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Posterior pituitary
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| f ing Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxytocin Oxytocin Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.It is best known for its roles in female reproduction: it is released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating childbirth and breastfeeding, respectively.... | Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are large cell s within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. They are also found in smaller numbers in accessory cell groups between these two nuclei, the largest one being the nucleus circularis.... s | Contraction of cervix Cervix The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall.... and vagina Vagina The vagina is a fibromuscular cylinder tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles.... Involved in orgasm Orgasm An orgasm is the conclusion of the Human sexual response cycle#Plateau phase of Human sexual response cycle, and may be experienced by both males and females.... , trust between people. and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness). release breast milk | |
| Vasopressin Vasopressin Arginine vasopressin , also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone , is a hormone found in most mammals, including humans.... or antidiuretic hormone | AVP or ADH | Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are large cell s within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. They are also found in smaller numbers in accessory cell groups between these two nuclei, the largest one being the nucleus circularis.... s | retention of water in kidney Kidney The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine.... s moderate vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, arterioles and veins.... |
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored.
Intermediate pituitaryPars intermedia
Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells - Anterior pituitary basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts....
lobe (pars intermedia)
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Melanocyte-stimulating hormone The melanocyte-stimulating hormones are a class of peptide hormones that in nature are produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.... | MSH | Melanotroph Melanotroph A Melanotroph is a cell in the pituitary gland which generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone from its precursor Proopiomelanocortin.... | melanogenesis by melanocyte Melanocyte Melanocytes are cell located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis , the middle layer of the eye , the inner ear, meninges, bones and heart.... s in skin Skin The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial biological tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and organ s.... and hair Hair Hair is a protein filament that epidermal growth from hair follicle deep within the dermis. The fine, soft hair found on many nonhuman mammals is typically called fur; wool is the characteristically curly hair found on sheep and goats.... . |
ThyroidThyroid
The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the neck inferior to the thyroid cartilage and at approximately the same level as the cricoid cartilage....
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine, carbonhydrogeniodinenitrogenoxygen, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone.Thyroid-stimulating hormone activates the production of thyroxine and T3.... | T3 | Thyroid epithelial cell Thyroid epithelial cell Thyroid epithelial cells are cells in the thyroid gland that produce and secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine .The main function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine .Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine.... | potent form of thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine , are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine.... : increase the basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state . The release of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain and the rest of the nervous system, liver, kidneys, sex organs, muscles and sk... & sensitivity to catecholamine Catecholamine Catecholamines are chemical compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Their name is derived from the fact that they contain catechol and amine moieties.... s, affect protein synthesis Protein synthesis Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and RNA. Proteins can often be synthesized directly from genes by Translation mRNA. When a protein is harmful and needs to be available on short notice or in large quantities, a protein precursor is produced.... |
| Thyroxine Thyroxine Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetra?iodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.... or tetraiodothyronine | T4 | Thyroid epithelial cell Thyroid epithelial cell Thyroid epithelial cells are cells in the thyroid gland that produce and secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine .The main function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine .Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine.... s | less active form of thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine , are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine.... : increase the basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state . The release of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain and the rest of the nervous system, liver, kidneys, sex organs, muscles and sk... & sensitivity to catecholamine Catecholamine Catecholamines are chemical compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Their name is derived from the fact that they contain catechol and amine moieties.... s, affect protein synthesis Protein synthesis Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins using DNA and RNA. Proteins can often be synthesized directly from genes by Translation mRNA. When a protein is harmful and needs to be available on short notice or in large quantities, a protein precursor is produced.... , often functions as a prohormone Prohormone A prohormone is a substance that is a precursor to a hormone, usually having minimal hormonal effect by itself. The term has been used in medical science since the middle of the 20th century.... |
| Calcitonin Calcitonin Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is producedin humans primarily by the Parafollicular cell cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body.... | Parafollicular cell Parafollicular cell Parafollicular cells are cells in the thyroid which produce and secrete calcitonin. They are located adjacent to the thyroid follicles and reside in the connective tissue.... s | Construct bone
reduce blood Ca2+ Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earth's Crust .... |
Parathyroid
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone , or parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin acts to decrease calcium concentration.... | PTH | Parathyroid chief cell Parathyroid chief cell Parathyroid chief cells are cell in the parathyroid glands which produce parathyroid hormone.The end result of increased secretion by the chief cells of a parathyroid gland is an increase in the blood plasma level of Calcium.... | increase blood Ca2+ Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earth's Crust .... : *indirectly stimulate osteoclast Osteoclast An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. This process is known as bone resorption.... s
Phosphate A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.... :
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HeartHeart
The heart is a muscle organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods....
