List of Zeppelins
Encyclopedia
This is a complete list of Zeppelin
Zeppelin
A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. It was based on designs he had outlined in 1874 and detailed in 1893. His plans were reviewed by committee in 1894 and patented in the United States on 14 March 1899...

s
constructed by the original German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

 Zeppelin companies from 1900 until 1938. Other types of rigid airship
Rigid airship
A rigid airship is a type of airship in which the envelope retained its shape by the use of an internal structural framework rather than by being forced into shape by the pressure of the lifting gas within the envelope as used in blimps and semi-rigid airships.Rigid airships were produced and...

s that are also sometimes referred to as zeppelins are not included.

The Zeppelin companies based in Friedrichshafen
Friedrichshafen
This article is about a German town. For the Danish town, see Frederikshavn, and for the Finnish town, see Fredrikshamn .Friedrichshafen is a university city on the northern side of Lake Constance in Southern Germany, near the borders with Switzerland and Austria.It is the district capital of the...

, Germany, numbered their aircraft LZ1/2/ ..., with LZ standing for "Luftschiff [airship] Zeppelin". Additionally, craft used for civilian purposes usually got a name, while military airships, on the other hand, were given "tactical numbering":
  • The German Army called its first Zeppelins Z I/II/ ... /XI/XII. During World War I they switched to using the LZ numbers, later adding 30 to obscure the total production.
  • The German Navy Zeppelins were labelled L 1/2/ ....


Since 1997, airships of the new type Zeppelin NT
Zeppelin NT
The Zeppelin NT is a class of airships being manufactured since the 1990s by the German company Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH in Friedrichshafen. The initial model is the NT07...

 have been flying. They are not included here, as they are not Zeppelins in the traditional sense.

Zeppelins finished before World War I

Production number Name / tactical numbering Usage First flight Remarks Image
LZ1   prototype
Prototype
A prototype is an early sample or model built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from.The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον , "primitive form", neutral of πρωτότυπος , "original, primitive", from πρῶτος , "first" and τύπος ,...

2 July 1900 (L) three flights, beat speed record set by La France, dismantled 1901 after lack of shareholder interest
LZ2   experimental 17 January 1906 In 30 November 1905 never lifted off from lake; second attempt took flight but damaged beyond repair after emergency landing
LZ3 Z I experimental; military 9 October 1906 flew for 2 hours in 9 October 1906 and in 10 October 1906, flew for 8 hours in 1907; as part of LZ4's contract sold to the German Army in 1908 after refitting; used as a school ship; decommissioned in 1913 (D)
LZ4   military (intended) 20 June 1908 part of contract including LZ3; 12 hour flight on 1 July 1908; attempted contractual 24 hour endurance flight on 4 August 1908, landed near Echterdingen
Leinfelden-Echterdingen
Leinfelden-Echterdingen is a town in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located approx. 10 km south of Stuttgart, near the Stuttgart Airport...

 after 12 hours to repair an engine but destroyed when wind broke its moorings; see Zeppelin#The first generations
LZ5 Z II experimental; military 26 May 1909 stranded near Weilburg
Weilburg
Weilburg is, with just under 14,000 inhabitants, the third biggest town in Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany, after Limburg an der Lahn and Bad Camberg.- Location :...

 in 1910 during a storm (D)
LZ6   experimental; civilian (DELAG
DELAG
DELAG, an acronym from was the world's first airline to use an aircraft in revenue service. It was founded on November 16, 1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by Zeppelin Corporation...

)
25 August 1909 (L) first experiments with wireless communication; first DELAG craft; accidentally destroyed in its hangar
Airship hangar
Airships are sheltered in airship hangars during construction and sometimes also for regular operation, particularly at bad weather conditions. Rigid airships always needed to be based in airship hangars because weathering was a serious risk.- History :...

 in Baden-Oos in 1910 (D)
"Deutschland" civilian (DELAG) 19 June 1910 damaged beyond repair in an accident above the Teutoburg Forest
Teutoburg Forest
The Teutoburg Forest is a range of low, forested mountains in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia which used to be believed to be the scene of a decisive battle in AD 9...

 on 28 June 1910 (D)
Ersatz "Deutschland II" civilian (DELAG) 30 March 1911 pushed to the wall of its hangar by strong wind and damaged beyond repair on 16 May 1911 (D)
Ersatz Z II military 2 October 1911 (L) decommissioned 1 August 1914 (D)
"Schwaben" civilian (DELAG) 26 June 1911 (D) Sources differ as to passenger totals: 4354 passengers in 218 commercial flights, traveling 27,321 km; others claim 6045 passengers in 363 flights. Sources differ regarding injuries suffered on 28 June 1912 when the Schwaben caught fire after a strong gust over-stressed the airship at its mooring near Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and centre of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.Düsseldorf is an important international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located centrally within the European Megalopolis, the...

: the New York Times reported "34 soldiers were injured"; others claimed 40 injured.
"Viktoria Luise" civilian (DELAG); later military 19 February 1912 transported 9783 passengers in 489 flights, traveling 54,312 km; taken over as school ship by German military upon outbreak of World War I; broke apart while being hauled in (i.e. put into its hangar) on 1 October 1915 (D)
Z III military 25 April 1912 decommissioned 1 August 1914 (D)
"Hansa" civilian (DELAG); later military 30 July 1912 traveled 44,437 km in 399 flights; first regular flight outside Germany (commanded by Count Zeppelin on first visit to Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...

 and Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

 in 19 September 1912); taken over by German military upon outbreak of World War I; decommissioned in summer 1916 (D)
L 1 military 7 October 1912 (L) Helgoland Island Air Disaster
Helgoland Island Air Disaster
The Helgoland Island Air Disaster occurred on September 9, 1913, and is traditionally considered the first air disaster involving more than ten fatalities. Manufactured by Zeppelin as the LZ 14, the airship was transfered to the Imperial German Navy on 7 October 1912. As the first airship owned...

: pushed down into the North Sea
North Sea
In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively...

 in a thunderstorm on September 9, 1913, drowning 14 crew members. This was the first Zeppelin incident in which fatalities occurred (D)
Ersatz Z I military 16 January 1913 destroyed in a forced landing on (D)
Z IV military 14 March 1913 accidentally crossed French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 border on in misty weather and was kept in Lunéville
Lunéville
Lunéville is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in France.It is a sub-prefecture of the department and lies on the Meurthe River.-History:...

 for one day. Performed some reconnaissance
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces or features of the environment....

 missions in World War I and attempted bombing of Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...

 and Lyck. Used as a school ship from 1915; decommissioned in autumn of 1916 (D) (Z IV crew showing their Iron Cross
Iron Cross
The Iron Cross is a cross symbol typically in black with a white or silver outline that originated after 1219 when the Kingdom of Jerusalem granted the Teutonic Order the right to combine the Teutonic Black Cross placed above a silver Cross of Jerusalem....

es)
"Sachsen" civilian; later military 3 May 1913 transported 9837 passengers in 419 flights, traveling 39,919 km; taken over by German military upon outbreak of World War I in 1914; this was Captain Lehmann's first command; it had bomb racks and bomb drop station fitted, together with an improved radio room, machine guns in the cars below and a gunners nest on top of the tail; In its first attack on Antwerp it carried 1800 pounds (816.5 kg) of bombs and spent 12 hours in the air. Decommissioned in autumn of 1916 (D)
L 2 military 9 September 1913 Johannisthal Air Disaster
Johannisthal Air Disaster
The Johannisthal Air Disaster involved one of the first multiple fatality air disasters in history. It involved the Imperial German Navy's L-2 airship manufactured by Zeppelin as the LZ 18. It's test flight resulted in the death of all 28 passengers and crew on board...

