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A modern system of plant taxonomy
List of systems of plant taxonomy

This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents ?taxonomic systems? used in plant classification.A wiktionary:taxonomic system is a coherent whole of alpha taxonomy judgements on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa....
, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botany who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge in angiosperm relationships based upon molecular systematics studies....
, APG, in






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A modern system of plant taxonomy
List of systems of plant taxonomy

This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents ?taxonomic systems? used in plant classification.A wiktionary:taxonomic system is a coherent whole of alpha taxonomy judgements on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa....
, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botany who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge in angiosperm relationships based upon molecular systematics studies....
, APG, in
  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399-436. (Available online: | | )


The APG II system is the successor of the APG system
APG system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG system of plant classification was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistics analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes....
. Each of these systems represents the broad consensus of a number of systematic botanists, united in the APG, working at several institutions worldwide.

The APG II system has proven to be influential and has been adopted in whole or in part (sometimes with modifications) in a number of recent references.

Main groups in the system (all unranked clade
Clade

A clade is a term used in modern alpha taxonomy, the scientific classification of living and fossil organisms, to describe a monophyletic group, defined as a group consisting of a single common ancestor and all its descendants.The term "monophyletic group" is used in this article in the conventional sense of "an a...
s):
  • angiosperms :
    magnoliids
    monocots
  • commelinids
    Commelinids

    In plant taxonomy, the name commelinids is used by the APG II system for a clade within the monocots, which in its turn is a clade within the angiosperms....
    eudicots
    Eudicots

    Eudicots and Eudicotyledons are terms introduced by Doyle & Hotton to refer to a group of flowering plants that had been called "tricolpates" or "non-Magnoliid dicots" by previous authors....
  • core eudicots
  • rosids
    Rosids

    In the APG II system for the classification of the angiosperms the name rosids refers to a clade, meaning a monophyletic group of plants. This clade is one of the two main groups in the eudicots, the other being the asterids....
  • eurosids I
  • eurosids II
  • asterids
    Asterids

    In the APG II system for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids refers to a clade .Most of the taxa belonging to this clade had been referred to the Asteridae in the Cronquist system and to the Sympetalae in earlier systems....
  • euasterids I
  • euasterids II


In more detail (but excluding a dozen unplaced genera), with in the beginning of each listing some families or orders that are not placed in a further clade:

  • clade angiosperms
  • family Amborellaceae
    Amborellaceae

    Amborellaceae is a family of flowering plants Endemism to New Caledonia. The family consists of only a single species, Amborella trichopoda....
  • family Chloranthaceae
    Chloranthaceae

    Chloranthaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family consists of four genera, totalling several dozen species, of herbaceous or woody plants primarily occurring in the tropics and sub-tropics....
  • family Nymphaeaceae
    Nymphaeaceae

    Nymphaeaceae is a name for a family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called water lilies and live in freshwater areas in temperate and Tropics around the world....
     [+ family Cabombaceae
    Cabombaceae

    Cabombaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised by at least some taxonomists. The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, , totalling half-a-dozen species....
    ]
  • order Austrobaileyales
    Austrobaileyales

    Austrobaileyales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, consisting of about 100 species of woody plants, perhaps the most famous of which is the spice star anise....
  • order Ceratophyllales
    clade magnoliids
  • order Canellales
    Canellales

    Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, one of the four orders of the magnoliids. It is defined to contain two families: Canellaceae and Winteraceae, which comprise 136 species of fragrant trees and shrubs....
  • order Laurales
    Laurales

    The Laurales are an order of flowering plants. They are a basal group of dicots, related to, and formerly sometimes included in, the Magnoliales....
  • order Magnoliales
    Magnoliales

    Magnoliales is an order of flowering plants....
  • order Piperales
    Piperales

    Piperales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but otherwise has been treated variously over time....
    clade monocots
  • family Petrosaviaceae
    Petrosaviaceae

    Petrosaviaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by only few taxonomists: the plants involved were usually treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae....
  • order Acorales
  • order Alismatales
    Alismatales

    Alismatales is an order of flowering plants. The order will of necessity contain the family Alismataceae....
  • order Asparagales
    Asparagales

    Asparagales is an order of flowering plants. The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications....
  • order Dioscoreales
    Dioscoreales

    Dioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.In the APG II system, of 2003, this order was placed in the clade monocots and comprised the families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae....
  • order Liliales
    Liliales

    Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another....
  • order Pandanales
    Pandanales

    Pandanales is an order of flowering plants, with a pantropical distribution.The APG II system, which places this in the monocots, the order consists of five families:...
  • clade commelinids
    Commelinids

    In plant taxonomy, the name commelinids is used by the APG II system for a clade within the monocots, which in its turn is a clade within the angiosperms....
    family Dasypogonaceae
    Dasypogonaceae

    Dasypogonaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists: the plants involved were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae....
  • order Arecales
    Arecales

    Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes ....
  • order Commelinales
    Commelinales

    Commelinales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. It's considered that the Commelinales together with Zingiberales evolved in the Late Cretaceous around 80 millions of years ago....
  • order Poales
    Poales

    Poales is a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, bromeliads, and Cyperaceaes....
  • order Zingiberales
    Zingiberales

    Zingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains of the Musaceae or banana family, along with...
    clade eudicots
    Eudicots

    Eudicots and Eudicotyledons are terms introduced by Doyle & Hotton to refer to a group of flowering plants that had been called "tricolpates" or "non-Magnoliid dicots" by previous authors....
  • family Buxaceae
    Buxaceae

    Buxaceae is a small family of four or five genera and about 90-120 species of flowering plants. They are shrubs and small trees, with a cosmopolitan distribution....
     [+ family Didymelaceae
    Didymelaceae

    Didymelaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised by a fair number of taxonomists, at least over the past few decades....
    ]
  • family Sabiaceae
    Sabiaceae

    Sabiaceae is a family of flowering plants, native to tropical to warm temperate regions of southern Asia and the Americas.In the Cronquist system the family was placed in the order Ranunculales, but more recent classifications place it as the sole family in the order Sabiales, or , as unplaced to order and left among the basal linea...
  • family Trochodendraceae
    Trochodendraceae

    Trochodendraceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family: it is unplaced as to order and left among the basal lineages of the eudicots....
     [+ family Tetracentraceae
    Tetracentraceae

    Tetracentraceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does not formally use this family; it assumes the plants involved to belong to family Trochodendraceae....
    ]
  • order Proteales
    Proteales

    Proteales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by almost all taxonomists....
  • order Ranunculales
    Ranunculales

    Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family.The APG system and the APG II system both recognize the order and place it among the basal eudicots, not assigned to a further clade....
  • clade core eudicots
    family Aextoxicaceae
    family Berberidopsidaceae
    Berberidopsidaceae

    Berberidopsidaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by only a few taxonomists: the plants involved have often been treated as belonging to family Flacourtiaceae....
    family Dilleniaceae
    Dilleniaceae

    Dilleniaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus Hibbertia, which contains many commercially valuable garden species....
  • order Gunnerales
    Gunnerales

    Gunnerales is an order of flowering plants. In the APG II system it contains two genera: Gunnera and Myrothamnus. These may both be assigned to the same family or to two separate families ....
  • order Caryophyllales
    Caryophyllales

    Caryophyllales is an Order of flowering plants that includes the cactus, Dianthus caryophylluss, amaranths, ice plants, and most carnivorous plants....
  • order Santalales
    Santalales

    Santalales is an order of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions.Most have seeds without a testa, which is unusual for flowering plants....
  • order Saxifragales
    Saxifragales

    The Saxifragales are an order of dicotyledon flowering plants. In the APG II classification system, it includes the following families:* Family Altingiaceae ...
  • clade rosids
    Rosids

    In the APG II system for the classification of the angiosperms the name rosids refers to a clade, meaning a monophyletic group of plants. This clade is one of the two main groups in the eudicots, the other being the asterids....
  • family Aphloiaceae
    Aphloiaceae

    Aphloiaceae Armen Takhtajan 1985, is a monogeneric Family of flowering plants. It contains only one species Aphloia theiformis Benn., a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees occurring in East Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles....
  • family Geissolomataceae
    Geissolomataceae

    The Geissolomataceae is a monotypic family of flowering plants native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The plants are xerophytic evergreen shrubs and are known to accumulate aluminum....
  • family Ixerbaceae
  • family Picramniaceae
  • family Strasburgeriaceae
  • family Vitaceae
    Vitaceae

    Vitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grape and Virginia creeper. The family name is derived from the genus Vitis....
    order Crossosomatales
    Crossosomatales

    The Crossosomatales are an order, newly recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, of flowering plants, included within the Rosids, which are part of the eudicots....
    order Geraniales
    Geraniales

    The Geraniales are a small order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. The largest family in the order is the Geraniaceae with over 800 species....
    order Myrtales
    Myrtales

    The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a basal group within the rosid group of dicotyledons . The following families are typical of newer classifications:...
  • clade eurosids I
  • family Zygophyllaceae
    Zygophyllaceae

    The Zygophyllaceae, of about 250 species, are a family of flowering plants, also known as the bean-caper or caltrop family.According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , the heterogeneous family Zygophyllaceae is unplaced to order, but included in the Eurosids I as a sister to a clade composed of several orders....
     [+ family Krameriaceae]
  • family Huaceae
  • order Celastrales
    Celastrales

    The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. Newer classifications include the following three families:...
  • order Cucurbitales
    Cucurbitales

    The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropic and temperate regions....
  • order Fabales
    Fabales

    Fabales is an order of flowering plants. It is included in the Rosids group of the eudicots in the APG II system classification system. In the APG II circumscription this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes , Quillajaceae, Polygalaceae or milkworts , and Surianaceae....
  • order Fagales
    Fagales