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atrial-natriuretic peptide | ANP | Cardiac myocytes Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary sarcomere muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the wikt:myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells are known as cardiac myocytes .... | Reduce blood pressure Blood pressure Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins.... by: reducing systemic Systemic circulation Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.... vascular resistance Vascular resistance Vascular resistance is a term used to define the resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the peripheral circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance , while the resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs is known as the pulmonary vascular re... , reducing blood water, sodium and fats |
| Brain natriuretic peptide Brain natriuretic peptide Brain natriuretic peptide , now known as B-type natriuretic peptide or GC-B, is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the Ventricle of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells .... | BNP | Cardiac myocytes Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary sarcomere muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the wikt:myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells are known as cardiac myocytes .... | (To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure Blood pressure Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins.... by: reducing systemic Systemic circulation Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.... vascular resistance Vascular resistance Vascular resistance is a term used to define the resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the peripheral circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance , while the resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs is known as the pulmonary vascular re... , reducing blood water, sodium and fats |
Striated muscleStriated muscle
Striated muscle is a form of fibres that are combined into parallel fibres. More specifically, it can refer to:* Skeletal muscle* Cardiac muscle~cardiac referring to the heart....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin , also known as THPO, is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidney that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow.... | Myocyte Myocyte A myocyte is the type of Cell found in muscles. They arise from myoblasts.Each myocyte contains myofibrils, which are long chains of sarcomeres, the contractile units of the cell.... s | stimulates megakaryocyte Megakaryocyte The megakaryocyte is a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes , which are necessary for normal blood clotting.... s to produce platelets |
SkinSkin
The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial biological tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and organ s....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Calcidiol Calcidiol Calcifediol , also known as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D , is a prehormone which is produced by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in the liver.... (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) | Inactive form of Vitamin D3 |
Adipose tissueAdipose tissue
In histology, adipose tissue or fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and Thermal insulation the body....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Leptin Leptin Leptin is a 16 Atomic mass unit protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.... (Primarily) | Adipocyte Adipocyte Adipocytes are the cell s that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue , which are also known as white fat and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells.... s | decrease of appetite Appetite The appetite is the desire to eating food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher lifeforms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolism needs.... and increase of metabolism Metabolism Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.... . |
| Estrogen Estrogen Estrogens are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.... s (mainly Estrone Estrone Estrone is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary as well as adipose.Estrone is one of the three estrogens, which also include estriol and estradiol.... ) | Adipocyte Adipocyte Adipocytes are the cell s that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue , which are also known as white fat and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells.... s |
StomachStomach
In most mammals, the stomach is a hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication....
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrin Gastrin In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.... (Primarily) | G cell G cell In anatomy, the G cell is a type of cell in the stomach that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells.... s | Secretion of gastric acid Gastric acid Gastric acid is one of the main secretions of the stomach, together with several enzymes and intrinsic factor. Chemically it is an acid solution with a pH of 1 to 2 in the stomach lumen , consisting mainly of hydrochloric acid , and large quantities of potassium chloride and sodium chloride .... by parietal cell Parietal cell Parietal cells, or oxyntic cells, are the stomach epithelium cell s that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor.... s | |
| Ghrelin Ghrelin Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the human stomach and epsilon cells of the pancreas that stimulates appetite.... | P/D1 cell P/D1 cell Cell lining the Fundus of the human stomach that produce ghrelin. Removal of these cells in gastric bypass surgery has a profound impact on later appetite regulation.... s | Stimulate appetite Appetite The appetite is the desire to eating food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher lifeforms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolism needs.... , secretion of growth hormone Growth hormone Growth hormone is a peptide hormone. It stimulates human development and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. It is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland.... from anterior pituitary gland | |
| Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y is a 36 amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the brain and autonomic nervous system.NPY has been associated with a number of physiologic processes in the brain, including the regulation of energy balance, memory and learning, and epilepsy.... | NPY | increased food intake and decreased physical activity | |
| Secretin Secretin Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberk?hn. Its primary effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate.... | S cell S cell S cells are cells which release secretin, found in the jejunum and duodenum. They are stimulated by a drop in pH to 4 or below in the small intestine's lumen.... s | Secretion of bicarbonate Bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. Its chemical formula is HCO3−.... from liver Liver The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, a few of which are detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.... , pancreas Pancreas The pancreas is a gland Organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland , as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing Digestion enzymes that pass to the small intestine.... and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesised by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and secreted in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, and ca... Stops production of gastric juice | |