: destroyed by an exploding engine on during a test flight; the entire crew was killed. (D)
Second Ersatz Z I military 6 June 1913 damaged beyond repair in a thunderstorm on (D)
Z V military 8 July 1913 used in World War I for reconnaissance missions in western Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...

; forced landing after an attack on Mława during the Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
The Battle of Tannenberg was an engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days of World War I. It was fought by the Russian First and Second Armies against the German Eighth Army between 23 August and 30 August 1914. The battle resulted in the almost complete...

; crew captured by enemy cavalry while trying to burn down the ship. (D)
Z VI military 10 November 1913 In World War I mainly used in Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

 as a bomber; during a bombing raid of Liège dropping artillery shells instead of bombs, the ship's overweightness kept it at low altitude so that the bullets and shrapnel from defending fire penetrated the hull. The ship limped back to Cologne but had to be set down near Bonn in a forest, completely wrecking it, on .
Z VII military 8 January 1914 Limited to a flight ceiling around one mile. On sent to find the retreating French Army around the Vosges mountains in Alsace
Alsace
Alsace is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area , and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km²...

, and dropped bombs on the camps. After passing through clouds found itself low, right above the main army whose infantry fire penetrated many gas cells. The ship leaking heavily, the crew forced it down near St. Quirin, Lorraine
Lorraine (province)
The Duchy of Upper Lorraine was an historical duchy roughly corresponding with the present-day northeastern Lorraine region of France, including parts of modern Luxembourg and Germany. The main cities were Metz, Verdun, and the historic capital Nancy....

Z VIII military 11 May 1914 same orders as Z VII on ; engaged French army while a few hundred feet up and according to Lehmann received "thousands of bullets and shell splinters"; this forced it to drift and a forced landing in no man's land near Bandonvillers; the crew destroyed all documents and tried to burn the wreck but so little gas remained it would not burn; French Cavalry arrive and a gunfight ensues, the German crew retreating; captured and plundered by French army
L 3 military 11 May 1914 24 reconnaissance missions over the North Sea; participated in the first raid of England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 on ; released by its crew after a forced landing (due to engine failure compounded with strong headwind and insufficient fuel to reach Germany) in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...

 on February 17, 1915. The wind was so strong it blew the now unmanned but still running airship out across the sea.
Z IX military 13 July 1914 used for reconnaissance missions and bombings in northern France; destroyed by English bomber aeroplane which dropped a bomb through the hangar roof in Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and centre of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.Düsseldorf is an important international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located centrally within the European Megalopolis, the...

 on . The bomber was a single-seat Sopwith Tabloid
Sopwith Tabloid
|-See also:-References:* Bruce, J.M. "". Flight. 8 November 1957. pp. 733–736.* Bruce, J.M. "". Flight. 15 November 1957. pp. 765–766.* Bruce, J.M. "". Flight. 29 November 1957. pp. 845–848....

 flown by Flt Lt Reginald Marix, RNAS (later Air Vice Marshal); he had flown from Antwerp and the raid was the first strategic bombing
Strategic bombing
Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability and public will to wage war rather than destroying its land or naval forces...

 raid by an airplane.


Key:
  • D indicates translated summary from a sighted version from
  • L indicates data from Lueger 1904.

Zeppelins constructed during World War I

Usage: military
Production number Tactical numbering First flight Remarks
Z XII (Z 12) 14 December 1914 11 attacks in northern France and at the eastern front, dropping 20,000 kg of bombs; By the summer of 1915 the LZ 12 had dropped around 9 tons of bombs on the trunk railway line between Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...

 and Petrograd
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...

 and the stations at Malkin and Bialystok
Bialystok
Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located on the Podlaskie Plain on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland...

; one flight carried a load of 3 tons. Decommissioned on 8 August 1917.
L 4 18 August 1914 11 reconnaissance
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces or features of the environment....

 missions over the North Sea; participated in the first raid of England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 on 20 January 1915. Forced landing in Blavandshuk
Blåvandshuk
Blåvandshuk is a headland on the North Sea coast of Jutland northwest of Esbjerg, and is the westernmost point of metropolitan Denmark.Before January 1, 2007, Blåvandshuk was also the name of a municipality that contained the headland. The municipality covered an area of 223 km², and had a...

 on 17 February 1915 due to a storm; the crew was taken captive, with four members reported missing in action. Flight Magazine 1916 reports that it was probably L 3 that was stranded at Ebsjerg on that day, with the crew of 16 being interned.
L 5 22 September 1914 47 reconnaissance missions over North and Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and...

; proved especially useful in discovering enemy mines; two attack missions, dropping 700 kg bombs; damaged beyond repair by Russian air defense on 7 August 1915
Z X 13 October 1914 Two attacks on Calais
Calais
Calais is a town in Northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras....

 and Paris, dropping 1,800 kg of bombs; on way back damaged by enemy fire and dismantled after forced landing in St. Quirin
Z XI 15 November 1914 Used for raids on Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...

, Grodno and other targets near the eastern front. Destroyed in an accident on 20 May 1915
L 6 3 November 1914 Prominent role in repelling a British Navy attack on German coast on 25 December 1914; 36 reconnaissance missions around North Sea, including marking of mine fields; one successful raid on England, dropping 700 kg of bombs. Took fire during refilling of gas in its hall at Fuhlsbüttel
Fuhlsbüttel
Fuhlsbüttel is an urban quarter in the north of Hamburg, Germany in the district Hamburg-Nord. It is known as the site of Hamburg's international airport, and as the location of a prison which served as a concentration camp in the Nazi system of repression....

 and burnt down together with L 9 on 16 September 1916.
LZ32 L 7 20 November 1914 77 reconnaissance missions over the North Sea; several unsuccessful attempts to attack English coast. Brought down by British cruiser
Cruiser
A cruiser is a type of warship. The term has been in use for several hundreds of years, and has had different meanings throughout this period...

 fire from and Galatea
HMS Galatea (1914)
HMS Galatea was an Arethusa-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy launched on 14 May, 1914 at William Beardmore and Company shipyard....

 and destroyed by the submarine
Submarine
A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability...

