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Minimally invasive procedure

 
Minimally Invasive Procedure

 
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Minimally invasive procedure
 
 
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A minimally invasive procedure is any procedure (surgical
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 or otherwise) that is less invasive
Invasive (medical)

The term invasive in Medicine has two meanings:* A medical procedure which penetrates or breaks the skin or a body cavity, i.e., it requires a perforation, an incision, a catheterization, etc....
 than open surgery
Open surgery

An open surgery means cutting skin and tissues so the surgeon has a direct access to the structures or organs involved. The structures and tissues involved can be seen and touched, and they are directly exposed to the air of the operating room....
 used for the same purpose. A minimally invasive procedure typically involves use of laparoscopic
Laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive surgery , bandaid surgery, keyhole surgery is a modern surgery technique in which operations in the abdomen are performed through small incisions as compared to larger incisions needed in traditional surgical procedures....
 devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope
Endoscopy

Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope....
 or similar device, and are carried out through the skin
Skin

The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial biological tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and organ s....
 or through a body cavity
Body cavity

By the broadest definition, a body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space, located between an animal?s outer covering and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop....
 or anatomical opening.






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Encyclopedia


A minimally invasive procedure is any procedure (surgical
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 or otherwise) that is less invasive
Invasive (medical)

The term invasive in Medicine has two meanings:* A medical procedure which penetrates or breaks the skin or a body cavity, i.e., it requires a perforation, an incision, a catheterization, etc....
 than open surgery
Open surgery

An open surgery means cutting skin and tissues so the surgeon has a direct access to the structures or organs involved. The structures and tissues involved can be seen and touched, and they are directly exposed to the air of the operating room....
 used for the same purpose. A minimally invasive procedure typically involves use of laparoscopic
Laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive surgery , bandaid surgery, keyhole surgery is a modern surgery technique in which operations in the abdomen are performed through small incisions as compared to larger incisions needed in traditional surgical procedures....
 devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope
Endoscopy

Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope....
 or similar device, and are carried out through the skin
Skin

The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial biological tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and organ s....
 or through a body cavity
Body cavity

By the broadest definition, a body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space, located between an animal?s outer covering and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop....
 or anatomical opening. This may result in shorter hospital stays, or allow outpatient treatment. However, the safety and effectiveness of each procedure must be demonstrated with randomized controlled trial
Randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial is a type of scientific experiment most commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of healthcare Service or health technologies ....
s. The term was coined by John EA Wickham in 1984, who wrote of it in British Medical Journal
British Medical Journal

BMJ is an open access medical journal. It is among the most influential and widely read Peer review general academic journals in the field of medicine in the world....
 in 1987.

A minimally invasive procedure is distinct from a non-invasive procedure such as external imaging instead of exploratory surgery.

Specific procedures

Many medical procedures are called minimally invasive, such as hypodermic injection
Syringe

A syringe is a simple piston pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube. The plunger can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical tube , allowing the syringe to take in and expel a liquid or gas through an orifice at the open end of the tube....
, air-pressure injection, subdermal implant
Subdermal implant

A subdermal implant refers to a kind of body jewelry that is placed underneath the skin, therefore allowing the body to heal over the implant and creating a raised design....
s, endoscopy
Endoscopy

Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope....
, percutaneous
Percutaneous

In surgery, percutaneous pertains to any medical procedure where access to inner organs or other tissue is done via needle-puncture of the skin, rather than by using an "open" approach where inner organs or tissue are exposed ....
 surgery, laparoscopic surgery
Laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive surgery , bandaid surgery, keyhole surgery is a modern surgery technique in which operations in the abdomen are performed through small incisions as compared to larger incisions needed in traditional surgical procedures....
, arthroscopic surgery, cryosurgery
Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The term comes from the Greek words cryo and surgery meaning "hand work" or "handiwork"....
, microsurgery
Microsurgery

Microsurgery is a general term for surgery requiring an operating microscope. The most obvious developments have been procedures developed to allow anastomosis of successively smaller blood vessels and nerves which have allowed transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another and re-attachment of severed parts....
, keyhole surgery, endovascular surgery
Endovascular surgery

Endovascular surgery is a form of minimally invasive procedure surgery that was designed to access many regions of the body via major blood vessels....
 (such as angioplasty
Angioplasty

Angioplasty is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel; typically as a result of atherosclerosis. Tightly folded balloons are passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size using water pressures some 75 to 500 times normal blood pressure ....
), coronary catheterization
Coronary catheterization

A coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and blood filled chambers of the heart using a catheter....
, permanent spinal
Vertebral column

In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, intervertebral discs, and the coccyx situated in the dorsum aspect of the torso, separated by spinal discs....
 and brain
Brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as cnidarian and echinoderm have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all....
 electrodes, stereotactic surgery
Stereotactic surgery

Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a minimally-invasive form of surgery intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinates system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation , biopsy, lesion, injection, Deep brain stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery etc....
, The Nuss Procedure
Nuss procedure

The Nuss procedure is a minimally-invasive procedure, invented by Dr. Donald Nuss for treating pectus excavatum. He developed it at Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, in Norfolk, Virginia....
, radioactivity-based medical imaging methods, such as gamma camera
Gamma camera

A gamma camera is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medicine to view and analyse images of the human body of the distribution of medically injected, inhaled, or ingested radionuclides emitting gamma rays...
, Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body....
 and SPECT (single photon emission tomography). Related procedures are image-guided surgery
Image-guided surgery

Image-guided surgery is the general term used for any surgery procedure where the surgeon uses indirect visualization to operate, i.e., by employing imaging instruments in real time, such as fiber optic guides, internal video cameras, flexible or rigid endoscopes, ultrasonography, etc....
, robotic surgery
Robotic surgery

Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery....
 and interventional radiology
Interventional radiology

Interventional Radiology is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes , while others are done for treatment purposes ....
.