| Somatostatin Somatostatin Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.... | D cell D cell D cell can mean:* D battery, a common size of Battery * D cell , a hormone secreting, regulatory cell type found in the stomach... s | Suppress release of gastrin Gastrin In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.... , cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesised by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and secreted in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, and ca... (CCK), secretin Secretin Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberk?hn. Its primary effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate.... , motilin Motilin Motilin is a 22 amino acid polypeptide hormone which in humans is encoded by the MLN gene.Motilin secreted by M cells that are numerous in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum.... , vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residue s and is produced in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.... (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon Enteroglucagon Enteroglucagon is a peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon. It is a gastrointestinal hormone, secreted from mucosal cells primarily of the Colon and terminal ileum.... Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... contractions and blood flow within the intestine. | |
| Histamine Histamine Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune system as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.... | ECL cells | stimulate gastric acid Gastric acid Gastric acid is one of the main secretions of the stomach, together with several enzymes and intrinsic factor. Chemically it is an acid solution with a pH of 1 to 2 in the stomach lumen , consisting mainly of hydrochloric acid , and large quantities of potassium chloride and sodium chloride .... secretion | |
| Endothelin Endothelin Endothelins are proteins that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. They are normally kept in balance by other mechanisms, but when they are over-expressed, they contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease.... | X cells | Smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... contraction of stomach |
DuodenumDuodenum
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesised by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and secreted in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, and ca... | I cells | Release of digestive enzyme Enzyme Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products.... s from pancreas Pancreas The pancreas is a gland Organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland , as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing Digestion enzymes that pass to the small intestine.... Release of bile Bile Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.... from gallbladder Gallbladder The gallbladder is a small non-vital Organ which aids in the digestive process and concentrates bile produced in the liver.... hunger Hunger Hunger is a feeling experienced when one has a desire to eat. The often unpleasant feeling originates in the hypothalamus and is released through receptors in the liver.... suppressant |
LiverLiver
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, a few of which are detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion....
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin-like growth factor Insulin-like growth factor The insulin-like growth factors are polypeptides with high Homology to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiology environment.... (or somatomedin) (Primarily) | IGF | Hepatocyte Hepatocyte Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the cytoplasmic mass of the liver.These cells are involved in protein synthesis, protein storage and transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, and detoxification, modification and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances.... s | insulin-like effects
regulate cell growth Cell growth The term cell growth is used in the contexts of Cell development and cell division . When used in the context of cell division, it refers to growth of cell populations, where one cell grows and divides to produce two "daughter cells".... and development |
| Angiotensinogen and angiotensin Angiotensin Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict, and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure.... | Hepatocyte Hepatocyte Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the cytoplasmic mass of the liver.These cells are involved in protein synthesis, protein storage and transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, and detoxification, modification and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances.... s | vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, arterioles and veins.... release of aldosterone Aldosterone Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, and drives blood pressure up.... from adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively.... dipsogen Dipsogen A dipsogen is an agent that causes thirst. ... . | |
| Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin , also known as THPO, is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidney that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow.... | Hepatocyte Hepatocyte Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the cytoplasmic mass of the liver.These cells are involved in protein synthesis, protein storage and transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, and detoxification, modification and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances.... s | stimulates megakaryocyte Megakaryocyte The megakaryocyte is a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes , which are necessary for normal blood clotting.... s to produce platelets |
PancreasPancreas
The pancreas is a gland Organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland , as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing Digestion enzymes that pass to the small intestine....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin Insulin Insulin is a hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems . Insulin causes most of the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood , storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source.... (Primarily) | ß Islet cells Beta cell Beta cells are a type of cell in the pancreas in areas called the islets of Langerhans. They make up 65-80% of the cells in the islets.... | Intake of glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... , glycogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen. This process is activated by insulin in response to high glucose levels, for example after a carbohydrate containing meal.... and glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-.... in liver Liver The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, a few of which are detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.... and muscle MUSCLE MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin.... from blood intake of lipid Lipid Lipids are broadly defined as any fat-soluble , naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.... s and synthesis of triglyceride Triglyceride is a glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. It is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.... s in adipocytes Other anabolic Anabolism Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cell ular, organ or organism level is as 'anabolic' or as 'catabolism', which is the opposite.... effects |