 HMS E31
British E class submarine
The British E class submarines started out as improved versions of the British D class submarine. All of the first group and some of the second group were completed before the outbreak of World War I....

 on 4 May 1916
LZ33 L 8 17 December 1914 Used for reconnaissance missions along the western front. Flight Magazine 1916 lists it as "Damaged by British aviator", it wrecked south of Ostend
Ostend
Ostend  is a Belgian city and municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke , Stene and Zandvoorde, and the city of Ostend proper – the largest on the Belgian coast....

 at Tirlemont on 4 March 1915 with the crew of 21 killed.
LZ34   6 January 1915 Two raids at the eastern front, dropping 1110 kg bombs; heavily damaged by enemy fire on 21 June 1915, burnt down following forced landing near Insterburg.
LZ35   11 January 1915 Two raids on Paris and Poperinghe (Belgium), dropping 2420 kg bombs; forced landing near Aeltre (Belgium) due to heavy damage by enemy fire, then destroyed by a storm.
L 9 8 March 1915 74 reconnaissance missions in the North Sea; four raids on England dropping 5683 kg bombs; several attacks on British submarines. Burnt out in its hangar on 16 September 1916 together with L 6.
LZ37   4 March 1915 Flight Magazine 1916 lists LZ 37 as "Destroyed in shed by British aviators" on 7 June 1915 at Evere
Evere
Evere is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. On January 1, 2006 the municipality had a total population of 33,462...

. Brought down by Flt Sub-Lt R Warneford
Reginald Alexander John Warneford
Reginald Alexander John Warneford, VC was a Royal Naval Air Service officer who received the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.-Background:Warneford was born in Darjeeling, India,...

, 1 Sqdn RNAS, flying a Morane-Saulnier Type L
Morane-Saulnier Type L
-Bibliography:* Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps . London:Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0 370 30084 x.* Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8....

, during its first raid on Calais on 7 June 1915. Crashed in Sint-Amandsberg
Sint-Amandsberg
Sint-Amandsberg is a sub-municipality of Ghent, Belgium. The municipality was formed in 1872 after splitting from Oostakker.During the First World War, on 7 June 1915, the German airschip LZ37 crashed after being destroyed by Reginald Warneford. A street was named Reginald Warnefordstreet in...

, next to Ghent
Ghent
Ghent is a city and a municipality located in the Flemish region of Belgium. It is the capital and biggest city of the East Flanders province. The city started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Lys and in the Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of...

 (51°3′43.2"N 3°44′54.7"E). The LZ 37 was based in Gontrode (airport location: ). Warneford was awarded a Victoria Cross
Victoria Cross
The Victoria Cross is the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of various Commonwealth countries, and previous British Empire territories....

 for his actions.
LZ38   3 April 1915 Achieved first bombing raid on London on 31 May 1915 killing 7 and injuring 35 people (with material damage assessed at £18,596), five successful raids on Harwich
Harwich
Harwich is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district. Nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south...

, Ramsgate
Ramsgate
Ramsgate is a seaside town in the district of Thanet in east Kent, England. It was one of the great English seaside towns of the 19th century and is a member of the ancient confederation of Cinque Ports. It has a population of around 40,000. Ramsgate's main attraction is its coastline and its main...

, Southend
Southend-on-Sea
Southend-on-Sea is a unitary authority area, town, and seaside resort in Essex, England. The district has Borough status, and comprises the towns of Chalkwell, Eastwood, Leigh-on-Sea, North Shoebury, Prittlewell, Shoeburyness, Southchurch, Thorpe Bay, and Westcliff-on-Sea. The district is situated...

 (twice) and London, dropping 8360 kg bombs. Flight Magazine 1916 listed LZ 38 as "destroyed in mid-air by British aviator" at Ghent
Ghent
Ghent is a city and a municipality located in the Flemish region of Belgium. It is the capital and biggest city of the East Flanders province. The city started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Lys and in the Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of...

 on 7 June 1915.
LZ39 24 April 1915 Three raids at the western, later two at the eastern front, dropping 4184 kg bombs in total. On 17 December 1915, captained by Dr. Lempertz, during an attack on Rovno
Rivne
Rivne or Rovno is a historic city in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Rivne Oblast , as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Rivne Raion within the oblast...

 LZ-39 was hit several times by artillery shrapnel. All rear gas cells were punctured and the front engine car was hit and later fell off. The crew abandoned the now-stressed control cabin, dropped ballast and shifted loads to rebalance the ship and used an emergency control station in the rear to limp back to Germany. Upon forced landing the ship collapsed because material and a supply of gas needed to refill the cells was not available.
LZ40 L 10 13 May 1915 8 reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; 5 attacks on England dropping 9900 kg bombs, including the first raid on London on 17–18 August 1915 during which Leyton
Leyton
Leyton is an area of north-east London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest, located north east of Charing Cross. It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone; Stratford in Newham; and Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney....

 was bombed causing ten deaths and injuring 48 people. Destroyed in a thunderstorm on 3 September 1915 near Cuxhaven
L 11 7 June 1915 31 reconnaissance missions, notably during the Battle of Jutland
Battle of Jutland
The Battle of Jutland was a naval battle between the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet during the First World War. The battle was fought on 31 May and 1 June 1916 in the North Sea near Jutland, Denmark. It was the largest naval battle and the only...

; 12 raids on England dropping 15,543 kg bombs. Significant raid on Sunderland on 1 April 1916, when 22 people died. Several of the L11 crew transferred to the ill-fated L48 (LZ95). Decommissioned on 25 April 1916
LZ42 LZ72 15 June 1915 Only used as a school ship, as skeleton metal was of poor quality; decommissioned in February 1917
LZ43 L 12 21 June 1915 5 reconnaissance missions; towed back to Ostend
Ostend
Ostend  is a Belgian city and municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke , Stene and Zandvoorde, and the city of Ostend proper – the largest on the Belgian coast....

 after taking heavy damage in a raid on London, Harwich
Harwich
Harwich is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district. Nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south...

 and the Humber
Humber
The Humber is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England. It is formed at Trent Falls, Faxfleet, by the confluence of the tidal River Ouse and the tidal River Trent. From here to the North Sea, it forms part of the boundary between the East Riding of Yorkshire on the north bank...

 region on 10 August 1915 but burned out during subsequent disassembly.
LZ44 LZ74 8 July 1915 Two attacks on England dropping 3500 kg bombs; dismantled after it crashed into a mountain in misty weather on 8 October 1915.
LZ45 L 13 23 July 1915 45 reconnaissance missions; 15 attacks on England dropping 20,667 kg bombs; decommissioned on 25 April 1917
LZ46 L 14 9 August 1915 Most successful German Navy airship; 42 reconnaissance missions; 17 attacks on England dropping 22,045 kg bombs; taken out of service during 1917 and 1918. Destroyed by its crew on 23 June 1919.
LZ47 LZ77 24 August 1915 6 attacks on England and France dropping 12,610 kg bombs. Destroyed by enemy fire on 21 February 1916 in the Battle of Verdun
Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun was one of the major battles during the First World War on the Western Front. It was fought between the German and French armies, from 21 February – 18 December 1916, on hilly terrain north of the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse in north-eastern France...

, killing the crew of 15. Reports at the time indicated LZ 77 had searchlights, eight machine guns, two so-called 'revolver' guns in the top lookout post, was accompanied by fixed-wing aircraft and at least one other Zeppelin and had orders to bomb the nearby railway lines.
LZ48 L 15 9 September 1915 8 reconnaissance missions; 3 attacks on England dropping 5780 kg bombs. Damaged by ground fire from Dartford
Dartford
Dartford is the principal town in the borough of Dartford. It is situated in the northwest corner of Kent, England, east south-east of central London....

