Dietary mineral

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Dietary mineral

Dietary minerals are the chemical element

Chemical element

A chemical element is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical Chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons....
s required by living organism

Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
s, other than the four elements carbon

Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
, hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
, nitrogen

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N and atomic number 7 and atomic mass 14.00674?. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78% by volume of Earth's atmosphere....
, and oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
present in common organic molecules

Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
. The term "mineral" is archaic

Archaism

In language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current. This can either be done deliberately or as part of a specific jargon or formula ....
, since the intent of the definition is to describe ion

Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge. According to the Bohr_model this will be from or in the outer shield 'n'....
s, not chemical compound

Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
s or actual mineral

Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed through Geology processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties....
s.

Dietitian

Dietitian

A dietitian is an expert in food and nutrition.Dietitians help promote good health through proper eating. They supervise the preparation and foodservice, develop modified diet s, participate in research, and educate individuals and groups on good nutritional habits....
s may recommend that minerals are best supplied by ingesting specific foods rich with the element(s) of interest. Sometimes minerals are ingested as mineral dietary supplement

Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to provide nutrients, such as vitamins, Dietary minerals, fatty acids or amino acids, that are missing or are not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet ....
s, the most common being iodine

Iodine

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Encyclopedia

Dietary minerals are the chemical element

Chemical element

Organism

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Organic chemistry

Archaism

Ion

Chemical compound

Mineral

Dietitian

Dietary supplement

Iodine

Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons....
in iodized salt.

The dietary focus on minerals derives from an interest in supporting biochemical reactions with the required elemental components. Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements are thus required to maintain optimal health. According to nutritional experts, the requirements are met simply with a conventional balanced diet.

Essential minerals

Some sources state that sixteen minerals are required to support human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles as well as electrolyte

Electrolyte

An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrical conductor medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible....
s: The term "dietary minerals" does not include the fundamental elements of organic chemistry

Organic chemistry

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Micronutrient

Micronutrients are nutrients needed for life in small quantities. The Microminerals or trace elements include at least iron, cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc and molybdenum....
s. Most of the essential minerals of relatively low atomic weight:

H																		He
Li	Be												B	C	N	O	F	Ne
Na	Mg												Al	Si	P	S	Cl	Ar
K	Ca	Sc		Ti	V	Cr	Mn	Fe	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn	Ga	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
Rb	Sr	Y		Zr	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd	Ag	Cd	In	Sn	Sb	Te	I	Xe
Cs	Ba	La	*	Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg	Tl	Pb	Bi	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra	Ac	**	Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg

			*	Ce	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu
			**	Th	Pa	U	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

The four organic basic elements

Quantity elements

Essential trace element

Trace element

In analytical chemistry, a trace element is an Chemical element in a sample that has an average concentration of less than 100 parts per million atoms, or less than 100 micrograms per gram....
s

Pervasive but no identified biological function in humans

The following play important roles in biological processes:

Mineral	RDA/AI Dietary Reference Intake The Dietary Reference Intake is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine of the US United States National Academy of Sciences....	Description	Category	Insufficiency	Excess
Potassium Potassium Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name....	4700 mg	Quantity	is a systemic electrolyte Electrolyte An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrical conductor medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible.... and is essential in coregulating ATP Adenosine triphosphate This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.... with sodium. Dietary sources include legume Legume A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a Fruit#Simple fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence on two sides.... s, potato skin, tomato Tomato The Tomato is an herbaceous, usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family, as are its close cousins Nicotiana, potatoes, aubergine , chilli peppers, and the poisonous Atropa belladonna.... es, and banana Banana File:Banana and cross section.jpgBanana is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce this commonly eaten fruit.... s.	hypokalemia Hypokalemia Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low. The prefix hypo- means low . Kal refers to kalium, the Neo-Latin for potassium, and -emia means "in the blood."...	hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperkalaemia is an elevated blood level of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high . The middle kal refers to kalium, which is neo-Latin for potassium....
Chloride Chloride The chloride ion is formed when the chemical element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−....	2300 mg	Quantity	is needed for production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions. Table salt is the main dietary source of chloride.	hypochloremia Hypochloremia Hypochloremia is an electrolyte disturbance whereby there is an abnormally depleted level of the chloride ion in the blood. It rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities....	hyperchloremia Hyperchloremia Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of the chloride ion in the blood. The normal serum range for chloride is 97 to 107 equivalent ....
Sodium Sodium Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" ....	1500 mg	Quantity	is a systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating ATP Adenosine triphosphate This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.... with potassium. Dietary sources include table salt (sodium chloride, the main source), sea vegetables, milk Milk Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals . It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborn mammals before they are able to digestion other types of food.... , and spinach Spinach Spinach is a flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceae. It is native to central and southwestern Asia. It is an annual plant , which grows to a height of up to 30 cm.... .	hyponatremia Hyponatremia Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium concentration in the blood plasma is too low .Severe or rapidly progressing hyponatremia can result in swelling of the brain , and the symptoms of hyponatremia are mainly neurology....	hypernatremia Hypernatremia Hypernatremia or hypernatraemia is an electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood. Hypernatremia is generally not caused by an excess of sodium, but rather by a relative deficit of water in the body....
Calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earth's Crust ....	1000 mg	Quantity	is needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone, supports synthesis and function of blood cells. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy product Dairy product Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. They are usually high-energy-yielding food products. A production plant for such processing is called a dairy or a dairy factory.... s, canned fish with bone Fish (food) Fish as food describes the edible parts of freshwater and seawater, poikilothermic vertebrates with gills. Shellfish, such as mollusks and crustaceans, are other edible water-dwelling animals that fall into the broadest category of fish.... s (salmon, sardines), green leafy vegetables, nuts Nut (fruit) Nut is a general term for the large, dry, oily seed or fruit of some plant. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts.... and seeds SEEDS SEEDS is a voluntary organisation registered under the Societies Act of India.SEEDS was formed in 1994 as an informal group of students and pedagogues of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, whose common interests brought them together and made them carry human habitat environment related exercises beyond set academic target... .	hypocalcaemia Hypocalcaemia In medicine, hypocalcemia is the presence of low blood plasma calcium levels in the blood, usually taken as less than 2.1 mmol/L or 9 mg/dl or an ionized calcium level of less than 1.1 mmol/L ....	hypercalcaemia Hypercalcaemia Hypercalcaemia is an elevated calcium in biology level in the blood. . It can be an asymptomatic laboratory finding, but because an elevated calcium level is often indicative of other diseases, a diagnosis should be undertaken if it persists....
Phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....	700 mg	Quantity	is a component of bones (see apatite Apatite Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of Hydroxyl−, Fluorine−, or Chlorine− ions, respectively, in the crystal.... ) and energy processing and many other functions. In biological contexts, usually seen as phosphate Phosphate A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.... .	hypophosphatemia Hypophosphatemia Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of phosphate in the blood. The condition has many causes, but is most commonly seen when malnourished patients are given large amounts of carbohydrates, which creates a high phosphorus demand by cells, removing phosphate from the blood ....	hyperphosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of phosphate in the blood. Often, calcium in biology levels are lowered due to precipitation of phosphate with the calcium in tissues....
Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, atomic weight 24.3050 and common oxidation number +2.Magnesium, an alkaline earth metal, is the ninth most abundance of the chemical elements in the universe by mass....	420 mg	Quantity	is required for processing ATP Adenosine triphosphate This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.... and for bones. Dietary sources include nut Nut (fruit) Nut is a general term for the large, dry, oily seed or fruit of some plant. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts.... s, soy beans, and cocoa Cocoa Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao from which chocolate is made. "Cocoa" can often also refer to the drink commonly known as hot chocolate; Cocoa solids, the dry powder made by grinding cocoa seeds and removing the cocoa butter from the dark, bitter cocoa solids; or it may refer to the combination of both cocoa p... .	hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood. Usually a serum level less than 0.7 mmol/l is used as reference.... , magnesium deficiency Magnesium deficiency (medicine) Magnesium deficiency refers to an absolute lack of magnesium, the result of numerous conditions. This can generally be remedied by an alteration of diet or oral supplements....	hypermagnesemia Hypermagnesemia Hypermagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of magnesium in the blood. Usually this results in excess of magnesium in the body....
Zinc Zinc Zinc is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is a first-row transition metal of the group 12 element of the periodic table....	11 mg	Trace	is pervasive and required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the carboxy-terminal end of a peptide bond. Humans, animals, and plants contain several types of carboxypeptidases with diverse functions ranging from catabolism to protein maturation.... , liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase The carbonic anhydrases form a family of enzymes that catalyst the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and Hydronium ions, a reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst.... .	zinc deficiency Zinc deficiency Zinc deficiency also known as hypozincemia is a condition where insufficient zinc is available for metabolic needs. Zinc deficiency, at least in rats, can be induced by ingestion of histidine....	zinc toxicity Zinc toxicity Even though zinc is a very essential requirement for a healthy body, excess zinc can be harmful, and cause zinc toxicity. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption....
Iron Iron Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is a Group 8 element and period 4 element. Iron is lustrous and silvery in color....	8 mg	Trace	is required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of vertebrates, and the tissues of some invertebrates.... . Dietary sources include red meat Red Meat Begun in 1989, Max Cannon's *Red Meat* is an independent comic strip. It appears in over 75 alternative weeklies and college papers in the United States and in other countries.... , leafy green vegetables, fish Fish (food) Fish as food describes the edible parts of freshwater and seawater, poikilothermic vertebrates with gills. Shellfish, such as mollusks and crustaceans, are other edible water-dwelling animals that fall into the broadest category of fish.... (tuna, salmon), egg Egg (food) An egg is a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves.... s, dried fruit Dried fruit Dried fruitis fruit that has been drying , either naturally or through use of a machine, such as a food dehydrator. Raisins, prunes, and Date palm are examples of popular dried fruits.... s, bean Bean Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genus of the Family Fabaceae used for human food or animal feed.The whole young pods of bean plants, if picked before the pods ripen and dry, can be tender enough to eat whole, whether cooked or raw.... s, whole grain Whole grain Whole grains are cereal that contain bran and cereal germ as well as the endosperm, in contrast to refined grains, which retain only the endosperm.... s, and enriched grains.	iron deficiency Iron deficiency (medicine) For a more specific and detailed discussion of anemia caused by iron deficiency, see the Wikipedia article iron deficiency anemia.Iron deficiency is the most common known form of nutritional deficiency....	iron overload disorder Iron overload disorder In medicine, iron overload disorders are diseases caused by the accumulation of iron in the body. Organs commonly affected are the liver, heart and endocrine glands....
Manganese Manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....	2.3 mg	Trace	is a cofactor Cofactor (biochemistry) A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to an enzyme and is required for catalysis. They can be considered "helper molecules/ions" that assist in biochemical transformations.... in enzyme Enzyme Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products.... functions.	manganese deficiency Manganese deficiency (medicine) Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities . However, in greater amounts Manganese, like most metals, is poisonous when eaten or inhaled....	manganism Manganism Manganism or manganese poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to manganese and first identified in 1837 by James Couper....
Copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity....	900 µg	Trace	is required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase Cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion.It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria located in the mitochondrial membrane.... .	copper deficiency Copper deficiency Copper deficiency can cause a syndrome of anemia or pancytopenia and a neurodegeneration in humans or other mammals. The neurodegenerative syndrome of copper deficiency has been recognized for some time in ruminant animals, in which it is commonly known as "swayback"....	copper toxicity Copper toxicity Copper toxicity refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body....
Iodine Iodine Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons....	150 µg	Trace	is required for the biosynthesis of thyroxine Thyroxine Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetra?iodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.... .	iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency Iodine is an essential trace element; the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland...
Selenium Selenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature....	55 µg	Trace	a cofactor essential to activity of antioxidant Antioxidant An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the Redox of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent.... enzymes like glutathione peroxidase Glutathione peroxidase Glutathione peroxidase is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.... .	selenium deficiency Selenium deficiency Selenium deficiency is relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals....	selenosis
Molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum , is a Group 6 element chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. It has the List of elements by melting point melting point of any element....	45 µg	Trace	the oxidase Oxidase An oxidase is any enzyme that catalyst an redox reaction involving molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor. In these reactions, oxygen is reduced to water or hydrogen peroxide .... s xanthine oxidase Xanthine oxidase The enzyme xanthine oxidase, or XO, catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.... , aldehyde oxidase Aldehyde oxidase Aldehyde oxidase is an enzyme which generates carboxylic acids from aldehydes.External links... , and sulfite oxidase Sulfite oxidase Sulfite oxidase is a biologically important enzyme found in all living eukaryotic organisms. The enzyme resides in mitochondria of the cell. Mammals have large quantities of sulfite oxidase in their liver, kidney, and heart, and very little in their spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, and blood....	molybdenum deficiency Molybdenum deficiency Molybdenum deficiency refers to the clinical consequences of inadequate supplies of molybdenum in the diet.The amount of molybdenum required is relatively small, and molybdenum deficiency usually doesn't occur in natural settings....

Other elements

Many elements have been suggested as essential, but such claims have usually not been confirmed. Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomolecule containing the element with an identifiable and testable function. One problem with identifying efficacy is that some elements are innocuous at low concentrations and are pervasive, so proof of efficacy is lacking because deficiencies are difficult to reproduce.

Relatively large quantities of sulfur
Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant Valence non-metal....
are required, but there is no RDA, as the sulfur is obtained from and used for amino acid
Amino acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent....
s, and therefore should be adequate in any diet containing enough protein.

Cobalt
Cobalt

Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, grey metal, a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Although cobalt-based colors and pigments have been used since ancient times, and miners have long used the name kobold ore for some minerals, cobalt was only discovered in 1735 by Georg Brandt....
is required in the synthesis of vitamin B12
Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood....
, but because bacteria are required to synthesize the vitamin
Vitamin

A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. A compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be biosynthesis in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet....
, it is usually considered part of vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency

B12 deficiency is a reduction in vitamin B12 from inadequate dietary intake or impaired absorption. The condition is commonly asymptomatic, but can also present as anemia characterized by enlarged blood corpuscles, so-called megaloblastic anemia....
rather than its own mineral deficiency.

There have been occasional studies asserting the essentiality of nickel
Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge....
, but it currently has no known RDA.

Chromium
Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is a steely-gray, Lustre , hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point....
is sometimes described as essential. It is implicated in sugar metabolism in humans, leading to a market for the supplement, chromium picolinate, but definitive biochemical evidence for a physiological function is lacking.

Fluoride
Fluoride

Fluoride is the Redox form of fluorine. Both organic compounds and inorganic compounds containing the chemical element fluorine are considered fluorides....
has been described as conditionally essential, depending upon the importance placed upon the prevention of chronic disease.

Arsenic
Arsenic

Arsenic is a well-known chemical element that has the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250....
, boron
Boron

Boron is a chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a trivalent metalloid element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite....
, bromine
Bromine

Bromine , , meaning "stench " ), is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a reddish-brown Volatility liquid at Standard conditions for temperature and pressure that is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine....
, cadmium
Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively abundant , soft, bluish-white, transition metal, cadmium is known to cause cancer and occurs with zinc ores....
, silicon
Silicon

Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. The atomic mass is 28.0855....
, tungsten
Tungsten

Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element that has the symbol W and atomic number 74.A steel-gray metal, tungsten is found in several ores, including wolframite and scheelite....
, and vanadium
Vanadium

Vanadium is the chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a soft, silvery grey, ductile transition metal. The formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the metal against oxidation....
have established, albeit specialized, biochemical roles as structural or functional cofactors in other organisms. These elements appear not to be utilized by humans.

Dietary mineral

Essential minerals

Other elements

See also

External links