| Glucagon Glucagon Glucagon is an important hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Produced by the pancreas, it is released when the glucose level in the blood is low , causing the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.... (Also Primarily) | a Islet cells Alpha cell Alpha cells are endocrine system cell s in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. They make up 15-20% of the cells in the islets. They are responsible for synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.... | glycogenolysis Glycogenolysis Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen by removal of a glucose monomer through cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce glucose-1-phosphate.... and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.... in liver Liver The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, a few of which are detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.... increases blood glucose level |
| Somatostatin Somatostatin Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.... | d Islet cells Delta cell Delta cells are somatostatin producing cell s.They can be found in the stomach, intestine and the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.In rodents delta-cells are located in the periphery of the islets; in humans the islet architecture is generally less organized and delta-cells are frequently observed inside the islets as well.... | Inhibit release of insulin Insulin Insulin is a hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems . Insulin causes most of the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood , storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source.... Inhibit release of glucagon Glucagon Glucagon is an important hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Produced by the pancreas, it is released when the glucose level in the blood is low , causing the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.... Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas Pancreas The pancreas is a gland Organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland , as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing Digestion enzymes that pass to the small intestine.... . |
| Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas. It consists of 36 amino acids and has molecular weight about 4200 Dalton_%28unit%29.... | PP cell PP cell PP cells are pancreatic polypeptide producing cell in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. They are very few in number and are polygonal in shape.... s | Unknown |
KidneyKidney
The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Renin Renin Renin , also known as Angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system that mediates extracellular volume , and arterial vasoconstriction.... (Primarily) | Juxtaglomerular cell Juxtaglomerular cell In the kidney, the juxtaglomerular cells are cells that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the nephron that delivers blood to the glomerulus .... s | Activates the renin-angiotensin system Renin-angiotensin system The renin-angiotensin system or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water balance.... by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen |
| Erythropoietin Erythropoietin Erythropoietin, or its alternative erythropoetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production.... (EPO) | Extraglomerular mesangial cell Extraglomerular mesangial cell Extraglomerular mesangial cells are light-staining cells in the kidney found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole and macula densa.... s | Stimulate erythrocyte production |
| Calcitriol Calcitriol Calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D found in the body . It increases the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys and inhibits release of calcitonin.... (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | Active form of vitamin D3
Increase absorption of calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earth's Crust .... and phosphate Phosphate A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.... from gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal tract The digestive tract is the system of Organ s within multicellular animals that takes in food, digestion it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.... and kidneys inhibit release of PTH Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone , or parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin acts to decrease calcium concentration.... | |
| Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin , also known as THPO, is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidney that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow.... | stimulates megakaryocyte Megakaryocyte The megakaryocyte is a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes , which are necessary for normal blood clotting.... s to produce platelets |
Adrenal glandAdrenal gland
In mammals, the adrenal glands are the star-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position . They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the biosynthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline, respectively....
s
Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex
Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively....
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones which bind to the glucocorticoid receptor , which is present in almost every animal cell.GCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system which turns immune activity down.... s (chiefly cortisol Cortisol Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, that is part of the adrenal gland . It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by Corticotropin-releasing hormone.... ) | zona fasciculata Zona fasciculata Cells of the zona fasciculata sit directly beneath the zona glomerulosa and are organized in bundles .The zona chiefly produces glucocorticoids and a small amount of weak androgens .Adrenal tumour of the zona fasciculata may lead to primary adrenocortical hypersecretion.... and zona reticularis Zona reticularis The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance .... cells | Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.... Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the brain.... and immunosuppressive |
| Mineralocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt balance and water balance .... s (chiefly aldosterone Aldosterone Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, and drives blood pressure up.... ) | Zona glomerulosa Zona glomerulosa The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule.... cells | Increase blood volume Blood volume Blood volume is the volume of blood in a person's circulatory system. A typical adult male human has a blood volume of approximately five litres .... by reabsorption of sodium Sodium Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" .... in kidneys (primarily) Potassium Potassium Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name.... and H+ Hydrogen ion Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished:... secretion in kidney. |
| Androgen Androgen Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.... s (including DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone is a multi-functional steroid that has been implicated in a broad range of biological effects in humans and other mammals.... and testosterone Testosterone Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testis of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands.... ) | Zona fasciculata Zona fasciculata Cells of the zona fasciculata sit directly beneath the zona glomerulosa and are organized in bundles .The zona chiefly produces glucocorticoids and a small amount of weak androgens .Adrenal tumour of the zona fasciculata may lead to primary adrenocortical hypersecretion.... and Zona reticularis Zona reticularis The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance .... cells | Virilization Virilization In biology and medicine, virilization refers to the biological development of sex differences, changes which make a male body different from a female body.... , anabolic |
Adrenal medullaAdrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.Basic...