 AA battery during a raid on London on 1 April 1916, it was stranded at Kentish Knock Deep in the Thames estuary, the crew of 18 surrendered before the craft sank.
LZ49 LZ79 2 August 1915 Dropped 4440 kg in two attacks on Brest-Litovsk and Kovel
Kovel
Kovel is a city located in the Volyn Oblast , in northwestern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Kovelskyi Raion , the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. The current estimated population is around 65,777.Kovel gives its name to one of the...

 and one attack on Paris on 30 January 1916; thereby hit by French fire and damaged beyond repair in forced landing near Ath
Ath
Ath is a Belgian municipality located in the Walloon province of Hainaut. The Ath municipality includes the old communes of Lanquesaint, Irchonwelz, Ormeignies, Bouvignies, Ostiches, Rebaix, Maffle, Arbre, Houtaing, Ligne, Mainvault, Moulbaix, Villers-Notre-Dame, Villers-Saint-Amand, Ghislenghien...

.
LZ50 L 16 23 September 1915 44 reconnaissance missions; 12 attacks on England dropping 18,048 kg bombs; delivered supplies to German isles in winter 1916. Damaged beyond repair in a forced landing near Brunsbüttel
Brunsbüttel
Brunsbüttel is a town in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany that lies on the mouth of the Elbe river, near the North Sea. It is the location of the western entrance to the Kiel Canal, the eastern entrance being located at Kiel-Holtenau...

 on 19 October 1917.
LZ51 LZ81 7 October 1915 Used at the South-Eastern and the Western Front; transported a diplomatic commission over enemy Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...

 on 9 November 1915; one attack on Étaples
Étaples
Étaples or Étaples-sur-Mer is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It is a fishing and leisure port on the Canche river.There is a separate commune named Staple, Nord.-History:...

 (France) and two attacks on Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

, dropping 4513 kg bombs in total; stranded near Turnovo (Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...

) on 27 September 1916. (Luftschifferalltag Christmas celebration table under the Z 81 in its hangar)
LZ52 L 18 3 November 1915 Destroyed in shed fire at Tondern on 17 November 1915
L 17 20 October 1915 27 reconnaissance missions; 9 attacks on England dropping 10,724 kg bombs. Destroyed in its hangar on December 28, 1916 when LZ69 "L 24" broke its back and took fire across the hall's entrance.
L.19
Zeppelin L.19 (LZ 54)
The airship L.19 was a World War I, Zeppelin of the German Kaiserliche Marine . While returning from her first bombing raid on the United Kingdom in early-1916, she came down in the North Sea...

27 November 1915 It raided England on 31 January 1916, dropping 1600 kg bombs. On 2 February 1916 after a raid on England with three engines failing, it came under Dutch
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...

 fire and sank in the North Sea
North Sea
In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively...

, drowning all crew members as nearby English fishing trawler "King Stephen" refused any help to them. In the last hours Kapitan-Leutnant Loewe and his crew dropped into the sea their last messages
Message in a bottle
A message in a bottle is a form of communication whereby a message is sealed in a container and released into the sea or ocean...

, which washed up six months later in Sweden. On 23 April 1916 Torpedo boat
Torpedo boat
A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval vessel designed to carry torpedoes into battle. The first designs rammed enemy ships with explosive spar torpedoes, and later designs launched self-propelled Whitehead torpedoes. They were created to counter battleships and other large, slow and...

 G41 attacked and sank the King Stephen, taking its crew prisoner.
LZ55 LZ85 12 September 1915 6 attacks dropping 14,200 kg on Dünaburg (Latvia
Latvia
Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...

), Minsk
Minsk
- Ecological situation :The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Center of Radioactive and Environmental Control .During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons. The change of gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened...

, the railroads of Riga
Riga
Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 702,891 inhabitants Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial,...

, and Saloniki
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki , historically also known as Thessalonica, Salonika or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace...

 (three times); damaged by fire from Battleship on 5 May 1916, it was stranded in the Wardar marshes
LZ56 LZ86 10 October 1915 7 attacks dropping 14,800 kg bombs along the Eastern and South-Eastern front; crashed on 3 September 1916 when the fore and aft nacelle broke away from the ship's hull after a raid.
LZ57 LZ87 6 December 1915 2 attacks on Ramsgate
Ramsgate
Ramsgate is a seaside town in the district of Thanet in east Kent, England. It was one of the great English seaside towns of the 19th century and is a member of the ancient confederation of Cinque Ports. It has a population of around 40,000. Ramsgate's main attraction is its coastline and its main...

 and Margate
Margate
-Demography:As of the 2001 UK census, Margate had a population of 40,386.The ethnicity of the town was 97.1% white, 1.0% mixed race, 0.5% black, 0.8% Asian, 0.6% Chinese or other ethnicity....

 dropping 3000 kg bombs; in July 1916 handed to the German Navy; 16 reconnaissance missions around the Baltic Sea; later used as a school ship. Decommissioned in July 1917.
LZ58 LZ88/L 25 14 November 1915 14 reconnaissance missions; 3 attacks dropping 4249 kg bombs along the Western Front; in January 1917 handed to the German Navy who used it for experimenting. Decommissioned in September 1917.
LZ59 L 20 21 November 1915
6 reconnaissance missions; 2 attacks on England dropping 2864 kg bombs; ran out of fuel after raiding Scotland on 3 May 1916, drifted and stranded near Stavanger
Stavanger
Stavanger is a city and municipality in the county of Rogaland, Norway.Stavanger municipality has a population of 126,469. There are 197,852 people living in the Stavanger conurbation, making Stavanger the fourth largest city, but the third largest urban area, in Norway...

 (Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...

). The crew destroyed the airship. 16 were captured, 3 died. Kapitänleutnant Stabbert escaped six months later.
LZ90 1 January 1916 4 attacks on Bar-le-Duc
Bar-le-Duc
Bar-le-Duc, formerly known as Bar, is a commune in the Meuse département, of which it is the préfecture . The department is in Lorraine in north-eastern France-Geography:...

, Norwich
Norwich
Norwich is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom...

, London and Etaples
Étaples
Étaples or Étaples-sur-Mer is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It is a fishing and leisure port on the Canche river.There is a separate commune named Staple, Nord.-History:...

, dropping 8860 kg bombs; on 7 November 1916 broke loose in the direction of the North Sea in a storm and never seen again.
L 21 10 January 1916 17 reconnaissance missions; 10 attacks on England dropping 14,442 kg bombs; intercepted and destroyed by English fighter pilots Flight–Lieutenant Egbert Cadbury
Egbert Cadbury
Air Commodore Sir Egbert Cadbury DSC, DFC was a First World War pilot who shot down two Zeppelins over the North Sea: L21 on 28 November 1916, and L70 on 6 August 1918: the latter while flying a De Havilland DH.4 with Robert Leckie as Observer/Gunner.The son of George Cadbury and Dame Elizabeth...

