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A quadriga (Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 quadri-, four, and jungere, to yoke) is a car or chariot
Chariot

The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples. Chariots were built in Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamians as early as 3000 BC and in China during the 2nd millennium BC....
 drawn by four horse
Horse

The horse is a hoofed mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolution of the horse over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, odd-toed ungulate animal of today....
s abreast (the Roman
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 equivalent of Greek
Ancient Greece

The term Ancient Greece refers to the period of History of Greece lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman Republic conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth ....
 Tethrippon).






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Bolshoi Theatre


Quadriga London


A quadriga (Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 quadri-, four, and jungere, to yoke) is a car or chariot
Chariot

The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples. Chariots were built in Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamians as early as 3000 BC and in China during the 2nd millennium BC....
 drawn by four horse
Horse

The horse is a hoofed mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolution of the horse over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, odd-toed ungulate animal of today....
s abreast (the Roman
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 equivalent of Greek
Ancient Greece

The term Ancient Greece refers to the period of History of Greece lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman Republic conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth ....
 Tethrippon). It was raced in the Olympic Games
Ancient Olympic Games

The Ancient Olympic Games, originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions held for representatives of various city-states of Ancient Greece....
 and other games. It is represented in profile as the chariot of gods and heroes
Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the Ancient Greece concerning their List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals and Greek hero cult, Cosmology#Metaphysical cosmology, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices....
 on Greek vases and in bas-relief. The quadriga was adopted in ancient Roman
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 chariot racing
Chariot racing

Chariot racing was one of the most popular Ancient Greece, Roman Empire and Byzantine empire sports. Chariot racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse?they frequently suffered serious injury and even death?but generated strong spectator enthusiasm....
. Quadrigas were emblems of triumph; Victory
Victoria (mythology)

In Roman mythology, Victoria was the personification/Goddess of victory. She is the Roman version of the Greek mythology Nike , and was associated with Bellona ....
 and Fame
Pheme

In Greek mythology, Pheme was the personification of fame and renown, her favour being notablity, her wrath being scandalous rumors. She was a daughter of Gaia , was described as "she who initiates and furthers communication" and had an altar at Athens....
 often are depicted as the triumphant woman driving it. In classical mythology
Classical mythology

The terms "classical mythology" and "Greco-Roman mythology" usually refer to the mythology, and the associated polytheism rituals and practices, of Classical Antiquity....
, the quadriga is the chariot of the gods; Apollo
Apollo

In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, Apollo , is one of the most important and many-sided of the Twelve Olympians. The ideal of the kouros , Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; archery; medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more....
 was depicted driving his quadriga across the heavens, delivering daylight and dispersing the night.

The word quadriga may refer to the chariot alone, the four horses without it, or the combination.

All modern quadrigas are based on the Triumphal Quadriga, a Roman or Greek sculpture
Classical sculpture

Classical sculpture refers to the forms of sculpture from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome and the Hellenized, and Romanized civilizations under their rule or influence from about 500B.C....
 which is the only surviving ancient quadriga. It was originally erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople
Hippodrome of Constantinople

The Hippodrome of Constantinople was a Race track that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire and the largest city in Europe....
, possibly on a triumphal arch
Triumphal arch

A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental arch, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war, actually used to celebrate a ruler....
, and is now in St Mark's Basilica
St Mark's Basilica

Saint Mark's Basilica , the cathedral of Venice, is the most famous of the city's Church and one of the best known examples of Byzantine architecture....
 in Venice
Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
. It was looted by Venetian Crusaders in the Fourth Crusade
Fourth Crusade

The Fourth Crusade was originally designed to conquer Islam Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Christianity city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire....
 of 1204 and placed on the terrace of the basilica. In 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1797

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1796, with France fighting the First Coalition.On February 14, British admiral John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent met and defeated a Spain fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St....
, Napoleon
Napoleon I of France

Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
 carried the quadriga off to Paris
Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
 but in 1815 the horses were returned to Venice. Due to the effects of atmospheric pollution, the original quadriga was retired to a museum and replaced with a replica in the 1980s.

Modern Examples


Some of the most significant full-size free-standing sculptures of quadrigas include, in approximate chronological order:

  • The Berlin Quadriga is one of the most famous modern quadriga in the world. It was designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow
    Johann Gottfried Schadow

    Johann Gottfried Schadow was a Germany Sculpture....
     in 1793 as the Quadriga of Victory, as a symbol of peace (represented by the olive wreath carried by Victory). Located atop the Brandenburg Gate
    Brandenburg Gate

    Brandenburg Gate is a former city gate and one of the main symbols of Berlin and Germany. It is located west of the city center at the intersection of Unter den Linden and Ebertstrasse, immediately west of the Pariser Platz....
     in Berlin
    Berlin

    Berlin is the Capital of Germany city and one of sixteen States of Germany of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city....
    , Germany
    Germany

    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
    , it was seized by Napoleon
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
     during his occupation of Berlin
    War of the Fourth Coalition

    The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon I of France First French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Kingdom of Prussia, Imperial Russia, Kingdom of Saxony, First War against Napoleon, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland....
     in 1806, and taken to Paris. It was returned to Berlin by Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher
    Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher

    Gebhard Leberecht von Bl?cher, F?rst von Wahlstatt , Graf , later elevated to F?rst von Wahlstatt, was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall who led his army against Napoleon I at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 with Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington....
     in 1814. Her olive wreath was subsequently replaced by an Iron Cross
    Iron Cross

    The Iron Cross was a military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia, and later of Germany, which was established by King Frederick William III of Prussia and first awarded on 10 March 1813 in Breslau ....
    . The statue suffered severe damage during the Second World War
    World War II

    World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
    , and the association of the Iron Cross with Prussia
    Prussia

    Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
    n militarism
    Militarism

    File:CaptainJ.R.Jellicoe.jpgMilitarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests....
     convinced the Communist government
    Socialist Unity Party of Germany

    The Socialist Unity Party of Germany was the governing party of the German Democratic Republic from its formation on 7 October 1949 until the elections of March 1990....
     of East Germany to remove this aspect of the statue after the war. The iron cross was restored after German reunification
    German reunification

    German reunification took place twice after 1945: first in 1957, the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany, and again on 3 October 1990, when the five re-established states of the German Democratic Republic joined the Germany , and Berlin was united into a single city-state....
     in 1990.


  • The Carrousel Quadriga is situated atop the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
    Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel

    The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel is a triumphal arch in Paris, France, located on the Place du Carrousel, just to the west of the Louvre. It is not to be confused with the more famous Arc de Triomphe which is 30 years younger, but about twice as big....
     in Paris
    Paris

    Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
    , France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
    . The arch itself was built to commemorate the victories of Napoleon, but the quadriga was sculpted by Baron François Joseph Bosio
    François Joseph Bosio

    Baron Fran?ois Joseph Bosio was a French sculpture who achieved distinction in the first quarter of the nineteenth century with his work for Napoleon and for the restored French monarchy....
     to commemorate the Restoration of the Bourbons. The Restoration is represented by an allegorical goddess driving a quadriga, with gilded Victories accompanying it on each side. Circa 1815.


  • The Quadriga on the General Staff Building
    General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)

    The General Staff Building is an edifice with a 580 m long bow-shaped facade, situated on Palace Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in front of the Winter Palace....
     on the Palace Square
    Palace Square

    Palace Square , connecting Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Bridge leading to Vasilievsky Island, is the central city square of St Petersburg and of the former Russian Empire....
     in Saint Petersburg
    Saint Petersburg

    Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
    , 1819-1829


  • The Quadriga on the Alexandrinsky Theater
    Alexandrinsky Theater

    The Alexandrine Theater or Russian State Pushkin Academy Drama Theater is a theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.The Alexandrinsky Theater is the oldest Russian national theatre....
    , in Saint Petersburg
    Saint Petersburg

    Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
    , 1828-1832


  • The Panther Quadriga on the Semperoper
    Semperoper

    The Semperoper is the opera house of the Saxon State Opera Dresden and the concert hall of the S?chsische Staatskapelle Dresden in Dresden, Germany....
     in Dresden
    Dresden

    Dresden is the capital city of the Germany Federal Free state of Saxony. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area....
    , circa 1841


  • The Quadriga on the Bolshoi
    Bolshoi Theatre

    The Bolshoi Theatre is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by the architect Joseph Bov?, which holds performances of ballet and opera....
    , above the portico of the famous Bolshoi Theatre
    Bolshoi Theatre

    The Bolshoi Theatre is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by the architect Joseph Bov?, which holds performances of ballet and opera....
     designed by the world-known sculptor Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg
    Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg

    Baron Peter Clodt von J?rgensburg, known in Russian language as Pyotr Karlovich Klodt , was a favourite sculptor of Nicholas I of Russia....
    , circa 1850


  • The Siegestor
    Siegestor

    The Siegestor in Munich, is a three-arched triumphal arch crowned with a statue of Bavaria with a lion-quadriga, similar in style to the Arch of Constantine in Rome, the Marble Arch in London, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and the Brandenburger Tor in Berlin....
     (Victory Gate) in Munich
    Munich

    Munich is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Munich is located on the River Isar north of the Northern Limestone Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg....
     is topped by a lion quadriga created by Martin von Wagner, circa 1852


  • Two Quadrigas on the Grand Palais
    Grand Palais

    The Grand Palais is a large glass exhibition hall that was built for the Exposition Universelle . It is located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris of Paris, France....
     in Paris, the work of French sculptor Georges Récipon
    Georges Récipon

    File:Toit-Grand-Palais.jpgGeorges R?cipon was a French painter and sculptor.The son of a sculptor, R?cipon's major work is probably his work at the Grand Palais in Paris, two monumental and exuberant quadrigas on the building's roof....
    , circa 1900


  • Atop the Arch at Grand Army Plaza
    Grand Army Plaza

    Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, New York is an 11-acre oval plaza that forms the main entrance to Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York. It was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1867....
     in Brooklyn
    Brooklyn

    Brooklyn is one of the five Borough of New York City, located at the western end of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area....
    , New York
    New York

    The State of New York is a U.S. state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States and is the nation's List of U.S....
    , lady Columbia
    Historical Columbia

    Columbia is a poetry name for the United States and for the feminine symbolic national personification thereof....
    , an allegorical representation of the United States, rides in a chariot drawn by two horses. Two winged Victory figures, each leading a horse, trumpets Columbia's arrival. The sculptor was Frederick William MacMonnies
    Frederick William MacMonnies

    Frederick William MacMonnies was the best known expatriate United States sculpture of the ?cole des Beaux-Arts, as successful and lauded in France as he was in the United States....
    , done circa 1900.


  • Victory and Progress, horse drawn chariots by J. Massey Rhind
    J. Massey Rhind

    John Massey Rhind was an United States sculptor born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Among Rhind's better known works is the marble statue of Dr. Crawford W....
     on the Wayne County Building
    Wayne County Building

    The Wayne County Building is a lowrise government tower in Detroit, Michigan. It stands at 600 Randolph Street, and contains the Wayne County, Michigan administrative offices, and its courthouse....
     in Detroit, Michigan
    Detroit, Michigan

    Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Wayne County, Michigan. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River, in the Midwestern United States of the United States....
    , circa 1900


  • Progress of the State
    Progress of the State

    Progress of the State is the title of a group of statue that sits above the south portico, at the main entrance to the Minnesota State Capitol at Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the U.S....
     at the Minnesota State Capitol
    Minnesota State Capitol

    The Minnesota State Capitol is located in Minnesota's capital city, Saint Paul, Minnesota, and houses the Minnesota Senate, Minnesota House of Representatives, the Office of the attorney general and the Office of the Governor of Minnesota....
     is unique for being entirely covered in gold leaf, and is situated above a building entrance rather than a triumphal arch. It was sculpted by Daniel Chester French
    Daniel Chester French

    Daniel Chester French was an United States sculpture. His best-known work is the sculpture of a seated Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C....
     and Edward Clark Potter
    Edward Clark Potter

    Edward Clark Potter was an United States sculpture....
     and put in place in 1906.


  • The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II (Monument of Victor Emmanuel II
    Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

    Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy , was the Monarch of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia from 1849 to 1861. On February 18, 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a Italian unification, a title he held until his death in 1878....
    ) or Altare della Patria (Altar of the Nation) or "Il Vittoriano" in Rome
    Rome

    Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
    , Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
     features two statues of goddess Victoria
    Victoria (mythology)

    In Roman mythology, Victoria was the personification/Goddess of victory. She is the Roman version of the Greek mythology Nike , and was associated with Bellona ....
     riding on quadrigas. Begun 1911, completed in 1935


  • The Wellington Arch Quadriga is situated atop the Wellington Arch
    Wellington Arch

    Wellington Arch, also known as Constitution Arch or the Green Park Arch, is a triumphal arch located to the south of Hyde Park, London in central London....
     in London
    London

    London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
    , England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    . It was designed by Adrian Jones in 1912. The sculpture shows a small boy (actually the son of Lord Michelham, the man who funded the sculpture) leading the quadriga, with Peace descending upon it from heaven.


See also

  • Horses of Saint Mark
    Horses of Saint Mark

    The Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of Mark the Evangelist is a set of Ancient Rome or Ancient Greece bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga ....
     in Venice, remnants of a quadriga of ancient Rome & Nova Roma taken by Enrico Dandolo
    Enrico Dandolo

    Enrico Dandolo was the thirty-ninth Doge of Venice from 1193 until his death. Remembered for his blindness, piety, longevity, and shrewdness, he is infamous for his role in the Fourth Crusade which he, at age ninety, directed against the Byzantine Empire, sacking Constantinople....
    .


External links

  • Encyclopaedia Romana.
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