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The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties
Peace treaty

A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties, usually countries or governments, that formally ends an armed conflict. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to cease hostilities, or a surrender , in which an army agrees to give up arms....
 of Osnabrück
Osnabrück

Osnabr?ck is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of M?nster, and some 100 km due west of Hannover. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehengebirge and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest....
 and Münster
Münster

M?nster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region and it is also capital of the government region M?nster ....
, signed on May 15 and October 24, 1648, respectively, and written in Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
, that ended both the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
 in the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
 (today mostly Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
) and the Eighty Years' War
Dutch Revolt

The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands , was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries against the Spanish Empire....
 between Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
 and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
Dutch Republic

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor

Image:HRR 14Jh.jpgThe Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480....
, Ferdinand III
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor February 15, 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans....
 (Habsburg
Habsburg

The House of Habsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known as supplying all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of Spanish Empire and the Austrian Empire....
), the Kingdoms of Spain, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 and Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
, the Netherlands
Dutch Republic

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
 and their respective allies among the princes
Princes of the Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire comprised a number of political entities which were deemed to be Sovereignty after the Treaty of Westphalia . Among the most important of these were the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire....
 and the republican Imperial States
Free Imperial City

In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city was a city formally ruled by the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a List of states in the Holy Roman Empire and so were governed by one of the many princes of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops....
 of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
.

The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress and initiated a new order in central Europe based on the concept of state
State

A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
 sovereignty
Sovereignty

File:Leviathan gr.jpgSovereignty is the exclusive right to control a government, a State, a people, or oneself. A sovereign is a supreme lawmaking authority....
.






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The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties
Peace treaty

A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties, usually countries or governments, that formally ends an armed conflict. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to cease hostilities, or a surrender , in which an army agrees to give up arms....
 of Osnabrück
Osnabrück

Osnabr?ck is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of M?nster, and some 100 km due west of Hannover. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehengebirge and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest....
 and Münster
Münster

M?nster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region and it is also capital of the government region M?nster ....
, signed on May 15 and October 24, 1648, respectively, and written in Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
, that ended both the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
 in the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
 (today mostly Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
) and the Eighty Years' War
Dutch Revolt

The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands , was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries against the Spanish Empire....
 between Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
 and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
Dutch Republic

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor

Image:HRR 14Jh.jpgThe Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480....
, Ferdinand III
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor February 15, 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans....
 (Habsburg
Habsburg

The House of Habsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known as supplying all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of Spanish Empire and the Austrian Empire....
), the Kingdoms of Spain, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 and Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
, the Netherlands
Dutch Republic

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
 and their respective allies among the princes
Princes of the Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire comprised a number of political entities which were deemed to be Sovereignty after the Treaty of Westphalia . Among the most important of these were the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire....
 and the republican Imperial States
Free Imperial City

In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city was a city formally ruled by the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a List of states in the Holy Roman Empire and so were governed by one of the many princes of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops....
 of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
.

The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress and initiated a new order in central Europe based on the concept of state
State

A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
 sovereignty
Sovereignty

File:Leviathan gr.jpgSovereignty is the exclusive right to control a government, a State, a people, or oneself. A sovereign is a supreme lawmaking authority....
. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The Treaty of the Pyrenees
Treaty of the Pyrenees

The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. It was signed on Pheasant Island, a river island on the border between the two countries....
, signed in 1659, ended the war
War

...
 between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.

Locations

Peace negotiations between France and the Habsburgs, provided by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Spanish King, were to be started in Cologne
Cologne

Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants....
 in 1636. These negotiations were blocked by France.

Richelieu of France desired the inclusion of all its allies, whether sovereign or a state within the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
. In Hamburg
Hamburg

Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany , and is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits. The city is home to approximately 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg metropolitan area has more than 4.3 million inhabitants....
 and Lübeck
Lübeck

L?beck is the second largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. It was for several centuries the "capital" of the Hanseatic League and because of its Brick Gothic architectural heritage is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites....
, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire negotiated a treaty - the Treaty of Hamburg
Treaty of Hamburg (1638)

The Treaty of Hamburg was signed on June 30, 1641 by Cardinal Richelieu of France and representatives of Sweden. Based on the terms of the treaty, France paid Sweden 1,000,000 French livre for its military contributions against the Habsburgs....
. This was done with the intervention of Richelieu.