, flying RAF BE 2C, No. 8265 , Flight Sub–Lieutenant Gerard William Reginald Fane, flying RAF BE 2C No. 8421 and Flight Sub–Lieutenant Edward Laston Pulling, flying RAF BE 2C, No. 8626, firing phosphor
Incendiary ammunition
-World War I:One of the first uses of incendiary ammunition occurred in World War I. At the time, phosphorus—the primary ingredient in the incendiary charge—ignited upon firing, leaving a trail of blue smoke. They were also known as 'smoke tracer' for this reason. The effective range of...

 rounds. L21 fell into the sea about eight miles east of Lowestoft on 28 November 1916. There were no survivors.
L 30 28 May 1916 First of the "Super-Zeppelin" Class, it had a volume of 55,200m3. 10 raids on England dropping 23,305 kg bombs (however causing limited damage due to poor sight); 31 reconnaissance missions above the North and Baltic Sea and at the Eastern Front; retired on 17 November 1917 and laided up at Seerappen. In 1920 ordered to be transferred to Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

 in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

, where it was disassembled. Some components, including an engine car, are preserved at the Royal Army and Military History Museum, Brussels.
LZ93 23 February 1916 Three attacks on Dunkirk, Mardick and Harwich
Harwich
Harwich is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district. Nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south...

, dropping 3240 kg bombs. Decommissioned in 1917.
L 22 3 March 1916 30 reconnaissance missions; 8 attacks on England, dropping 9215 kg bombs; destroyed by British Curtis H12 Flying Boat flown by RNAS Flight Commander Robert Leckie
Robert Leckie (aviator)
Air Marshal Robert Leckie CB, DSO, DSC, DFC, CD was a Canadian aviation pioneer and Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1944 to 1947.- First World War service :...

 (later Air Vice Marshal) near Terschelling
Terschelling
Terschelling is a municipality and an island in the northern Netherlands, one of the West Frisian Islands.Waddenislanders are known for their resourcefulness in using anything and everything that washes ashore. With few trees to use for timber, most of the farms and barns are built with masts...

 on 14 May 1917 during a reconnaissance mission. (Leckie was also credited in the downing on LZ112/L70)
LZ95 1 February 1916 Destroyed by French anti-aircraft fire on 21 February 1915 during an attempted attack on Vitry-le-François
Vitry-le-François
Vitry-le-François is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. It is located on the Marne River and is the western terminus of the Marne-Rhine Canal.- History :In 1142, Louis VII invaded Champagne and seized Vitry-le-François...

.
L 23 8 April 1916 51 reconnaissance missions; 3 attacks on England dropping a total of 5,254 kg bombs; destroyed on 21 August 1917 by 2/Lt Bernard A Smart flying a Sopwith Pup
Sopwith Pup
The Sopwith Pup was a British single seater biplane fighter aircraft built by the Sopwith Aviation Company. It entered service with the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service in the autumn of 1916. With pleasant flying characteristics and good maneuverability, the aircraft proved very...

 launched from a platform on the cruiser . Smart later led the Tondern raid which destroyed L54 & L60.
LZ97 4 April 1916 4 attacks on London (twice), Boulogne
Boulogne-sur-Mer
-Road:* Metropolitan bus services are operated by the TCRB* Coach services to Calais and Dunkerque* A16 motorway-Rail:* The main railway station is Gare de Boulogne-Ville and located in the south of the city....

 and, later, Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

, dropping 5760 kg bombs, plus several unsuccessful flights in bad weather. Decommissioned on 5 July 1917.
LZ98 28 April 1916 One attack on London dropping 1513 kg bombs, plus several flights aborted due to bad weather; handed to the German Navy in November 1916; 15 reconnaissance missions around the Baltic Sea. Decommissioned in August 1917.
L 24 20 May 1916 19 reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; 4 raids on England dropping 8510 kg bombs; crashed into a wall while being "stabled" on 28 December 1916 and burned out together with LZ53 "L 17".
LZ70 Not realized
LZ101 29 June 1916 Stationed in Yambol
Yambol
Yambol is a city in southeastern Bulgaria, an administrative centre of Yambol Province. It lies on both banks of the Tundzha river in the historical region of Thrace. As of February 2011, the town has a population of 72,843 inhabitants. It is occasionally spelt 'Jambol'.The administrative centres...

 (Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...

); 7 attacks dropping 11,934 kg bombs on Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

, Ciulniţa
Ciulnita
Ciulniţa is a commune located in Ialomiţa County, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Ciulniţa, Ion Ghica, Ivăneşti and Poiana....

, Feteşti
Fetesti
Feteşti is a city and municipality in Ialomiţa County, Romania, with a population of 34,076. It is located in the Bărăgan plain, on the Borcea branch of the Danube. Feteşti has the second largest population in Ialomiţa, after Slobozia....

, Galaţi
Galati
Galați is a city and municipality in Romania, the capital of Galați County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, in the close vicinity of Brăila, Galați is the largest port and sea port on the Danube River and the second largest Romanian port....

, Odessa
Odessa
Odessa or Odesa is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 .The predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar settlement,...

, Mytilene
Mytilene
Mytilene is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is the capital of the island of Lesbos. Mytilene, whose name is pre-Greek, is built on the...

, Iaşi
Iasi
Iași is the second most populous city and a municipality in Romania. Located in the historical Moldavia region, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life...

 and Mudros. Disassembled in September 1917.
L 31 12 July 1916
One important reconnaissance mission in fleet operation against Sunderland; 6 attacks on England dropping 19,411 kg bombs; with L 32, L 33 and L 34 part of Zeppelin raid on night of 1916-09-23; intercepted and destroyed by British fighter pilot Lt V Tempest on October 2, 1916 near Potters Bar, North of London, while commanded by the leading airship commander of the time, Kapitän Leutnant Heinrich Mathy, who perished with his entire crew, after jumping from the flaming Zeppelin and perishing some time after impact with the ground.
LZ103 23 August 1916 One successful attack on Calais
Calais
Calais is a town in Northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras....

 dropping 1530 kg bombs (several other attacks being cancelled or aborted due to poor weather); decommissioned in August 1917
L 32 4 August 1916 One important reconnaissance mission in fleet operation against Sunderland; three attacks on England dropping 6860 kg bombs; commanded by Kapitan-Leutnant Werner Petersen, with L 31, L 33 and L 34 part of Zeppelin raid on night of 1916-09-23; intercepted and destroyed by 39 Squadron British fighter pilot 2/Lt Frederick Sowrey in a BE2
Be2
The online matchmaking company be2 is one of the leading matchmakers worldwide. Internationally, be2 is represented in 37 countries..-History:...

c on September 24, 1916 near Great Burstead, Essex, all the crew dying. The crew's bodies were buried at Great Burstead, then in 1966 exhumed and reburied at Cannock Chase
Cannock Chase
Cannock Chase is a mixed area of countryside in the county of Staffordshire, England. The area has been designated as the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Chase gives its name to the Cannock Chase local government district....

