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Caryophyllales
 
 
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Caryophyllales is an order
Order (biology)

In Biological classification used in biology, the order is a taxonomic rank between class and family . The superorder is a rank between class and order....
 of flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s that includes the cacti
Cactus

A cactus is any member of the spine plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also Crop plants....
, carnations, amaranth
Amaranth

Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. Approximately 60 species are presently recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold....
s, ice plant
Ice Plant

Carpobrotus edulis is a creeping, mat-forming succulent species and member of the Stone Plant family Aizoaceae, one of about 30 species in the genus Carpobrotus....
s, and most carnivorous plant
Carnivorous plant

Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods....
s. Many members are succulent
Succulent plant

Succulent plants, also known as succulents or fat plants, are water-retaining plants adapted to arid climate or soil conditions. Succulent plants store water in their leaf, Plant stem and/or roots....
, having fleshy stems
Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaf, inflorescence , conifer cones or other stems etc....
 or leaves
Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
.

Caryophyllales includes about 6% of dicot species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
. This order is considered a core eudicot, which is also referred to as the core tricolpates. Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species. The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations.






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Encyclopedia


Caryophyllales is an order
Order (biology)

In Biological classification used in biology, the order is a taxonomic rank between class and family . The superorder is a rank between class and order....
 of flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s that includes the cacti
Cactus

A cactus is any member of the spine plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also Crop plants....
, carnations, amaranth
Amaranth

Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. Approximately 60 species are presently recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold....
s, ice plant
Ice Plant

Carpobrotus edulis is a creeping, mat-forming succulent species and member of the Stone Plant family Aizoaceae, one of about 30 species in the genus Carpobrotus....
s, and most carnivorous plant
Carnivorous plant

Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods....
s. Many members are succulent
Succulent plant

Succulent plants, also known as succulents or fat plants, are water-retaining plants adapted to arid climate or soil conditions. Succulent plants store water in their leaf, Plant stem and/or roots....
, having fleshy stems
Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaf, inflorescence , conifer cones or other stems etc....
 or leaves
Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
.

Description

The Caryophyllales includes about 6% of dicot species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
. This order is considered a core eudicot, which is also referred to as the core tricolpates. Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species. The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations.

Circumscription

As with all taxa
Taxon

A taxon or taxonomic unit is a name designating an organism or a group of organisms. In biological nomenclature according to Carl Linnaeus, a taxon is assigned a taxonomic rank and can be placed at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary relationships....
, the circumscription of the Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include most carnivorous plant
Carnivorous plant

Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods....
s.

Although the monophyly of the order has been strongly supported, their placement is still uncertain. Systematists are undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid clade
Clade

A clade is a term used in modern alpha taxonomy, the scientific classification of living and fossil organisms, to describe a monophyletic group, defined as a group consisting of a single common ancestor and all its descendants.The term "monophyletic group" is used in this article in the conventional sense of "an a...
. Caryophyllales is separated into 2 sub-orders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae. These two sub-orders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, the Polygonales
Polygonales

Polygonales was an order of flowering plants, recognized by several older list of systems of plant taxonomy, such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964, and the Cronquist system, 1981....
 and Caryophyllales.

APG II

As circumscribed by the APG II system
APG II system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in...
 (2003), this order includes well-known plants like cacti
Cactus

A cactus is any member of the spine plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also Crop plants....
, carnation
Dianthus

Dianthus is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species extending south to north Africa, and one species in arctic North America....
s, spinach
Spinach

Spinach is a flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceae. It is native to central and southwestern Asia. It is an annual plant , which grows to a height of up to 30 cm....
, beet
Beet

The beet is a plant in the Amaranthaceae. It is best known its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is probably the red root vegetable known as the garden beet....
, rhubarb
Rhubarb

Rheum is a genus of perennial plants that grows from thick short rhizomes. The genus is in the family Polygonaceae, and includes the vegetable rhubarb The plants have large leaf that are somewhat triangular shaped with long fleshy Petiole s....
, sundew
Sundew

Drosera, commonly known as the sundews, comprise one of the largest genus of carnivorous plants, with over 170 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilage glands covering their leaf surface....
s, venus fly traps, and bougainvillea
Bougainvillea

Bougainvillea is a genus of flowering plants native to South America from Brazil west to Peru and south to southern Argentina . Different authors accept between four and 18 species in the genus....
. Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported clades
Cladistics

Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of species based on evolutionary ancestry. Cladistics is distinguished from other taxonomic systems because it focuses on evolution rather than similarities between species, and because it places heavy emphasis on objective, quantitative analysis....
 within the Caryophyllales.