The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden declared the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg to be preliminaries of an overall peace agreement. This larger agreement was to be negotiated in Westphalia
Westphalia

Westphalia is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Bochum, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, M?nster, and Osnabr?ck and included in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony....
, in the neighboring cities of Münster
Münster

M?nster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region and it is also capital of the government region M?nster ....
 and Osnabrück
Osnabrück

Osnabr?ck is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of M?nster, and some 100 km due west of Hannover. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehengebirge and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest....
. Both cities were to be maintained as neutral and demilitarized zones for the negotiations. Münster was, since its re-Catholization in 1535, a strictly mono-denominational community. It housed the Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster
Bishopric of Münster

The Bishopric of M?nster was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and western Lower Saxony....
. Only Roman Catholic
Catholicism

Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its Theology and doctrines, its Catholic liturgy, Ethics, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole....
 worship was permitted. No places of worship were provided for Calvinists
Calvinism

Calvinism is a theology system and an approach to the Christian life that emphasizes the rule of God over all things. It was developed by several theologians, but it bears the name of the French Protestant Reformation John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates t...
 and Lutherans
Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century Germans Reformer Martin Luther....
.

Osnabrück was a bidenominational Lutheran and Catholic city, with two Lutheran and two Catholic churches for its mostly Lutheran burgher
Burgher

Burgher may refer to:* A formally defined class in medieval German cities, usually the only group from which city officials could be drawn. The equivalent in German of burgess or bourgeoisie....
s and exclusively Lutheran city council and the Catholic Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück

The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabr?ck was a prince-bishopric centered on the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabr?ck. The diocese was erected in 772 and is the oldest see founded by Charlemagne, in order to Christianize the conquered stem-duchy of Duchy of Saxony....
 with pertaining other clergy and also other Catholic inhabitants. In the years of 1628-1633 Osnabrück had been subjected by troops of the Catholic League
Catholic League (German)

The German Catholic League was initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic Church German states formed on July 10, 1609 to counteract the Protestant Union , whereby the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." Modeled loosely on the more intransigent ultra-Catho...
 and the Catholic Prince-Bishop Franz Wilhelm, Count of Wartenberg
Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg

Franz Wilhelm, Count von Wartenberg was a Bavarian Catholic Bishop of Osnabr?ck, expelled from his see in the Thirty Years' War and later restored, and at the end of his life a Cardinal ....
, imposed the Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation denotes the period of Roman Catholic Church revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648....
 onto the city with many Lutheran burgher families being exiled. While under following Swedish occupation Osnabrücks's Catholics were not expelled, but the city severely suffered from Swedish war contributions. Therefore Osnabrück hoped for a great relief becoming neutralised and demilitarised.

Both cities strove for more autonomy, at best for becoming Free Imperial Cities
Free Imperial City

In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city was a city formally ruled by the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a List of states in the Holy Roman Empire and so were governed by one of the many princes of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops....
, so they welcomed the peace negotiations, their neutrality and the prohibition of all political influence by parties of the War, including their overlords, the respective prince-bishops, as they were.

While Lutheran Sweden preferred Osnabrück as place of conference, its peace negotiations with the Empire, including the respective allies of both, took place in Osnabrück, the Empire and its opponent France, including again their respective allies, and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and its opponent Spain (and their respective allies) negotiated in Münster.

Delegations

The peace negotiations had no exact beginning and ending, because the participating total of 109 delegations never met in a plenary session, but dropped in between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. Between January 1646 and July 1647 probably the largest number of diplomats were present. Delegations had been sent by 16 European states, sixty-six Imperial State
Imperial State

An Imperial State or Imperial Estate was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States....
s, representing the interests of a total of 140 involved Imperial States, and 27 interest groups, representing the interests of a variety of a total of 38 groups.

The French delegation was headed by Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville
Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville

Henri II d'Orl?ans, duc de Longueville or Henri de Valois-Longueville , a legitimated prince of France and peer of France, was a major figure in the civil war of France, the Fronde, and served as governor of Picardy, then of Normandy....
 and further comprised the diplomats Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien
Abel Servien

Abel Servien, marquis de Sabl? et de Boisdauphin, comte de Roche-Servien and comte de La Roche des Aubiers was a France Diplomacy who served Jules Cardinal Mazarin and signed for the French at the Peace of Westphalia....
. The Swedes plenipotentiaries
Plenipotentiary

The word plenipotentiary has two meanings.As a noun, it refers to a person who has "full powers". In particular, the term commonly refers to a diplomat who is fully authorized to represent their government as a prerogative ....
 sent Johan Oxenstierna
Johan Oxenstierna