.
L 37 9 November 1916 17 reconnaissance missions around the North and Baltic Sea and England; 4 raids dropping 6450 kg bombs; retired on 24 December 1917; transferred to Japan in 1920 (disassembled)
L 33 30 August 1916 Part of the Zeppelin group that bombed London and surrounding counties (L31, L32, L33 and L34); during its first mission, in which 3200 kg bombs had been dropped, after an anti-aircraft shell seriously damaged it, commander Kapitan-Leutnant Alois Bocker turned over Essex and was attacked by 39 Home Defence Squadron
No. 39 Squadron RAF
No. 39 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the MQ-9 Reaper since 2007, operating from Creech AFB, Nevada, USA.-World War I:39 Squadron was founded at Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in April 1916 with B.E.2s and Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12s in an attempt to defend against German Zeppelin raids on...

 night fighters from Hainault Farm and hit several times (credit for disabling given to B.E.2c No. 4544), but even after dropping guns and equipment Bocker decided it would not make it back across the North Sea, forced landing in Little Wigborough, Essex
Essex
Essex is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west...

 24 September 1916 with no fatalities, the crew were only partly successful in burning the hull, and British engineers examined the skeleton and later used the plans as a basis for the construction of airships R33 and R34
LZ107 16 October 1916 One attack on Boulogne
Boulogne-sur-Mer
-Road:* Metropolitan bus services are operated by the TCRB* Coach services to Calais and Dunkerque* A16 motorway-Rail:* The main railway station is Gare de Boulogne-Ville and located in the south of the city....

, France, dropping 1440 kg bombs (several other raids being cancelled or aborted). Decommissioned in July 1917.
L 34 22 September 1916 Three reconnaissance missions; two attacks on England dropping 3890 kg bombs; intercepted and destroyed by British fighter pilot 2/Lt Ian Pyott in BE2c 2738 off Hartlepool
Hartlepool
Hartlepool is a town and port in North East England.It was founded in the 7th century AD, around the Northumbrian monastery of Hartlepool Abbey. The village grew during the Middle Ages and developed a harbour which served as the official port of the County Palatine of Durham. A railway link from...

 on 28 November 1916.Pyott was so close that his face was scorched
L 41 15 January 1917 15 reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; four attacks on England dropping 6567 kg bombs; used as a school ship from December 11, 1917 on. Destroyed by its crew on 23 June 1919.
L 35 20 October 1916 13 reconnaissance missions around the North and Baltic Sea; three attacks on England dropping 4284 kg bombs; decommissioned in September 1918.
LZ81 LZ111 20 December 1916 Not used in the German Army and transferred to Navy in May 1917; 7 reconnaissance missions around the Baltic Sea. Decommissioned on 10 August 1917.
LZ82 L 36 1 November 1916 20 flights around the North Sea and England, including four reconnaissance missions; damaged during landing in fog at Rehben-an-der-Aller on 7 February 1917 and decommissioned.
LZ113 22 February 1917 15 reconnaissance missions around the Eastern Front and the Baltic Sea; three attacks dropping 6000 kg bombs. In 1920 ordered to be transferred to France in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

.
LZ84 L 38 22 November 1916 Damaged beyond repair in a forced landing (due to heavy snowfall) during an attempted raid on Reval and Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...

 on 29 December 1916
LZ85 L 45 12 April 1917 12 reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; 3 attacks on England dropping 4700 kg bombs. Ran out of fuel on 20 October 1917; destroyed in forced landing near Sisteron
Sisteron
Sisteron is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.Sisteron is situated on the banks of the River Durance just after the confluence of the rivers Buëch and Sasse...

, France, the crew being taken captive.
LZ86 L 39 11 December 1916 Two reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; one attack on England dropping 300 kg bombs, and on return destroyed by French flak fire near Compiègne
Compiègne
Compiègne is a city in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Oise.The city is located along the Oise River...

 on 17 March 1917.
L 47 11 May 1917 18 reconnaissance missions and three attacks dropping 3240 kg bombs around the North Sea and England. On 5 January 1918, a giant explosion in the air base in Ahlhorn destroyed four Zeppelins (including L 47) and one non-Zeppelin-type airship, stabled in three adjacent hangars. This is supposed to have been an accident, though sabotage
Sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening another entity through subversion, obstruction, disruption, or destruction. In a workplace setting, sabotage is the conscious withdrawal of efficiency generally directed at causing some change in workplace conditions. One who engages in sabotage is...

 could not be ruled out.
LZ88 L 40 3 January 1917 6 reconnaissance missions; 2 attacks on England, dropping 3105 kg bombs (large parts of which missed their targets). Damaged beyond repair in a failed landing on 16 June 1917 in Nordholz
Nordholz
Nordholz is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approx. 25 km north of Bremerhaven, and 12 km southwest of Cuxhaven.Nordholz belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180...

.
LZ89 L 50 9 June 1917 5 reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; two attacks on England dropping 4135 kg bombs. Ran out of fuel on 20 October 1917 and was driven to the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant...

 after a forced landing near Dammartin, France.
LZ120 31 January 1917 17 reconnaissance missions and 3 attacks dropping 11,250 kg bombs around the Eastern Front and the Baltic Sea. Retired on October 8, 1917; in 1920 ordered to be transferred to Italy in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

, where it broke apart one year later while gas was removed.
LZ91 L 42 21 February 1917 First of the "Height-Climber" class, which had a lightened structure to improve altitude. The strength of the structure was therefore compromised, which proved disastrous when unwittingly copied, as with the British R38 (ZR-2), and . 20 reconnaissance missions; 4 attacks on England dropping 6030 kg bombs; used as a school ship from June 6, 1918 on. Destroyed by its crew on June 23, 1919.
L 43 6 March 1917 6 reconnaissance missions; one attack on English docks, dropping 1850 kg bombs. Shot down by British fighter aircraft on 14 June 1917 during reconnaissance mission.
LZ93 L 44 1 April 1917 8 reconnaissance missions; 4 attacks on England and British Royal Navy units. Driven south to France by a heavy storm, it was shot down over Lunéville
Lunéville
Lunéville is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in France.It is a sub-prefecture of the department and lies on the Meurthe River.-History:...

 on 20 October 1917.
LZ94 L 46 24 April 1917 19 reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; 3 raids on England dropping 5700 kg bombs. Destroyed in the Ahlhorn explosion (see LZ87 "L 47").
L 48 22 May 1917 Several of the L 11 crew transferred to the L 48; one reconnaissance mission successful. As part of an attempted attack on London with 3 others became lost and was then intercepted and destroyed by British fighters over sea near Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth, often known to locals as Yarmouth, is a coastal town in Norfolk, England. It is at the mouth of the River Yare, east of Norwich.It has been a seaside resort since 1760, and is the gateway from the Norfolk Broads to the sea...

 on 17 June 1917 crashing near Leiston
Leiston
Leiston is a town in eastern Suffolk, England. It is situated near Saxmundham and Aldeburgh, about from the North Sea coast and is northeast of Ipswich and northeast from London...

. Three survivors; crew buried at Theberton
Theberton
Theberton is a village in Suffolk, England. It is located northeast of Saxmundham, its post town. Located within the village is a National school for both sexes and Theberton Hall...