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily) | Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells found in the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and in other autonomic ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.... s | Fight-or-flight response Fight-or-flight response 'The 'fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response', 'hyperarousal' or the 'acute stress response', was first described by Walter Cannon in 1915.... :
|
| Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) | Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells found in the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and in other autonomic ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.... s | Fight-or-flight response Fight-or-flight response 'The 'fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response', 'hyperarousal' or the 'acute stress response', was first described by Walter Cannon in 1915.... : Oxygen Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]... and glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... to the brain Brain The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as cnidarian and echinoderm have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all.... and muscles (by increasing heart rate Heart rate Heart rate is a measure of the number of heart beats per minute . The average resting human heart rate is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females.... and stroke volume Stroke volume In cardiovascular physiology, stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricles of the heart of the heart with each beat. It is calculated by subtracting the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat from the volume of blood just prior to the beat .... , vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, arterioles and veins.... and increased blood pressure Blood pressure Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins.... , breakdown of lipid Lipid Lipids are broadly defined as any fat-soluble , naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.... s in fat cells Adipocyte Adipocytes are the cell s that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue , which are also known as white fat and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells.... ) Skeletal muscle They generally contract voluntarily , although they can contract involuntarily through Reflex action. The whole muscle is wrapped in a special type of connective tissue, epimysium.... readiness. |
| Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors ? D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, and their variants.... | Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells found in the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and in other autonomic ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.... s | Increase heart Heart The heart is a muscle organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.... rate and blood pressure Blood pressure Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins.... |
| Enkephalin Enkephalin An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating pain and nociception in the body. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, or specifically endorphins, as they are internally derived and bind to the body's opioid receptors.... | Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cell Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells found in the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and in other autonomic ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.... s | Regulate pain |
Testes
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Androgen Androgen Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.... s (chiefly testosterone Testosterone Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testis of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands.... ) | Leydig cell Leydig cell Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. They can secrete testosterone and are often closely related to nerves.... s | Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density Bone density Bone density is a medical term referring to the amount of matter per cubic centimeter of bones. It is measured by a procedure called densitometry, often performed in the radiology or nuclear medicine departments of hospitals or clinics.... , growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation Maturation Maturation could refer to any of the following:* Fetal development* Developmental biology* Erikson's stages of psychosocial development* Or physical maturation of any biological life form - see individual articles for maturation of different life forms.... of sex organs, formation of scrotum Scrotum In some male mammals the scrotum is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus.... , deepening of voice, growth of beard Beard A beard is the hair that grows on a person's chin, cheeks, neck, and the area above the upper lip. Typically, only males going through puberty, or post-pubescent males are able to grow beards.... and axillary hair. |
| Estradiol Estradiol Estradiol is a sex hormone. Mislabelled the "female" hormone, it is also present in males; it represents the major estrogen in humans. Estradiol has not only a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functioning, but also affects other organs including bone structure.... | Sertoli cell Sertoli cell A Sertoli cell is a 'nurse' cell of the testicle which is part of a seminiferous tubule.It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone, and has FSH-receptor on its membranes.... s | Prevent apoptosis Apoptosis Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Programmed Cell death involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell Morphology and death, in more specific terms, a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including Bleb , changes... of germ cells |
| Inhibin Inhibin Inhibin is a peptide that is an Enzyme inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion, and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.... | Sertoli cell Sertoli cell A Sertoli cell is a 'nurse' cell of the testicle which is part of a seminiferous tubule.It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone, and has FSH-receptor on its membranes.... s | Inhibit production of FSH |
OvaryOvary
The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in females are homology to testicle in males, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands....
These originate either from the ovarian follicleOvarian follicle
Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cell s found in the ovary....
or the corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of progestogen, which is needed to maintain pregnancy....
.