Benefits

Minimally invasive surgery
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 should have less operative trauma
Physical trauma

Physical trauma refers to a body injury. A trauma patient is someone who has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury with the potential for secondary complications such as Shock , respiratory failure and death....
 for the patient than an equivalent invasive procedure. It may be more or less expensive. Operative time is longer, but hospitalization time is shorter. It causes less pain
Pain

Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm....
 and scar
Scar

Scars are areas of fibrous biological tissue that replace normal skin after injury. A scar results from the biologic process of wound repair in the skin and other biological tissue of the body....
ring, speeds recovery, and reduces the incidence of post-surgical complications, such as adhesions
Adhesion (medicine)

Adhesions are fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, often as a result of injury during surgery. They may be thought of as internal scar tissue....
. Some studies have compared heart surgery. However, minimally invasive surgery is not necessarily minor surgery
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 that only regional anesthesia is required. In fact, most of these procedures still requires general anesthesia to be administered beforehand.

Risks

Minimally invasive procedures are not completely safe, and some have complications ranging from infection to death. Risks and complications include the following:
  • Anesthesia or medication reactions
  • Bleeding
  • Infection
  • Internal organ injury
  • Blood vessel injury
  • Vein or lung blood clotting
  • Breathing problems
  • Death (rare)


All of these risks are present also in open, more invasive surgery.

There may be an increased risk of hypothermia and peritoneal trauma due to increased exposure to cold, dry gases during insufflation
Insufflation

Insufflation is the practice of Inhalation substances into a body cavity. Insufflation has limited medical use, but is a common route of administration with many respiration drugs used to treat conditions in the lungs and paranasal sinus ....
. The use of heated and humidified CO2 may reduce this risk.

Prevalence

Due to these advantages, surgeons are attempting to perform more procedures as minimally invasive procedures. Some procedures, such as gall bladder removal, can be done very effectively as minimally invasive surgery. Other procedures, such as endarterectomy
Endarterectomy

Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the atheroma material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery constricted by the buildup of soft/hardening movements deposits....
, have a higher incidence of strokes in some studies. The first successful minimally invasive aortic aneurysm
Aortic aneurysm

An aortic aneurysm is a general term for any swelling of the aorta, usually representing an underlying weakness in the wall of the aorta at that location....
 surgery was performed by Dr. Michael L. Marin
Michael L. Marin

Michael L. Marin is a United States vascular surgeon, the first in the United States to perform minimally invasive surgery and, together with Drs....
 at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
Mount Sinai Hospital, New York

Mount Sinai Hospital, founded in 1852, is one of the oldest and largest teaching hospitals in the United States. In 2008 it was ranked as one of the best hospitals in the U.S....
.

"Lapraroscopic surgery has been around for a long time. We've been using laparoscopy for appendectomies, for taking out gall bladders and for removing cysts on the ovaries. But it's been in very limited use for hysterectomies." Dr. Warren Volker at Volker Health Care, Nevada. Laparoscopic hysterectomy, with incisions measuring less than 10 mm, is used for less than 10% of the roughly 800,000 hysterectomies annually performed in the United States, according to the American Association of Gynecological Laparoscopists (AAGL).

Equipment

Special medical equipment
Medical equipment

Medical equipment is designed to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring or treatment of medical conditions. These devices are usually designed with rigorous safety engineering....
 may be used, such as fiber optic cables, miniature video camera
Video camera

File:Sonyhdrfx1.jpgA video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition, initially developed by the television industry but now common in other applications as well....
s and special surgical instruments
Surgical instruments

A surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a surgery or operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access for viewing it....
 handled via tubes inserted into the body through small openings in its surface. The images of the interior of the body are transmitted to an external video monitor
Video monitor

A video monitor also called a broadcast monitor, broadcast reference monitor or just reference monitor, is a device similar to a television, used to monitor the output of a video-generating device, such as a media playout Server , IRD, video camera, VCR, or DVD player....
 and the surgeon has the possibility of making a diagnosis
Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the identification of the nature of anything, either by process of elimination or other analytical methods. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with slightly different implementations on the application of logic and experience to determine the cause and effect relationships....
, visually identifying internal features and acting surgically on they.

See also

  • Endoscopy
    Endoscopy

    Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope....
  • Surgery
    Surgery

    Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
  • Anesthesia
    Anesthesia

    Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation blocked or temporarily taken away. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience....
  • ASA score
    ASA score

    ASA stands for American Society of Anesthesiologists. In 1963 the ASA adopted a five category physical status classification system for assessing a patient before surgery....
     or pre-operative physical fitness
  • Medicine
    Medicine

    Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
  • Traumatology
    Traumatology

    Traumatology most often refers to physical injuries but may also indicate psychological responses such as PTSD.Traumatology , is the study of wounds and injury caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the Trauma surgery and repair of the damage....


External links

  • . Thiemme Verlag.
  • . Dr. Warren Volker
  • . A Taylor & Francis Journal.
  • . Elsevier.
  • . An useful and extensive list of endoscopic and other medical procedures performed at Mayo Clinic.
  • . Very informative site of the New York University
    New York University

    New York University is a private university, nonsectarian, research university in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan....
     Medical Center.