, Suffolk.
LZ96 L 49 13 June 1917 Two reconnaissance missions around the North Sea; one raid on England dropping 2100 kg bombs; while returning, forced to land near Bourbonne-les-Bains
Bourbonne-les-Bains
Bourbonne-les-Bains is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.-Spa:Bourbonne is a health resort due to hot springs. These thermal springs were known to the Gauls and to the Romans who built baths...

 on 20 October 1917 and captured almost undamaged by French forces. Plans derived from LZ96 were later used in the United States for construction of the first US "zeppelin", the , also used for the design of the British R38.
LZ97 L 51 6 June 1917 3 reconnaissance missions; one raid on the English coast, dropping 280 kg bombs. Destroyed in the Ahlhorn explosion (see LZ87 "L 47").
LZ98 L 52 14 July 1917 20 reconnaissance missions; accidentally placed above London by an unexpected storm during a raid, it dropped 2020 kg bombs there. Destroyed by its crew on 23 June 1919. This photograph on 19 March 1918 shows 32 crew with Kapitänleutnant Friemel. Selected L 52 crew photographs: http://www.webtob.com/gerstl/gerstlde.htm, http://www.webtob.com/gerstl/gerstldf.htm, http://www.webtob.com/gerstl/gerstldg.htm, http://www.webtob.com/gerstl/gerstldj.htm and http://www.webtob.com/gerstl/gerstldk.htm.
L 54 13 August 1917 14 reconnaissance missions; two attacks on England dropping 5840 kg bombs; destroyed together with L 60 when seven British Sopwith Camel
Sopwith Camel
The Sopwith Camel was a British First World War single-seat biplane fighter introduced on the Western Front in 1917. Manufactured by Sopwith Aviation Company, it had a short-coupled fuselage, heavy, powerful rotary engine, and concentrated fire from twin synchronized machine guns. Though difficult...

 fighters from the first aircraft carrier
Aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship designed with a primary mission of deploying and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing airbase. Aircraft carriers thus allow a naval force to project air power worldwide without having to depend on local bases for staging aircraft operations...

, , bombed the halls in Tondern. (Only two fighters returned to the Furious, though three of the others landed in Denmark after running low on fuel.)
LZ100 L 53 8 August 1917 19 reconnaissance missions; 4 attacks on England, dropping 11,930 kg bombs. Intercepted and destroyed by British Sopwith Camel N6812 flown by Lt Culley RAF, who took off from a lighter towed by the destroyer HMS Redoubt, on 11 August 1918
LZ101 L 55 1 September 1917 Two attacks dropping 5450 kg bombs. Heavily damaged in the second one on 19 October 1917, it drifted behind western front and rose to Zeppelin all-time world record altitude of 7600 m to escape; then dismantled upon forced landing.
LZ102 L 57 26 September 1917 Not used in combat; foreseen for engagement in Africa. Damaged beyond repair by heavy wind on 8 October 1917.
LZ103 L 56 24 September 1917 17 reconnaissance missions; participated in the last raid on England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 on 6 August 1918. Destroyed by its crew on 23 June 1919.
LZ104
Zeppelin LZ104
Zeppelin LZ 104 , designated L.59 by the German Imperial Navy and nicknamed Das Afrika-Schiff , was a German dirigible during World War I, famed for attempting a long-distance resupply mission of the beleaguered garrison of Germany's East Africa colony.-Africa flight :The L.59 was a naval airship...

L 59 30 October 1917
Known as das Afrika-Schiff, stationed in Yambol
Yambol
Yambol is a city in southeastern Bulgaria, an administrative centre of Yambol Province. It lies on both banks of the Tundzha river in the historical region of Thrace. As of February 2011, the town has a population of 72,843 inhabitants. It is occasionally spelt 'Jambol'.The administrative centres...

 (Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...

); L 59 started out on a mission to resupply German troops in German East Africa
German East Africa
German East Africa was a German colony in East Africa, which included what are now :Burundi, :Rwanda and Tanganyika . Its area was , nearly three times the size of Germany today....

, but turned back upon (false) reports of a German surrender; nevertheless, the ship broke a long-distance flight record (6757 km in 95 hours and 5 minutes). One attack on Naples
Naples
Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples...

, Italy dropped 6400 kg of bombs. Crashed during a raid on Malta
Malta
Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia and north of Libya, with Gibraltar to the west and Alexandria to the east.Malta covers just over in...

 on 7 April 1918 for unknown reasons.
L 58 29 October 1917 Two reconnaissance missions; destroyed in the Ahlhorn explosion (see LZ87 "L 47")
L 61 12 December 1917 9 reconnaissance missions; two attacks on England dropping 4500 kg bombs; in 1920 ordered to be transferred to Italy in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

.
L 62 19 January 1918 Two reconnaissance missions; two attacks on England dropping 5923 kg bombs; on the raid on 12/13 April 1918 her gunners managed to damage and drive away an attacking airplane, the only known instance of this happening. Crashed north of Helgoland on 10 May 1918: shot down by Felixstowe F2A flying-boat N4291, Capt TC Pattinson and Capt TH Munday.
L 60 18 December 1917 11 reconnaissance missions; one attack on England dropping 3,120 kg of bombs; destroyed together with L 54 when British Sopwith Camel
Sopwith Camel
The Sopwith Camel was a British First World War single-seat biplane fighter introduced on the Western Front in 1917. Manufactured by Sopwith Aviation Company, it had a short-coupled fuselage, heavy, powerful rotary engine, and concentrated fire from twin synchronized machine guns. Though difficult...

 fighters launched from the aircraft carrier bombed the halls.
L 64 11 March 1918 13 reconnaissance missions over the North Sea; with L60, L61, L62, and L63 raided north England dropping 2800 kg in bombs. In 1920 transferred to England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 as war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

. Scrapped at short notice when hangar required for the damaged British R36.
L 63 4 March 1918 Dropped 8915 kg bombs in three attacks on England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

, including participation in the last raid on England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 on 6 August 1918. Destroyed by its crew on 23 June 1919.
LZ111 L 65 17 April 1918 Participated in last raid on England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 on 6 August 1918. Destroyed by its crew on 23 June 1919.
L 70 1 July 1918 Directed last raid on England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 on 6 August 1918, with KK Peter Strasser
Peter Strasser
Peter Strasser was chief commander of German Imperial Navy Zeppelins during World War I, the main force operating bombing campaigns from 1915 to 1917. He was killed when flying the war's last airship raid over Great Britain....

, Commander of the Navy Airship Department on board; intercepted and destroyed over North Sea by British DeHavilland DH-4 flown by Major Egbert Cadbury
Egbert Cadbury
Air Commodore Sir Egbert Cadbury DSC, DFC was a First World War pilot who shot down two Zeppelins over the North Sea: L21 on 28 November 1916, and L70 on 6 August 1918: the latter while flying a De Havilland DH.4 with Robert Leckie as Observer/Gunner.The son of George Cadbury and Dame Elizabeth...

 with Captain Robert Leckie
Robert Leckie (aviator)
Air Marshal Robert Leckie CB, DSO, DSC, DFC, CD was a Canadian aviation pioneer and Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1944 to 1947.- First World War service :...