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Progesterone Progesterone Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.... | Granulosa cells, theca cells | Support pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the uterus of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or Multiple birth.... :
Other:
Inflammation Inflammation is the complex biological response of Blood vessel tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue....
|
| Androstenedione Androstenedione Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemistry pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol.... | Theca cells | Substrate for estrogen Estrogen Estrogens are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.... |
| Estrogens (mainly estradiol Estradiol Estradiol is a sex hormone. Mislabelled the "female" hormone, it is also present in males; it represents the major estrogen in humans. Estradiol has not only a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functioning, but also affects other organs including bone structure.... ) | Granulosa cells | Structural: Height Height is the measurement of vertical distance, but has two meanings in common use. It can either indicate how "tall" something is, or how "high up" it is.... growth Metabolism Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.... (burn fat) MUSCLE MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin.... mass Endometrium The endometrium is the inner membrane of the mammalian uterus.... growth Uterus The uterus is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals, including humans. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation.... growth Blood vessel The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the artery, which carry the blood away from the heart, the capillary, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from... s and skin Bone resorption Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood.... , increase bone formation Protein Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue .... synthesis:
Coagulation Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms clots. It is an important part of hemostasis , wherein a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop hemorrhage and begin repair of the damaged vessel.... :
|
| Inhibin Inhibin Inhibin is a peptide that is an Enzyme inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion, and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.... | Granulosa cells | Inhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary comprises the Anterior#Usage in human anatomy lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Unlike the posterior pituitary, the anterior lobe is genuinely glandular, hence the root adeno in its name.... |
PlacentaPlacenta
The placenta or afterbirth is a highly vascularized ephemeral organ present in Placentalia vertebrates that connects the developing fetal tissues to the uterine wall....
(when pregnant)
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progesterone Progesterone Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.... (Primarily) | Support pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the uterus of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or Multiple birth.... :
| ||
| Estrogen Estrogen Estrogens are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.... s (mainly Estriol Estriol Estriol is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. It is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta.... ) (Also Primarily) | Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen | ||
| Human chorionic gonadotropin Human chorionic gonadotropin Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy that is made by the the developing embryo soon after Conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast .... | HCG | Syncytiotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblasts are multinucleated cells found in the placenta of embryos.They are the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblasts and actively invade the uterus.... | promote maintenance of corpus luteum Corpus luteum The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of progestogen, which is needed to maintain pregnancy.... during beginning of pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the uterus of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or Multiple birth.... Inhibit immune Immune system An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells.... response, towards the human embryo. |
| Human placental lactogen Human placental lactogen Human placental lactogen , also called human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of human growth hormone.... | HPL | Syncytiotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblasts are multinucleated cells found in the placenta of embryos.They are the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblasts and actively invade the uterus.... | increase production of insulin Insulin Insulin is a hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems . Insulin causes most of the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood , storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source.... and IGF-1 increase insulin resistance Insulin resistance Insulin resistance is the condition in which normal amounts of insulin are inadequate to produce a normal Insulin#Physiological_effects from fat, muscle and liver cell .... and carbohydrate Carbohydrate Carbohydrates or saccharides are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy and structural components .... intolerance |
| Inhibin Inhibin Inhibin is a peptide that is an Enzyme inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion, and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.... | Fetal Trophoblast Trophoblast Trophoblasts are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta.... s | suppress FSH |
UterusUterus
The uterus is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals, including humans. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation....
(when pregnant)
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prolactin Prolactin Prolactin or Luteotropic hormone is a peptide hormone primarily associated with lactation. In breastfeeding, the act of an infant suckling the nipple stimulates the production of prolactin, which fills the breast with milk via a process called lactogenesis, in preparation for the next feed.... | PRL | Decidual cells Decidual cells Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua.... | milk production in mammary glands |
| Relaxin Relaxin Relaxin is a peptide hormone that was first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1 , 2 and 3, and the insulin-like peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6.... | Decidual cells Decidual cells Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua.... | Unclear in humans and animals |
See also
- Releasing hormoneReleasing hormone
A releasing hormone or releasing factor is a hormone whose main purpose is to control the release of another hormone. The main releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are:...
s - NeuroendocrinologyNeuroendocrinology
Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The concept arose from the recognition that the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland is closely controlled by the brain, especially by the hypothalamus.... - Nervous systemNervous system
The nervous system is a Neural network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body.... - Endocrine disruptorEndocrine disruptor
Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances that act like hormones in the endocrine system and disrupt the physiologic function of endogenous hormones.... - Major systems of the human body
- Endocrine diseaseEndocrine disease
Among the hundreds of endocrine diseases are:* Adrenal disorders:** Adrenal insufficiency*** Addison's disease*** Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ...