Malvales

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Malvales

Malvales is the name of an order

Scientific classification

Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms....
of flowering plant

Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s. As circumscribed by APG II

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botany who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge in angiosperm relationships based upon molecular systematics studies....
-system, it includes about 6000 species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
within nine families

Scientific classification

Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms....
. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots

Eudicots

Eudicots and Eudicotyledons are terms introduced by Doyle & Hotton to refer to a group of flowering plants that had been called "tricolpates" or "non-Magnoliid dicots" by previous authors....
.

The plants are mostly shrub

Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s and tree

TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
s; most of its families have a cosmopolitan distribution

Cosmopolitan distribution

In biogeography, a biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world....
in the tropics

Tropics

The Tropics, seated in the equatorial regions of the world, are limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23?26' N latitude, and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at 23?26' S latitude....
and subtropics

Subtropics

For information on the American literary journal, see Subtropics The subtropics are the Geographical zone of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropics zone, which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitude 23.5? north and south....
with limited expansion into temperate

Temperate

In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally mild, rather than extreme hot or cold....
regions. An interesting distribution occurs in Madagascar

Madagascar

Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the List of islands by area, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are Endemism to Madagascar....
, where there are three endemic families of Malvales (Sphaerosepalaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Diegodendraceae).

Many species of Malvaceae s.l.

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Encyclopedia

Malvales is the name of an order

Scientific classification

Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms....
of flowering plant

Flowering plant

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Species

Scientific classification

Eudicots

Shrub

TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
s; most of its families have a cosmopolitan distribution

Cosmopolitan distribution

In biogeography, a biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world....
in the tropics

Tropics

Subtropics

Temperate

Madagascar

Tilia

Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia , Europe and eastern North America; it is not native to western North America....
(lime or linden) as a popular wood for carving. The cacao

Cacao

Cacao , or the cocoa plant, is a small evergreen tree in the family Sterculiaceae , native to the deep tropical region of the Americas. There are two prominent competing hypotheses about the origins of the original wild Theobroma cacao tree....
tree (Theobroma cacao) is used as an ingredient for chocolate

Chocolate

Chocolate comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical cacao tree.Chocolate has become one of the most popular flavors in the world....
. Kola nuts (genus Cola

Kola nut

Kola nut is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae ....
) are notable for their high content of caffeine

Caffeine

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic. Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819....
, and in past were commonly used for preparing of various cola drinks. Other well-known members of Malvales in the APG II sense are daphnes

Daphne (plant)

Daphne is a genus of between 50-95 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs in the plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to Asia, Europe, and north Africa....
, hibiscus

Hibiscus

Scientific name:Hibiscus rosa-sinensisThe Genus Hibiscus comprises plants also commonly called hibiscus and less widely known as rosemallow....
, hollyhock

Hollyhock

The hollyhocks comprise about 60 species of flowering plants in the genus Alcea in the mallow family Malvaceae, native to southwest and central Asia....
s, okra

Okra

Okra , also known as ladyfinger and gumbo, is a flowering plant in the Malvaceae , valued for its edible green fruits. Okra's binomial nomenclature is Abelmoschus esculentus; it is occasionally referred to by the synonym, Hibiscus esculentus L....
, baobab trees, cotton

Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
, and kapok

Kapok

Kapok is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae , native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and to tropical west Africa....
.

The morphology

Morphology (biology)

The term morphology in biology refers to form, structure and configuration of an organism. This includes aspects of the outward appearance as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs....
of Malvales is diverse, and there are few common characteristics. Among those most commonly encountered are palmate

Leaf shape

In botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaf:* Acicular : Slender and pointed, needle-like* Acuminate : Tapering to a long point...
leaves

Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
, connate sepal

Sepal

A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms . Sepals in a "typical" flower are green and lie under the more conspicuous petals. As a collective unit the sepals are called the Wiktionary:calyx, and the collection of petals is called the Wiktionary:corolla....
s, and a specific structure and chemical composition of the seeds. The cortex

Cortex (botany)

In botany, the cortex is the outer of the plant stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the Epidermis and on the inside by the endodermis....
is often fibrous, built of soft phloem

Phloem

In vascular plants, phloem is the living Biological tissue that carries organic nutrients , particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed....
layers.

Families (APG system)

Bixaceae
Bixaceae

Bixaceae, or the achiote family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants. Under the Cronquist system, it was traditionally placed in the order Violales....
Cistaceae
Cistaceae

The Cistaceae is a small family of plants known for its beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170-200 species in eight genera, distributed primarily in the temperate areas of Europe and the Mediterranean basin, but also found in North America; a limited number of specie...
Cochlospermaceae
Cochlospermaceae

Cochlospermaceae is a family of two genera and 20-25 species of trees and shrubs. They occur widely throughout the tropical regions of the world, but are curiously absent from Malaysia....
Cytinaceae
Cytinaceae

Cytinaceae is a family of parasite flowering plant. It comprised two genera, Cytinus and Bdallophytum, totalling ten species.These two genera were formerly placed in family Rafflesiaceae, order Malpighiales....
Diegodendraceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees. The family name, from the type genus Dipterocarpus, is derived from Greek language and refers to the two-winged fruit....
Malvaceae
Malvaceae

Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Judd & al. The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus , Sterculia , Dombeya , Pavonia and Sida ....
Muntingiaceae
Muntingiaceae

Muntingiaceae is a family of Angiosperm, belonging to the rosid order Malvales. It is a small family which consists of three monotypic genera: Dicraspidia, Muntingia and Neotessmannia....
Neuradaceae
Neuradaceae

Neuradaceae is a family of flowering plant. It comprised three genera ? Grielum, Neurada and Neuradopsis ? totalling ten species....
Sarcolaenaceae
Sarcolaenaceae

The Sarcolaenaceae are a family of flowering plants endemic to Madagascar. The family includes 40 species of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs in ten genus....
Sphaerosepalaceae
Sphaerosepalaceae

Sphaerosepalaceae is a family of flowering plants. It contains 14 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, Dialyceras and Rhopalocarpus, all of which are endemic to Madagascar....
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae

Thymelaeaceae is a family of flowering plants. It was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.Thymelaeaceae is in the order Malvales....

Classification

Family boundaries and circumscriptions of the "core Malvales" families Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae have long been problematic. A close relationship among these families, and particularly Malvaceae and Bombacaceae, has generally been recognized although until recently most classification systems have maintained them as separate families. With numerous molecular phylogenies showing that Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae, and Tiliaceae as traditionally defined are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic, a consensus has been emerging that there has been a trend to expand Malvaceae to include these three families. This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae has been recognized in the most recent version of the Thorne system, by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Kubitzki system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Kubitzki system was published inThe system is important as being a comprehensive, multivolume treatment of the vascular plants, with descriptive treatments of all families and genera, mostly by specialists in those groups....
(Bayer and Kubitzki, 2003).

The dominant family in the APG II

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Malvaceae

Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Judd & al. The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus , Sterculia , Dombeya , Pavonia and Sida ....
is taken to include the families Bombacaceae

Bombacaceae

The name Bombacaceae is a botanical name at the rank of family, which is now widely considered obsolete. As is true for any botanical name, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view....
, Sterculiaceae

Sterculiaceae

Sterculiaceae is a botanical name for a group of flowering plants at the rank of family, which is now widely considered obsolete. As is true for any botanical name, the circumscription, status and placement of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view....
and Tiliaceae

Tiliaceae

Tiliaceae is a botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family is not part of APG II, but it is found all through the botanical literature and remains prominently listed by nomenclatural databases such as IPNI....
. Under the older Cronquist system

Cronquist system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants . This system was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants ....
the order contained these four "core Malvales" families plus the Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeaocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family contains 605 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genus.The species of Elaeocarpaceae are mostly tropical and subtropical, with a few temperate-zone species....
and was placed among the Dilleniidae

Dilleniidae

Dillenidae is a botanical name at the rank of Subclass .wiktionary: circumscription of the subclass will vary with the wiktionary:taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Dilleniaceae....
. Some of the currently included families were placed by Cronquist in the Violales

Violales

Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae. The name has been used in several list of systems of plant taxonomy, although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings....
.

Malvales

Classification

External links