  • order Caryophyllales
  • family Achatocarpaceae
    Achatocarpaceae

    Achatocarpaceae is a family of woody plant flowering plants. The family consists of two genera and ten species, and has been recognized by most taxonomists....
  • family Aizoaceae
    Aizoaceae

    The Family Aizoaceae or Ficoidaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1900 species. They are commonly known as stone plants or carpet weeds....
  • family Amaranthaceae
    Amaranthaceae

    The flowering plant family Amaranthaceae, the Amaranth family, contains about 160 genera and 2,400 species. Most of these species are herbs or shrubs; very few are trees or climbers....
  • family Ancistrocladaceae
    Ancistrocladaceae

    Ancistrocladaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been widely recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots....
  • family Asteropeiaceae
    Asteropeiaceae

    Asteropeiaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by very few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 does recognize such a family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots....
  • family Barbeuiaceae
    Barbeuiaceae

    Barbeuia madagascariensis is a liana found only on the island of Madagascar.Barbeuia has occasionally been placed in its own family , Barbeuiaceae....
  • family Basellaceae
    Basellaceae

    Basellaceae is a family of flowering plants, in the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group....
  • family Cactaceae
  • family Caryophyllaceae
    Caryophyllaceae

    The Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. The species are dicotyledons included in the order Caryophyllales....
  • family Didiereaceae
    Didiereaceae

    Didiereaceae is a small family of just four genera and 11 species of flowering plants endemic to south and southwest Madagascar, where they form an important component of the Ecoregions of Madagascar....
  • family Dioncophyllaceae
    Dioncophyllaceae

    Dioncophyllaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by few taxonomists. The Cronquist system had placed the family in order Violales....
  • family Droseraceae
    Droseraceae

    Droseraceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. The family is also known under its common name, the sundew family.It consists of carnivorous plants: besides the sundews, the genus Drosera, it also contains the even more famous Venus fly trap, Dionaea muscipula....
  • family Drosophyllaceae
  • family Frankeniaceae
    Frankeniaceae

    Frankeniaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been widely recognized by many taxonomists; it has commonly been assumed to be closely related to family Tamaricaceae....
  • family Gisekiaceae
    Gisekiaceae

    Gisekiaceae is a family of flowering plants.The family has not been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system does recognize the family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots....
  • family Halophytaceae
    Halophytaceae

    Halophytum ameghinoi is a species of herbaceous plant endemism to Patagonia. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves....
  • family Molluginaceae
    Molluginaceae

    Molluginaceae is a family of flowering plants recognized by several taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes such a family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots....
  • family Nepenthaceae
  • family Nyctaginaceae
    Nyctaginaceae

    Nyctaginaceae, the Four O'Clock Family, is a family of around 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions....
  • family Physenaceae
    Physenaceae

    Physenaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. This family has been only recently recognized by taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots....
  • family Phytolaccaceae
    Phytolaccaceae

    Phytolaccaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been almost universally recognized by Taxonomy , although its circumscription has varied....
  • family Plumbaginaceae
    Plumbaginaceae

    Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family....
  • family Polygonaceae
    Polygonaceae

    Polygonaceae is a family of flowering plants also known as the "knotweed family" or "smartweed family". The name is based on the genus Polygonum....
  • family Portulacaceae
    Portulacaceae

    Portulacaceae is a family of flowering plants, comprising about 20 genera with about 500 species, ranging from herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is also known as the purslane family; it has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the highest diversity in semi-arid regions of the Southern Hemispher...
  • family Rhabdodendraceae
    Rhabdodendraceae

    Rhabdodendron is a genus comprising 2?3 species of tropical South American trees.Rhabdodendron is placed in its own family , Rhabdodendraceae, which has only been recognized for the past few decades....
  • family Sarcobataceae
    Sarcobataceae

    Sarcobataceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. This name has only recently been published, and such a family has been recognized by very few taxonomists....
  • family Simmondsiaceae
    Simmondsiaceae

    Simmondsiaceae or the Jojoba Family is a family of flowering plants. The family is not recognized by all taxonomic systems, the single species, Simmondsia chinensis, often being treated as belonging to family Buxaceae....
  • family Stegnospermataceae
    Stegnospermataceae

    Stegnospermataceae is a family of flowering plants.The family has only been recognized by a few taxonomists, the plants in it more commonly assigned to the family Phytolaccaceae....
  • family Tamaricaceae
    Tamaricaceae

    Tamaricaceae is a flowering plant family containing four genus. In the past, the family was classified in the Violales under the Cronquist system; modern classifications place them in the Caryophyllales....

APG

Carnegiea Gigantea Top
This represents a slight change from the APG system
APG system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG system of plant classification was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistics analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes....
, of 1998
  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Ancistrocladaceae
    family Asteropeiaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Dioncophyllaceae
    family Droseraceae
    family Drosophyllaceae
    family Frankeniaceae
    family Molluginaceae
    family Nepenthaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Physenaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Plumbaginaceae
    family Polygonaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Rhabdodendraceae
    family Sarcobataceae
    family Simmondsiaceae
    family Stegnospermataceae
    family Tamaricaceae


Cronquist

Melganzenvoet Bloeiwijze Chenopodium Album
The Cronquist system
Cronquist system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants . This system was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants ....
 (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:
  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Chenopodiaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Molluginaceae


The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order". The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllidae

Caryophyllidae is a botanical name at the rank of Subclass . At the moment there is no complete consensus about what Order it includes, except that it presumably contains the order Caryophyllales....
 sensu Cronquist.

A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.

New to the order (sensu APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order Nepenthales
Nepenthales

Nepenthales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. The name was used by the Cronquist system for an order in subclass Dilleniidae, which in the 1981 version of this system included:...
.

Earlier circumscriptions

Earlier systems, such as the Wettstein system
Wettstein system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to* I. phylum Schizophyta*::: 1....
, last edition in 1935, and the Engler system
Engler system

One of the prime list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler.According to Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien the main groups of plants are:...
, updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name Centrospermae
Centrospermae

Centrospermae is a descriptive botanical names, published in 1878 by August W. Eichler, meaning "with the seed in the center", referring to the free-central placentation....
.