Count Johan Axelsson Oxenstierna was a Sweden statesman.The son of Axel Oxenstierna, he was born in Stockholm. He completed his studies at Uppsala in 1631, and was sent by his father on a grand tour through France, the Netherlands and Great Britain....
, the son of chancellor Axel Oxenstierna
Axel Oxenstierna

Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna af S?derm?re , Count of S?derm?re, was a Sweden statesman. He became a member of the Privy Council of Sweden in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death....
, and Johann Adler Salvius. The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff; in Münster, his aides were Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, his team comprised Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and Reichshofrat Johann Krane, a lawyer. The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán
Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán

Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzm?n, 3rd Count of Pe?aranda was a Spain diplomat and statesman....
. The nuntius of Cologne
Cologne

Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants....
, Fabio Chigi
Pope Alexander VII

Pope Alexander VII , born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from April 7, 1655, until his death....
, and the Venetian
Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
 envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators. Various Imperial State
Imperial State

An Imperial State or Imperial Estate was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States....
s of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations. Brandenburg sent several representatives, including Vollmar and Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal
Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal

Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal was a German nobility, diplomat and the founder of the early Prussian Army. He was an Imperial War Commissar, as well as both Brandenburg and the Holy Roman Empire's representative at the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, where he negotiated Brandenburg's acquisition of Halberstadt and other territories....
. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
Dutch Republic

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
 sent a delegation of eight, and Johann Rudolf Wettstein
Johann Rudolf Wettstein

Johann Rudolf Wettstein was a Swiss diplomat and one-time mayor of Basel. His father, a wine grower, had migrated from Russikon in the Zurich region and worked in the Basel hospital, eventually becoming hospital supervisor....
, the mayor of Basel
Basel

Basel is Switzerland's third most populous city . With 731,000 inhabitants in the tri-national metropolitan area , Basel is Switzerland's third-largest urban area....
, represented the Old Swiss Confederacy
Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland. The Swiss Eidgenossenschaft, as the Confederacy was called, was a loose federation of largely independent small states called Cantons of Switzerland that existed from the late 13th century until 1798, when it was invaded by the France Republic, who transformed it into...
.

Results


Internal political boundaries

Europe Map 1648
The power taken by Ferdinand III
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor February 15, 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans....
 in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped and returned to the rulers of the Imperial State
Imperial State

An Imperial State or Imperial Estate was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States....
s. This rectification allowed the rulers of the Imperial State
Imperial State

An Imperial State or Imperial Estate was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States....
s to independently decide their religious worship. Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition.

Tenets

The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were:

  • All parties would recognize the Peace of Augsburg
    Peace of Augsburg

    The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the city of Augsburg in Bavaria, Germany....
     of 1555, in which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio
    Cuius regio, eius religio

    Cuius regio, eius religio is a List of Latin phrases that means "Whose realm, his religion". In other words, the religion of the monarch or other god Emperor would be the religion of the people....
    ).


  • Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.


There were also territorial adjustments:
  • The independence of the Netherlands
    Dutch Republic

    The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
    , Switzerland
    Switzerland

    Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
    , Savoy
    Duchy of Savoy

    From 1416 to 1714, the territories of the House of Savoy were known as the Duchy of Savoy . The Duchy was a state in the northern part of the Italian Peninsula, with some territories that are now in France....
    , Milan
    Duchy of Milan

    The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1394 to 1797. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire, by then a decentralised entity, and was ruled by several dynasties, most of them major powers from outside Italy....
    , Genoa
    Republic of Genoa

    The Most Serene Republic of Genoa was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italy coast from the 11th century to 1797, when it was invaded by armies of First French Republic under Napoleon I of France....
    , Mantua
    Duchy of Mantua

    The Duchy of Mantua was a duchy in Lombardy, Northern Italy, subject to the Holy Roman Empire....
    , Tuscany
    Grand Duchy of Tuscany

    The Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2 was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557....
    , Lucca
    Lucca

    Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca....
    , Modena
    Duchy of Modena and Reggio

    The Duchy of Modena was a small Italy state that existed from 1452 to 1859, with a break between 1796 and 1814. The Duchy was originally created for the Este family, who also ruled Ferrara until 1597....
     and Parma
    Duchy of Parma

    The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma, centered on the city of Parma....
     from the Empire was formally recognized; many of these territories had enjoyed de facto independence for decades.


  • The majority of the Peace's terms can be attributed to the work of Cardinal
    Cardinal (Catholicism)

    A cardinal is a senior Ecclesiology official, usually a Bishop , of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope....
     Mazarin
    Jules Cardinal Mazarin

    Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino was an Italy cardinal, diplomat and politician, who served as the prime minister of France from 1642 until his death....
    , the de facto
    De facto

    De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning the fact" or in practice but not necessarily ordained by law. It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or contrary to a regulation....
     leader of France at the time (the king, Louis XIV
    Louis XIV of France

    Louis XIV ruled as List of French monarchs and of King of Navarre. He ascended the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister , the Italians Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661....
    , being a child). Not surprisingly, France came out of the war in a far better position than any of the other participants. France won control of the Bishoprics of Metz
    Bishopric of Metz

    The Bishopric of Metz is a former city-state of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolved by Napoleon in 1812....
    , Toul and Verdun
    Bishopric of Verdun

    The Bishopric of Verdun was also a state of the Holy Roman Empire; it was located at the western edge of the Empire and was bordered by France, the Duchy of Luxembourg, and the Duchy of Bar....
     near Lorraine, and the cities of the Décapole
    Décapole

    The D?capole was an alliance of ten towns of the Holy Roman Empire in Alsace, in a league founded in 1354, and discontinued in 1679.In 1354 the List of Holy Roman Emperors Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor ratified the treaty uniting the towns of Haguenau, Colmar, Wissembourg, Turckheim, Obernai, Kaysersberg, Rosheim, Munster, Haut-Rhin, S?l...
     in Alsace (but not Strasbourg
    Strasbourg

    Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace Regions of France in northeastern France. With 702,412 inhabitants in 2007, its metropolitan area is the Aire urbaine....
    , the Bishopric of Strasbourg, or Mülhausen
    Mulhouse

    Mulhouse is a city and communes of France in eastern France, close to the Switzerland and Germany borders. With 271,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2007 it is the largest city in the Haut-Rhin departments of France, and the second largest in the Alsace regions of France after Strasbourg....
    ).


  • Sweden received an indemnity
    Indemnity

    An indemnity is a sum paid by A to B by way of Damages for a particular loss suffered by B. The indemnifying party may or may not be responsible for the loss suffered by the indemnified party ....
    , as well as control of Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania
    Swedish Pomerania

    Swedish Pomerania was a Dominions of Sweden under the Sweden from the 17th to the 19th century, situated on what is now the Baltic Sea coast of Germany and Poland....
    ), Wismar
    Wismar

    Wismar is a small port and Hanseatic League town in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,about 45 km due east of L?beck, and 30 km due north of Schwerin....
    , and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen
    Archbishopric of Bremen

    The Archdiocese of Bremen was a historical Roman Catholic diocese and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state , named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen within the Holy Roman Empire....
     and Verden. It thus won control of the mouth of the Oder, Elbe
    Elbe

    The River Elbe is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It originates in the Krkonose Mountains of northwestern Czech Republic before traversing much of Germany and flowing into the North Sea....
    , and Weser Rivers, and acquired three voices in the Council of Princes of the German Reichstag.


  • Bavaria
    Bavaria

    Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
     retained the Palatinate's vote in the Imperial Council of Electors
    Prince-elector

    The Prince-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of Imperial election the Holy Roman Emperors....
     (which elected the Holy Roman Emperor
    Holy Roman Emperor

    Image:HRR 14Jh.jpgThe Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480....
    ), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The Prince Palatine
    Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine

    Charles Louis, , Elector Palatine was the second son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the Winter King, and his wife, Elizabeth of Bohemia, daughter of James I of England....
    , Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote.


  • The Palatinate was divided between the re-established Elector Palatine Charles Louis (son and heir of Frederick V
    Frederick V, Elector Palatine

    Frederick V was Electoral Palatinate , and, as Frederick I , King of Bohemia . He was the son and heir of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine and of Louise Juliana of Nassau, the daughter of William I of Orange and Charlotte of Bourbon....
    ) and Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria
    Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria

    Maximilian I, Duke/Elector of Bavaria , called "the Great", was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. His reign was marked by the Thirty Years' War ....
    , and thus between the Protestants and Catholics
    Roman Catholic Church

    The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
    . Charles Louis obtained the Lower Palatinate, along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate
    Upper Palatinate

    The Upper Palatinate is one of the seven Regierungsbezirks of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria. It is subdivided into two regions - Oberpfalz-Nord and Regensburg....
    , to the north of Bavaria.


  • Brandenburg-Prussia
    Brandenburg-Prussia

    Brandenburg-Prussia was a Germany monarchy established by the personal union between the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1618....
     (later Prussia
    Prussia

    Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
    ) received Farther Pomerania
    Farther Pomerania

    Farther Pomerania, Further Pomerania or Eastern Pomerania is a historical Pomeranian region, which before the Oder-Neisse line comprised the eastern part of the Duchy of Pomerania later Province of Pomerania, roughly stretching from the Oder River in the West to Pomerelia in the East....
    , and the Bishoprics of Magdeburg
    Archbishopric of Magdeburg

    The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Roman Catholic Church archdiocese within the Holy Roman Empire. Its capital was Magdeburg and it was located along the Elbe River....
    , Halberstadt
    Bishopric of Halberstadt

    The Bishopric of Halberstadt was a Roman Catholic Church diocese from 804 until 1648 and an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire from the late Middle Ages....
    , Kammin, and Minden
    Bishopric of Minden

    The Bishopric of Minden was a Roman Catholic Church diocese and a state of the Holy Roman Empire. Its capital was Minden.The diocese was founded by Charlemagne in 803, after he had conquered the Saxons....
    .


  • The succession to the Dukes of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
    Jülich-Cleves-Berg

    File:Armoiries Guillaume de Cl?ves.pngJ?lich-Cleves-Berg was a combination of states of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1423 the duchies of Duchy of J?lich and Duchy of Berg were united, and in 1521 they united with the duchy of Duchy of Cleves and the county of Mark to form J?lich-Cleves-Berg....
    , who had died out in 1609, was clarified. Jülich
    Jülich

    J?lich is a town in the district of D?ren , in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. J?lich is well known as location of a world-famous research centre, the Forschungszentrum J?lich and as shortwave transmitter J?lich of Deutsche Welle....
    , Berg
    Berg (state)

    The territory of Berg in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany emerged as a separate domain in mediaeval times. It comprised roughly the area between the rivers Rhine, Ruhr and Sieg....
    , and Ravenstein
    Ravenstein, Netherlands

    Ravenstein is a city and former municipality in the South of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant. The former municipality covered an area of 42.68 square kilometre ....
     were given to the Count Palatine of Neuburg
    Palatinate-Neuburg

    Palatinate-Neuburg is a former state of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1505. Its capital was Neuburg an der Donau. Its area was about 2,750 km?, with a population of some 100,000....
    , while Cleves
    Duchy of Cleves

    The Duchy of Cleves was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany and the Netherlands . Its territory was situated on both sides of the river Rhine, around its capital Cleves and roughly covering today's Cleves , Wesel and the City of Duisburg....
    , Mark, and Ravensberg went to Brandenburg.


  • It was agreed that the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
    Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück

    The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabr?ck was a prince-bishopric centered on the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabr?ck. The diocese was erected in 772 and is the oldest see founded by Charlemagne, in order to Christianize the conquered stem-duchy of Duchy of Saxony....
     would alternate between Protestant and Catholic holders, with the Protestant bishops chosen from cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg
    Brunswick-Lüneburg

    Brunswick-L?neburg was a historical duchy during the period from the late Middle Ages through the late Early Modern era within the North-Western domains of the Holy Roman Empire....
    .


  • The independence of the city of Bremen
    Bremen

    Bremen is a Hanseatic League city in northwestern Germany . It is a port city, situated along the Weser River, about south from its mouth on the North Sea....
     was clarified.


  • Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and 'a degree' of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine.


See also

  • Adam Adami
    Adam Adami

    Adam Adami was a Germany diplomat and priest.Born in M?lheim am Rhein, Adami seems to have made his first studies in Cologne. At the age of 19, he entered the Benedictine abbey of Brauweiler and occupied himself with theology and law studies....
     - German diplomat in the peace negotiations
  • Eighty Years' War
  • List of treaties
    List of treaties

    This list of treaties contains historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups....
  • History of Sweden 1648-1700
    Swedish Empire

    Sweden was, between 1611 and 1718, one of the great powers of Europe. In modern historiography this period is known as the Swedish Empire, or stormaktstiden ....
  • Thirty Years' War
    Thirty Years' War

    The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
  • Westphalian sovereignty
    Westphalian sovereignty

    Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on two principles: territoriality and the exclusion of external actors from domestic authority structures....
  • Peace of Münster
    Peace of Münster

    The Peace of M?nster was a treaty between the United Netherlands and Spain signed in 1648. It was a landmark treaty for the Dutch republic and one of the key events in Dutch history; with it, the United Netherlands finally became independent from the Holy Roman Empire....
  • Concordat of Worms
    Concordat of Worms

    The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor on September 23 1122 near the city of Worms, Germany....
  • Charter of Liberties
    Charter of Liberties

    The Charter of Liberties, also called the Coronation Charter, was a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his ascension to the throne in 1100....


External links

  • (Yale University)