    The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus Fagus, Beeches....
  • order Malpighiales
    Malpighiales

    The Malpighiales are a large order of flowering plants, included in the group named eurosids I in the recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification....
  • order Oxalidales
    Oxalidales

    The Oxalidales are an order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. The following families are typically placed here:...
  • order Rosales
    Rosales

    Rosales is an order of flowering plants, including nine family , the type family being the rose family Rosaceae. These nine families are those shown by the genetic analysis carried out by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to be related to each other....
  • clade eurosids II
  • family Tapisciaceae
    Tapisciaceae

    Tapisciaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Until recently it had been abandoned by taxonomists, and it was not recognised in the APG II system of 2003....
  • order Brassicales
    Brassicales

    The Brassicales are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system. Brassicales sensu APG II includes families classified under Capparales in previous classifications....
  • order Malvales
    Malvales

    Malvales is the name of an Scientific classification of flowering plants. As circumscribed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group-system, it includes about 6000 species within nine Scientific classification....
  • order Sapindales
    Sapindales

    Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, Horse-chestnut s, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; and mahogany....
  • clade asterids
    Asterids

    In the APG II system for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids refers to a clade .Most of the taxa belonging to this clade had been referred to the Asteridae in the Cronquist system and to the Sympetalae in earlier systems....
    order Cornales
    Cornales

    Cornales is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, which are part of the core eudicots. Under the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, it includes the following families:...
    order Ericales
    Ericales

    The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons, including for example tea, persimmon, blueberry, Brazil nut, and azalea. The order includes trees and shrubes, lianas and herbaceous plants....
  • clade euasterids I
  • family Boraginaceae
    Boraginaceae

    Boraginaceae Juss. 1789, the Borage or Forget-me-not family, includes a variety of shrubs, trees, and herbs, totaling about 2,000 species in 100 genus found worldwide....
  • family Icacinaceae
    Icacinaceae

    Icacinaceae is a family of trees and lianes found primarily in the tropics.The family was traditionally circumscribed quite broadly, with around 54 genera totalling over 400 species....
  • family Oncothecaceae
  • family Vahliaceae
  • order Garryales
    Garryales

    The Garryales are a small order of dicotyledons, including only two families and three genera:* Family Garryaceae**Garrya**Aucuba* Family Eucommiaceae...
  • order Gentianales
    Gentianales

    Gentianales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons.The circumscription of Gentiales in the Cronquist system included a broadly defined Loganiaceae , Retziaceae, Gentianaceae, Saccifoliaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae....
  • order Lamiales
    Lamiales

    The order Lamiales is a taxon in the Asteridae group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes approximately 11,000 species divided up into about 10 family ....
  • order Solanales
    Solanales

    The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order....
  • clade euasterids II
  • family Bruniaceae
    Bruniaceae

    Bruniaceae is a family of shrubs native to the cape region of South Africa. They are mostly restricted to the Cape Province, but a small number of species occur in KwaZulu-Natal....
  • family Columelliaceae
    Columelliaceae

    Columelliaceae is a family of trees and shrubs native to the Andes of South America.In the APG II taxonomy they are placed in the order Lamiales, but a 2008 study suggested that they are sister to the Bruniaceae, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website proposes incorporating this finding by placing both families in order Bruniales....
     [+ family Desfontainiaceae]
  • family Eremosynaceae
  • family Escalloniaceae
    Escalloniaceae

    The Escalloniaceae is a family of flowering plants comprising about 130 species in seven genera. In the APG II system it is one of eight families in the euasterids II clade that are unplaced as to order....
  • family Paracryphiaceae
    Paracryphiaceae

    Paracryphiaceae is a family of woody shrubs and trees native to Australia, south-east Asia, and New Caledonia. Under the APG II system, this family contains two genera: the monotypic Paracryphia, endemic to New Caledonia; and Quintinia, with 25 species in the Philippines, New Guinea, the east coast of Australia, New Zealand and New Ca...
  • family Polyosmaceae
  • family Sphenostemonaceae
  • family Tribelaceae
  • order Apiales
    Apiales

    The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families given at right are typical of newer classifications, though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided....
  • order Aquifoliales
    Aquifoliales

    The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including most notably the Aquifoliaceae, or holly family, and also the Helwingiaceae and the Phyllonomaceae ....
  • order Asterales
    Asterales

    The Asterales are an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants which include the composite family Asteraceae and its related families.The order is cosmopolitic, and includes mostly herbaceous species, although a small number of trees and shrubs is also present....
  • order Dipsacales
    Dipsacales

    The Dipsacales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons.Under the Cronquist system, the order included Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacaceae, and Valerianaceae....


Note: "+ ..." = optional segregrate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.

Cladogram

A cladogram showing the relationships, but excluding taxa not placed within an order:

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