installations were removed.
For the early-morning service Ernst Barlach from Hamburg to Munich, two compartments in cars 1 and 7 were reserved for the storage of ski
Ski
A ski is a long, flat device worn on the foot, usually attached through a boot, designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow. Originally intended as an aid to travel in snowy regions, they are now mainly used for recreational and sporting purposes...
s in early 1995. In each compartment, racks for 28 pairs of skis were installed. This service was offered at no extra cost, reservation of storage space was not possible.
From 13 January to 23 March 1996, the same service was offered in a compartment of car 5 of ICE trains 585 and 588 from Hamburg to Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a mountain resort town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region, and the district is on the border with Austria...
and back. On a pair of ICE trains between Berlin Zoo
Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station
Berlin Zoologischer Garten station was the central transport facility in West Berlin during the division of the city, and thereafter for the western central area of Berlin until opening of the new Berlin Central Station on 28 May 2006...
and Interlaken this was offered as well on specific dates from mid-December 1995 to mid-April 1996
In 1995, some ICE 1 cars were used to field-test new air conditioning units that used air as cooling agent and therefore did not require special refrigerant
Refrigerant
A refrigerant is a substance used in a heat cycle usually including, for enhanced efficiency, a reversible phase change from a liquid to a gas. Traditionally, fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, were used as refrigerants, but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion...
s. These units were later installed in the ICE 3
Siemens Velaro
Siemens Velaro is a family of high-speed EMU trains used in Europe and China. The Velaro is based on Deutsche Bahn's ICE 3 high-speed trains, but is a full Siemens product unlike the ICE 3 which involved other manufacturers....
.
In the late 1990s, trainset 13 had ICE 2 power cars and a new intermediate car with traction motors for testing the distributed traction concept. The train was referred to as ICE D.
ICE train North America tour
In June 1993, an eight-car trainset was shipped from BremerhavenBremerhaven
Bremerhaven is a city at the seaport of the free city-state of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It forms an enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham...
to the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. The trainset included two power cars, three intermediate cars and one service car second class, one restaurant car and one intermediate car first class. The train had been adapted to service on the Northeast Corridor
Northeast Corridor
The Northeast Corridor is a fully electrified railway line owned primarily by Amtrak serving the Northeast megalopolis of the United States from Boston in the north, via New York to Washington, D.C. in the south, with branches serving other cities...
since April. Changes included adaptations to the 11 kV, 25 Hz electrification system and changed wheel profiles.
The trainset did presentation runs to 25 cities in the USA and Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
. Starting 4 October, it was used in Metroliner service between Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
and New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
for two months. On other lines the train was pulled by diesel locomotives.
Siemens
Siemens AG
Siemens AG is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich, Germany. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company....
and AEG
AEG
Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft was a German producer of electrical equipment founded in 1883 by Emil Rathenau....
-Westinghouse hoped to win a contract by Amtrak
Amtrak
The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak , is a government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971, to provide intercity passenger train service in the United States. "Amtrak" is a portmanteau of the words "America" and "track". It is headquartered at Union...
for 26 trainsets for a fast Boston–New York–Washington service that would eventually become the Acela Express
Acela Express
The Acela Express is Amtrak's high-speed rail service along the Northeast Corridor in the Northeast United States between Washington, D.C., and Boston via Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York...
. Had the bid been won, the trainsets would have been built at five plants of the GM Electro-Motive Division in the United States.
Other attempts to sell ICE 1 technology outside Germany remained unsuccessful as well. In 1993/1994 AES and Siemens offered the ICE to Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
, hoping to win an order for 45 trainsets valued at about 3.5 million DM. The Taiwanese Minister for Transport Liu Chao-shiuan
Liu Chao-shiuan
Liu Chao-shiuan is a Taiwanese educator and politician. He is a former president of the National Tsing Hua University and Soochow University and a former Premier of the Republic of China.-Biography:...
tested the ICE in the summer of 1993, while in Germany.
Swiss speed record
On 8 November 2007, trainset 89, which had been shortened to about 200 m, set a Swiss land speed record for railed vehicles during trial runs for the ETCS cab signalling inside the Lötschberg Base TunnelLötschberg Base Tunnel
The Lötschberg Base Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the BLS Lötschbergbahn's Lötschberg Line cutting through the Alps of Switzerland some below the existing Lötschberg Tunnel. It is currently the world's longest land tunnel and accommodates passenger and freight trains. It runs between Frutigen,...
. The trainset reached 288 km/h. The trainset had a modified pantograph, but two of the eight traction motor
Traction motor
Traction motor refers to an electric motor providing the primary rotational torque of a machine, usually for conversion into linear motion ....
s had been disabled.
Technology
TractionTraction (engineering)
Traction refers to the maximum frictional force that can be produced between surfaces without slipping.The units of traction are those of force, or if expressed as a coefficient of traction a ratio.-Traction:...
of the ICE 1 trainsets is achieved by the eight driven axles of both power cars. Because relatively few axles have traction, the steepness of the grade the trains can safely negotiate are limited. The ICE 1 is limited to grades of about 3.5%. Steeper grades cannot be negotiated safely, because the wheels could slip because of the low adhesion
Adhesion
Adhesion is any attraction process between dissimilar molecular species that can potentially bring them in close contact. By contrast, cohesion takes place between similar molecules....
under adverse conditions, which may lead to a stopped train becoming stuck on a grade. This is one of the reasons the ICE 1 is not homologated for the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line, which has grades of up to 4%.
The intermediate cars sit on type MD 530 bogie
Bogie
A bogie is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle. It can be fixed in place, as on a cargo truck, mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or sprung as in the suspension of a caterpillar...
s with steel suspension and an axle base of 2500 mm. New wheels have a diameter of 920 mm. They are replaced when they reach a diameter of 860 mm. The cars are coupled 900 mm above the rails by a semi-automatic coupling
Coupling (railway)
A coupling is a mechanism for connecting rolling stock in a train. The design of the coupler is standard, and is almost as important as the railway gauge, since flexibility and convenience are maximised if all rolling stock can be coupled together.The equipment that connects the couplings to the...
that was designed specifically for the ICE 1. It couples two brake pipes, two electric trainlines, cables and two fibre optic cables. The passage between two cars is 1.1 m wide and 2.05 m high. Unlike on the InterCityExperimental
InterCityExperimental
The Intercity Experimental, later renamed ICE V, was an experimental train for research into high-speed rail. It is the predecessor of all Intercity-Express trains.- History :...
, they are not positive locked on the outside.
Disc brake
The disc brake or disk brake is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel while it is in motion.A brake disc is usually made of cast iron, but may in some cases be made of composites such as reinforced carbon–carbon or ceramic matrix composites. This is connected to the wheel and/or...
s. Additionally, the power heads use regenerative brakes
Dynamic braking
Dynamic braking is the use of the electric traction motors of a railroad vehicle as generators when slowing the Locomotive. It is termed rheostatic if the generated electrical power is dissipated as heat in brake grid resistors, and regenerative if the power is returned to the supply line...
, the intermediate cars have electromagnetic track brake
Track brake
Track brakes are a form of brakes unique to railborne vehicles. The braking force derives from the friction resulting from the application of wood or metal braking shoes directly to the tracks...
s. The power cars have spring-loaded parking brakes; intermediate cars use screw brakes for the same purpose. The bogies facilitate replacing the track brakes with eddy current brakes.
The pantograph type DSA-350 S was specifically developed by Dornier
Dornier Flugzeugwerke
Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claudius Dornier. Over the course of its long lifespan, the company produced many notable designs for both the civil and military markets.-History:...
for use in the ICE 1. At 100 kg they were considered very lightweight with minimal resonance
Resonance
In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at a greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies...
. Unlike its predecessor InterCityExperimental, the ICE 1 does not have a high-voltage connection of both power cars. Because of this, the pantographs of both power cars are raised during operation.
In the 1990s, the two phone booths inside each trainset were connected to Deutsche Telekom's C-Netz
C-Netz
The Radio Telephone Network C , was a first generation analog cellular phone system deployed and operated in Germany by DeTeMobil...
by 13 so-called Funkfeststationen. Inside the tunnels of the first two high-speed lines, repeaters were installed at a distance of 1500 meters that communicated with the trains using leaky feeder
Leaky feeder
A leaky feeder is a communications system used in underground mining and other tunnel environments. It consists of a coaxial cable run along drivages which emits and receives radio waves. The cable is "leaky" in that it has gaps or slots in its outer conductor to allow signal to leak into or out of...
s. Between the tunnels, directional antennas were used. Inside the trains, antennas were installed in the service cars. Calls cost 0.7 DM per time unit. The same time unit cost 0.23 DM when using a landline.
ETCS Cab Signalling
The 19 ICE 1 trainsets used for service into Switzerland were equipped with the European Train Control SystemEuropean Train Control System
The European Train Control System is a signalling, control andtrain protection system designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently used by European railways, especially on high-speed lines.- History :...
(ETCS) in 2007 The cost of 34 millionen Swiss Franc
Swiss franc
The franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d'Italia. Although not formally legal tender in the German exclave Büsingen , it is in wide daily use there...
s was paid by the Swiss government. Spending tax money for refitting foreign trains has been a target for criticism.
Switzerland paid for the equipment after Deutsche Bahn had announced the it would not convert any of their high-speed lines to ETCS cab signalling within the following ten years. Because of this, DB claimed to have no interest in refitting ICE trainsets with ETCS. If ETCS is used on any high-speed line in Germany within ten years, Switzerland has to be paid back part of the cost.
ETCS is used in Switzerland on the newly built Mattstetten–Rothrist line that has been used by ICE 1 trains since 10 December 2006. Currently, the line is used by three to four pairs of ICE trains each day, including one intra-Swiss ICE from Bern to Basel.
Design
InterCityExperimental
The Intercity Experimental, later renamed ICE V, was an experimental train for research into high-speed rail. It is the predecessor of all Intercity-Express trains.- History :...
by Alexander Neumeister
Alexander Neumeister
Alexander Neumeister is a German industrial designer from Berlin. He gained recognition for his designs of the ICE and Transrapid for which he received the German Design Award...
was applied to the series production with only minor adjustments. Neumeister's concept for the interior however was not used. The interior was designed by Jens Peters. The same team had designed the InterRegio
InterRegio
The InterRegio is a train service seen in some European countries. Mostly they are trains that run "from region to region", as best described by Swiss Federal Railways.-Switzerland:...
trains in the mid-1980s.
Aerodynamic
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with much theory shared between them. Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with...
reasons led to the design of the power cars' front as well as the flush fitting of the windows and the low skirts. In places without windows, 6 mm thick glass is used to continue the ribbon glazing.
The exterior design is very similar to that of the ICE 2. A major difference to all other ICE generations is the raised roof of the restaurant car. The ICE 1 is the only ICE without electronic displays for route information of the outside; the car numbers are indicated by adhesive labels. ICE 1 trainsets have car numbers ranging from 1 to 14, while all other ICE trains have car numbers from 21 to 44.
Operation
Deutsche BahnDeutsche Bahn
Deutsche Bahn AG is the German national railway company, a private joint stock company . Headquartered in Berlin, it came into existence in 1994 as the successor to the former state railways of Germany, the Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany...
is the sole operator and owner of ICE 1 trains. There are currently 59 units of twelve intermediate cars. At about 750 seats and a length of 360 meters, the ICE 1 trainsets are the longest ICE trains that have been built yet. Other ICE trains have the same length and capacity when two (sometimes three) trainsets are coupled.
The trainsets are used in synchronized schedules on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line:
- Hamburg-Altona via Hannover–Göttingen–Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe–Frankfurt (Main)–Mannheim–Karlsruhe–Baden-Baden–Freiburg to Basel (ICE line 20) or to Stuttgart (branching off at Mannheim, ICE line 22)
- Berlin via Wolfsburg–Braunschweig–Hildesheim–Göttingen–Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe–Fulda–Hanau–Frankfurt (Main)–Mannheim to Karlsruhe–Offenburg–Basel (ICE line 12) or Stuttgart–Ulm–Augsburg–Munich (ICE line 11)
- Hamburg-Altona via Hannover–Göttingen–Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe–Würzburg–Nuremberg–Ingolstadt to Munich (ICE line 25)
- Hamburg-Altona to Berlin (part of ICE line 28)
Additionally, there are single trains of other ICE lines serviced by ICE 1 trainsets. Until December 2007, ICE trains from Germany to Innsbruck
Innsbruck
- Main sights :- Buildings :*Golden Roof*Kaiserliche Hofburg *Hofkirche with the cenotaph of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor*Altes Landhaus...
and Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
were ICE 1 services as well.
Because they exceed the UIC loading gauge
Loading gauge
A loading gauge defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures...
, ICE 1, ICE 2 and Metropolitan
Metropolitan (train)
The Metropolitan was a premium train service operated by Deutsche Bahn AG between Cologne and Hamburg in Germany....
trainsets are collectively referred to as ICE A in internal use.
All 59 trainsets are based at Hamburg-Eidelstedt.
Names
Since October 2002, ICE trainsets receive the names of cities:
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(Tz xx = trainset number (Triebzugnummer); printed above each bogie) |