 (later Air Vice-Marshal) as gunner. Both these men shot down two Zeppelins: prior to L70, Cadbury had downed L21 and Leckie, L22.
L 71 29 July 1918 Not used in war; in 1920 ordered to be transferred to England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

. Scrapped at short notice when hangar required for the damaged British R36.
L 72; in France: "Dixmude
French airship Dixmude
The LZ 114 was an airship of the German Navy, later given to France as war reparation and recommissioned in Navy service as Dixmude. She was lost at sea with all hands on the 21st of December 1923....

"
9 February 1920 Not delivered because war ended; in 1920 ordered to be transferred to France in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

 and handed over on 9 July 1920 and renamed Dixmude. Made then world record duration flight of 118 hours. Vanished over Mediterranean in December 1923 killing all aboard.
LZ115 Not constructed (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ116 Not constructed (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ117 Not constructed (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ118 Not constructed (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ119 Not constructed (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)


This September 1917 group photograph shows these Navy Zeppelin captains: Manger (L 41), von Freudenreich (L 47), Schwonder (L 50), Prölss (L 53), Bockholt (L 57), Peter Strasser
Peter Strasser
Peter Strasser was chief commander of German Imperial Navy Zeppelins during World War I, the main force operating bombing campaigns from 1915 to 1917. He was killed when flying the war's last airship raid over Great Britain....

 (FdL - Führer der Luftschiffe), Gayer (L 49), Stabbert (L 44), Ehrlich (L 35), Dietrich (L 42), Hollender (L 46), Dose (L 51) and Friemel (L 52).

Zeppelins constructed after World War I

Production number Name Usage First flight Remarks Image
"Bodensee"; in Italy: "Esperia" civilian; in Italy: ? 20 August 1919 Included a first-class passenger section; used by DELAG until 1921, then ordered to be transferred renamed as Esperia (lower image) to Italy in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

. Arrived in Rome from Staaken on 25 December 1921.
"Nordstern"; in France: "Méditerranée" civilian (intended); in France: ? 13 June 1921 Intended for regular flights to Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...

; ordered to be transferred to France in the context of war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...

.
LZ122 not realized (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ123 not realized (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ124 not realized (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
LZ125 not realized (construction forbidden by World War I Allied Powers)
ZR-3, USS Los Angeles
USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)
The second USS Los Angeles was a rigid airship, designated ZR-3, that was built in 1923-1924 by the Zeppelin factory in Friedrichshafen, Germany, where it was originally designated LZ-126...

 (in the United States)
experimental, military 27 August 1924 Ordered by the United States; transferred from Friedrichshafen
Friedrichshafen
This article is about a German town. For the Danish town, see Frederikshavn, and for the Finnish town, see Fredrikshamn .Friedrichshafen is a university city on the northern side of Lake Constance in Southern Germany, near the borders with Switzerland and Austria.It is the district capital of the...

 to Lakehurst
Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst
JB MDL Lakehurst is a United States Navy base located approximately south-southeast of Trenton, New Jersey. Lakehurst is under the jurisdiction of the Naval Air Systems Command...

 in 81 hours and 2 minutes, arriving on 15 October 1924, 9:52. Most successful US airship, with just under 4,400 hours of successful flight in US Navy service. Dismantled in August 1940.
"Graf Zeppelin
LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin
LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin was a German built and operated passenger-carrying hydrogen-filled rigid airship which operated commercially from 1928 to 1937. It was named after the German pioneer of airships, Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who was a Graf or Count in the German nobility. During its operating life,...

"
civilian 18 September 1928 Most successful airship in history; regular flights to North
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

 and South America; world tour in 1929, Arctic
Arctic
The Arctic is a region located at the northern-most part of the Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost...

 trip in 1931. Dismantled in 1940 upon order of Hermann Göring
Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring, was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. He was a veteran of World War I as an ace fighter pilot, and a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite, also known as "The Blue Max"...

.
Project abandoned in favor of LZ129
"Hindenburg
LZ 129 Hindenburg
LZ 129 Hindenburg was a large German commercial passenger-carrying rigid airship, the lead ship of the Hindenburg class, the longest class of flying machine and the largest airship by envelope volume...

" (first Hindenburg class airship
Hindenburg class airship
The two Hindenburg-class airships were passenger carrying rigid airships built in Germany in the 1930s and named in honor of Paul von Hindenburg. They were the last such aircraft ever built, and in terms of their length and volume, the largest aircraft ever to fly...

)
civilian 4 March 1936 Intended for filling with helium
Helium
Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table...

 gas instead of flammable hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...

, which was, however, refused to be provided to Germany mainly by the US. Regular voyages to North and South America. Destroyed in Hindenburg disaster
Hindenburg disaster
The Hindenburg disaster took place on Thursday, May 6, 1937, as the German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station, which is located adjacent to the borough of Lakehurst, New Jersey...

 on 6 May 1937.
"Graf Zeppelin II
LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin
The Graf Zeppelin II was the last of the great German rigid airships built by the Zeppelin Luftschiffbau during the period between the World Wars, the second and final ship of the Hindenburg class named in honor of Paul von Hindenburg...

" (second Hindenburg class airship)
civilian 14 September 1938 Total 30 flights (36,550 km, 409 hrs), mainly flight testing but also electronic warfare and radio interception over English coast and Polish/German border. Modified for helium, but none provided by US. Last flight 20 August 1939. Dismantled in 1940 upon order of Hermann Göring
Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring, was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. He was a veteran of World War I as an ace fighter pilot, and a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite, also known as "The Blue Max"...

.
not finished

See also

  • List of Parseval airships
  • List of Schütte-Lanz rigid airships
    Schütte-Lanz
    Schütte-Lanz is the name of a series of rigid airships designed and built by the Luftschiffbau Schütte-Lanz company from 1909 until the last LS22 was delivered in 1917. One research and four passenger airships were planned for post-war use, but were never built...

  • List of airships of the United States Navy
  • Rigid airship
    Rigid airship
    A rigid airship is a type of airship in which the envelope retained its shape by the use of an internal structural framework rather than by being forced into shape by the pressure of the lifting gas within the envelope as used in blimps and semi-rigid airships.Rigid airships were produced and...


Further reading

  • Airships.net Detailed nformation and photographs (interior and exterior), primarily about commercial Zeppelins
  • eZEP.de — The webportal for Zeppelin mail and airship memorabilia
  • silhoeuttes of important Zeppelins from 1900 to 1919, Lueger 1904–1920, shows LZ: 1,3,5,6,8,10,13,14,18,21,23,25,26,36,40,59,62,91,94,95,100,104,113,120
  • Important airship types, Lueger 1904–1920, Table 1 lists data on selected Zeppelins
  • fengatesroad.com story of L21's last flight
  • Luftschiffe in Tondern - illustrated list of Zeppelins stationed at Tønder
    Tønder
    Tønder is a municipality in Region of Southern Denmark on the Jutland peninsula in south Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 1,278 km², and has a total population of 40,367...

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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