Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan , formerly also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states...

is a sovereign Turkic

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...

 country

Country

A country is a region legally identified as a distinct entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with a previously...

 located in Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...

. The name Turkmenistan is derived from Persian

Persian language

Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...

, meaning "land of the Turkmen

Turkmen people

The Turkmen are a Turkic people located primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and northeastern Iran. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai,...

". The name of its capital, Ashgabat, derived from Persian as well, loosely translating as "the city of love". Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Turkmen SSR

The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as the Turkmen SSR for short, was one of republics of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. It was initially established on 7 August 1921 as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR. On 13 May 1925 it was transformed into Turkmen SSR and became a...

. It is bordered by Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...

 to the southeast, Iran

Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

 to the southwest, Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of the six independent Turkic states. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south....

 to the northeast, Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...

 to the northwest, and the Caspian Sea

Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. The sea has a surface area of and a volume of...

 to the west.

According to CIA World Factbook 2006 figures, Turkmenistan ranks 5th in the world for GDP growth rate. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sands) Desert

Karakum Desert

The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara Gum is a desert in Central Asia. It occupies about 70 percent, or 350,000 km², of the area of Turkmenistan....

. It has a single-party system

Single-party state

A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system government in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election...

, and was ruled by President for Life

President for Life

President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to remove their term limit, in the hope that their authority, legitimacy, and term will never be disputed....

 Saparmurat Niyazov

Saparmurat Niyazov

Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov; , was a Turkmen politician who served as President of Turkmenistan from 2 November 1990 until his death in 2006...

 until his death on 21 December 2006. Presidential elections were held on 11 February 2007. Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow

Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow

Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedowhas been the President of Turkmenistan since December 21, 2006, when he became acting president following the death of Saparmurat Niyazov, and the imprisonment of Niyazov's constitutionally appointed successor, Öwezgeldi Ataýew...

 was declared the winner with 89% of the vote. He was sworn in on 14 February 2007.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Turkmenistan:

General reference

• Pronunciation
  International Phonetic Alphabet
  The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
  
  :
• Common English country name: Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan , formerly also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states...
  
  
• Official English country name: Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan , formerly also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states...
  
  
• Common endonym(s):
• Official endonym(s):
• Adjectival(s): Turkmen
  Turkmen people
  The Turkmen are a Turkic people located primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and northeastern Iran. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai,...
  
  
• Demonym(s):
• Etymology
  Etymology
  Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
  
  : Name of Turkmenistan
• International rankings of Turkmenistan
  International rankings of Turkmenistan
  - International rankings :...
  
  
• ISO country codes: TM, TKM, 795
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:TM
  ISO 3166-2:TM
  ISO 3166-2:TM is the entry for Turkmenistan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Turkmenistan, ISO 3166-2...
  
  
• Internet
  Internet
  The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
  
   country code top-level domain
  Country code top-level domain
  A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory....
  
  : .tm
  .tm
  .tm is the Internet country code top-level domain for Turkmenistan. It is operated by Internet Computer Bureau.It has been marketed as a domain for businesses with trademarks, due to the common use of "TM" in this context....
  
  

Geography of Turkmenistan

• