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Liliales is an order of monocotyledon
Monocotyledon

Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognised, the other being dicotyledons or dicots....
ous flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae
Liliaceae

The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes....
, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. The best known representative of the order is the lily.

The APG II system
APG II system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in...
 (2003) places this order in the clade monocots and uses this circumscription:

Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of herbaceous
Herbaceous

A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaf and stem that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. A herbaceous plant may be Annual plant, Biennial plant or Perennial plant....
 plants, but lianas and shrubs occur.






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Liliales is an order of monocotyledon
Monocotyledon

Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognised, the other being dicotyledons or dicots....
ous flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae
Liliaceae

The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes....
, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. The best known representative of the order is the lily.

The APG II system
APG II system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG II system of plant classification was published in 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG, in...
 (2003) places this order in the clade monocots and uses this circumscription:
  • order Liliales
    family Alstroemeriaceae
    Alstroemeriaceae

    The Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 200 species in three or four genus, native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America....
    family Campynemataceae
    Campynemataceae

    Campynemataceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots....
    family Colchicaceae
    Colchicaceae

    Colchicaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by only few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots, and regards the family as including some two hundred species of herbaceous perennials with rhizomes...
    family Corsiaceae
    Corsiaceae

    Corsiaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system treats the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. This is a slight change from the APG system, of 1998, which left the family unplaced as to order, but did assign it to this same clade....
    family Liliaceae
    Liliaceae

    The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes....
    family Luzuriagaceae
    Luzuriagaceae

    Luzuriagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots....
    family Melanthiaceae
    Melanthiaceae

    Melanthiaceae is a family of flowering plants perennial plant herbs in the Northern Hemisphere. The family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists, and the circumscription has varied....
    family Philesiaceae
    Philesiaceae

    Philesiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots....
    family Rhipogonaceae
    Rhipogonaceae

    Rhipogonaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family is confined to eastern Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea....
    family Smilacaceae
    Smilacaceae

    Smilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct family....


Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of herbaceous
Herbaceous

A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaf and stem that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. A herbaceous plant may be Annual plant, Biennial plant or Perennial plant....
 plants, but lianas and shrubs occur. They are mostly perennial plant
Perennial plant

A perennial plant or perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. When used by gardeners or horticulturalists, this term applies specifically to perennial herbaceous plants....
s, with food storage organs such as corm
Corm

A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant Plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat ....
s or rhizome
Rhizome

In botany, a rhizome is a characteristically horizontal plant stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes....
s. The family Corsiaceae is notable for being heterotrophs.

The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of the equator?the word sphere literally means 'half sphere'. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator....
, or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere

The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is south of the equator?the word sphere literally means 'half ball'. It is also that half of the celestial sphere south of the celestial equator....
, or sometimes just to Australia
Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
 or South America
South America

South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
. The total number of species in the order is now about 1300.

As with any herb
Herb

A herb is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties, flavor, scent, or the like....
aceous group, the fossil
Fossil

Fossils are the preserved remains or trace fossil of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossiliferous Rock formations and sedimentary rock layers is known as the fossil record....
 record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the Eocene
Eocene

The Eocene Geologic time scale is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era....
, such as Petermanniopsis anglesaensis or Smilax, but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is Ripogonum scandens from the Miocene
Miocene

The Miocene is a Geologic time scale of the Neogene period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.33 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain....
. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower Cretaceous
Cretaceous

The Cretaceous , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide, is a geologic period from circa to million years ago . In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows on the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period....
, over 100 million years ago. The initial diversification to the families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago (Vinnersten and Bremer, 2001).

The APG system
APG system

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the APG system of plant classification was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistics analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes....
 (1998) also placed the order in the clade monocots, but with a slightly different circumscription (missing the family Corsiaceae):
  • order Liliales
    family Alstroemeriaceae
    family Campynemataceae
    family Colchicaceae
    family Liliaceae
    family Luzuriagaceae
    family Melanthiaceae
    family Philesiaceae
    family Ripogonaceae [sic]
    family Smilacaceae


The Cronquist system
Cronquist system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants . This system was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants ....
 (1981) placed the order in subclass Liliidae
Liliidae

Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass . wiktionary: circumscription of the subclass will vary with the wiktionary:taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
 in the class Liliopsida
Liliopsida

Liliopsida is a botanical name for the Class containing the Family Liliaceae . It is considered synonymous with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopoli : see author citation ....
 [= monocotyledons] of division Magnoliophyta [= angiosperms]. It used a much wider circumscription (many of the plants here are assigned to Asparagales
Asparagales

Asparagales is an order of flowering plants. The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications....
 and Dioscoreales
Dioscoreales

Dioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.In the APG II system, of 2003, this order was placed in the clade monocots and comprised the families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae....
 by APG II):

  • order Liliales
    family Agavaceae
    Agavaceae

    Agavaceae is a family of plants that includes many well-known desert and dry zone types such as the agave, yucca, and Yucca brevifolia. The family includes about 550-600 species in around 18 genus, and is widespread in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world....
    family Aloaceae
    family Cyanastraceae
    family Dioscoreaceae
    Dioscoreaceae

    Dioscoreaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 750 species in eight or nine genus. The best-known member of the family is the yam ....
    family Haemodoraceae
    Haemodoraceae

    Haemodoraceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists. It is sometimes known as the "Bloodwort family"....
    family Hanguanaceae
    Hanguanaceae

    Hanguanaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 does recognize such a family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots....
    family Iridaceae
    Iridaceae

    Iridaceae is a family of plants in Order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris . It includes a number of other well known cultivated plants, such as the Freesia, the Gladiolus and the Crocus....
    family Liliaceae
    family Philydraceae
    Philydraceae

    Philydraceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots....
    family Pontederiaceae
    Pontederiaceae

    Pontederiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG II system, of 2003 places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, in the monocots....
    family Smilacaceae
    Smilacaceae

    Smilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct family....
    family Stemonaceae
    Stemonaceae

    Stemonaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of three or four genera with between 25-35 species. The APG II system places it in the order Pandanales, in the monocots....
    family Taccaceae
    family Velloziaceae
    Velloziaceae

    Velloziaceae is a botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales in the clade monocots....
    family Xanthorrhoeaceae
    Xanthorrhoeaceae

    Xanthorrhoeaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the wiktionary:circumscription of the family has varied wildly....


The Thorne system
Thorne system (1992)

A modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was drawn up by the botanist Robert Folger Thorne . He replaced it in 2000 with a new system....
 (1992) placed the order in superorder Lilianae
Lilianae

Lilianae is a botanical name, in use for a superorder . Such a superorder will of necessity include the family Liliaceae . Terminations at the rank of superorder are not standardized by the ICBN and a similar superorder is sometimes called Liliiflorae....
 in subclass Liliidae
Liliidae

Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass . wiktionary: circumscription of the subclass will vary with the wiktionary:taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
 [= monocotyledons ] of class Magnoliopsida
Magnoliopsida

Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its wiktionary:circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classification system being discussed....
 [= angiosperms] and used this circumscription:

  • order Liliales
    family Alstroemeriaceae
    family Campynemataceae
    family Colchicaceae
    family Iridaceae
    family Liliaceae
    family Melanthiaceae
    family Trilliaceae
    Trilliaceae

    Trilliaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct since 1846 when it was recognized; this table for a summarizes the placement of these taxa....


The Dahlgren system
Dahlgren system

One of the modern list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocotyledons specialist Rolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren....
 placed the order in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms] and used this circumscription:
  • order Liliales
    family Alstroemeriaceae
    family Calochortaceae
    Calochortaceae

    Calochortaceae is a family of flowering plants. It is recognised by only a few list of systems of plant taxonomy, including the Dahlgren system, which placed it in the order Liliales in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms]....
    family Colchicaceae
    family Iridaceae
    family Liliaceae
    family Uvulariaceae
    Uvulariaceae

    Uvulariaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. While seldom recognised, the family is accepted by the Dahlgren system, which places it in order Liliales, superorder Lilianae, and the subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms]....


In the Engler system
Engler system

One of the prime list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler.According to Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien the main groups of plants are:...
 (1964 update) a similar order was named Liliiflorae
Liliiflorae

Liliiflorae is a botanical name, which may be used for a taxon at a rank above that of family , but not for a rank where Art 16 or 17 of the ICBN prescribes a standardised ending....
, placed in the class Monocotyledoneae of the subdivision Angiospermae.

The Wettstein system
Wettstein system

A list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to* I. phylum Schizophyta*::: 1....
, last revised in 1935, used names similar to those in the Engler system: the order was named Liliiflorae placed in the class Monocotyledones of the subdivision Angiospermae. In circumscription the order was fairly similar to that of Cronquist.

Earlier names for this order include the Coronarieae of the Bentham & Hooker system
Bentham & Hooker system

An early list of systems of plant taxonomy, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants was published in :The system recognises the following main groups:...
.