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Santalales
 
 
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Santalales is an order
Order (biology)

In Biological classification used in biology, the order is a taxonomic rank between class and family . The superorder is a rank between class and order....
 of flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s, with a cosmopolitan distribution
Cosmopolitan distribution

In biogeography, a biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world....
 but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions.

Most have seed
Seed

A seed is a small Plant embryogenesis plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some Food storage. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant....
s without a testa
Testa

Testa is an Eritrean fighting technique/martial art that emphasizes headbutting. Its name comes from the Italian language testa, meaning head, having been adopted during the colonial period....
, which is unusual for flowering plants. Many of the members of the order are parasitic plant
Parasitic plant

File:Cuscuta parasite plant.JPGA parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant. About 4,100 species in approximately 19 families of flowering plants are known....
s, mostly hemi-parasites, able to produce sugars through photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
, but tapping the stems or roots of other plants to obtain water and minerals; some (e.g. Arceuthobium
Arceuthobium

The genus Arceuthobium, commonly called Dwarf Mistletoes, is a genus of 42 species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia and Africa....
) are obligate parasites, have low concentrations of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from Greek language: ?????? and f????? ....
 within their shoots (1/5 to 1/10 of that found in their host’s foliage) and derive the majority of their sustenance from the host’s vascular tissues (water, micro- and macro-nutrients, and sucrose).






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Santalales is an order
Order (biology)

In Biological classification used in biology, the order is a taxonomic rank between class and family . The superorder is a rank between class and order....
 of flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s, with a cosmopolitan distribution
Cosmopolitan distribution

In biogeography, a biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world....
 but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions.

Most have seed
Seed

A seed is a small Plant embryogenesis plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some Food storage. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant....
s without a testa
Testa

Testa is an Eritrean fighting technique/martial art that emphasizes headbutting. Its name comes from the Italian language testa, meaning head, having been adopted during the colonial period....
, which is unusual for flowering plants. Many of the members of the order are parasitic plant
Parasitic plant

File:Cuscuta parasite plant.JPGA parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant. About 4,100 species in approximately 19 families of flowering plants are known....
s, mostly hemi-parasites, able to produce sugars through photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
, but tapping the stems or roots of other plants to obtain water and minerals; some (e.g. Arceuthobium
Arceuthobium

The genus Arceuthobium, commonly called Dwarf Mistletoes, is a genus of 42 species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia and Africa....
) are obligate parasites, have low concentrations of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from Greek language: ?????? and f????? ....
 within their shoots (1/5 to 1/10 of that found in their host’s foliage) and derive the majority of their sustenance from the host’s vascular tissues (water, micro- and macro-nutrients, and sucrose). Mistletoe
Mistletoe

Mistletoe is the common name for a group of parasitic plant plants in the Order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub....
 is the common name for a number of parasitic plants within the order Santalales.

The APG II system
APG II system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in...
 of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system
APG system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG system of plant classification was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistics analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes....
 of 1998) uses the following circumscription:
  • order Santalales
  • family Loranthaceae
    Loranthaceae

    File:Psittacanthus-on-a-tree.jpgLoranthaceae is a family of flowering plants, which has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It consists of about 75 genus and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them Parasitic plant, all of them except three having the mistletoe habit....
  • family Misodendraceae
    Misodendraceae

    Misodendron is a genus of hemiparasites which grow as mistletoes on various species of Nothofagus. The twelve species are all restricted to South America....
  • family Olacaceae
    Olacaceae

    Olacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world....
  • family Opiliaceae
    Opiliaceae

    Opiliaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. It consists of perhaps a dozen genera, totalling several dozen species of tropical woody plants....
  • family Santalaceae
    Santalaceae

    Santalaceae is a widely distributed family of flowering plants which, like other members of Santalales, are partially parasitic on other plants....


The indicates that Balanophoraceae
Balanophoraceae

Balanophoraceae is a subtropical to tropical family of unusual parasitic flowering plants. The plants have an aboveground inflorescence with the overall appearance of a fungus, composed of numerous minute flowers....
 should also be included in this order (post APG II). It also indicates that Olacaceae (sensu APG II) is not a good family and should be split. Furthermore, it indicates doubt about Santalaceae. Studies based on DNA sequences also indicate that the family Schoepfiaceae
Schoepfiaceae

Schoepfiacaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants . Such a family has been recognized by few taxonomists; the plants in question usually being assigned to family Olacaceae....
 should be resurrected to accommodate Schoepfia (formerly in Olacaceae), Arjona and Quinchamalium (both previously in Santalaceae).

The Cronquist system
Cronquist system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants . This system was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants ....
 (1981) used the following circumscription:
  • order Santalales
  • family Medusandraceae
    Medusandraceae

    Medusandra is a plant genus. It was formerly placed together with Soyauxia in the family Medusandraceae sensu Cronquist , but the APG II system, of 2003 does not recognize such a family and leaves the genus Medusandra unassigned at family and order rank....
  • family Dipentodontaceae
    Dipentodontaceae

    Dipentodontaceae is a monotypic family of flowering plants that contains a single genus, Dipentodon, and a single species, Dipentodon sinicus....
  • family Olacaceae
    Olacaceae

    Olacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world....
  • family Opiliaceae
    Opiliaceae

    Opiliaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. It consists of perhaps a dozen genera, totalling several dozen species of tropical woody plants....
  • family Santalaceae
    Santalaceae

    Santalaceae is a widely distributed family of flowering plants which, like other members of Santalales, are partially parasitic on other plants....
  • family Misodendraceae
    Misodendraceae

    Misodendron is a genus of hemiparasites which grow as mistletoes on various species of Nothofagus. The twelve species are all restricted to South America....
  • family Loranthaceae
    Loranthaceae

    File:Psittacanthus-on-a-tree.jpgLoranthaceae is a family of flowering plants, which has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It consists of about 75 genus and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them Parasitic plant, all of them except three having the mistletoe habit....
  • family Viscaceae
    Viscaceae

    Viscaceae is a family of flowering plants. In past decades, several list of systems of plant taxonomy recognized this family, notably the 1981 Cronquist system....
  • family Eremolepidaceae
  • family Balanophoraceae
    Balanophoraceae

    Balanophoraceae is a subtropical to tropical family of unusual parasitic flowering plants. The plants have an aboveground inflorescence with the overall appearance of a fungus, composed of numerous minute flowers....


The families Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae are included in the family Santalaceae by the APG. The genera Dipentodon (Dipentodontaceae) and Medusandra (family Medusandraceae) are regarded as unplaced by APG II (as is the family Balanophoraceae, now likely to be reincluded; see above). The family Medusandraceae consisted of two genera: Soyauxia and Medusandra. Molecular evidence place the former within the family Peridiscaceae of the order Saxifragales, and the latter within the order Malpighiales close to Passifloraceae-Turneraceae-Malesherbiaceae. The Chinese monotypic genus Dipentodon is close to Tapiscia and is proposed to constitute the new order Huerteales with Tapisciaceae and the genus Perrottetia formerly placed in the family Celastraceae.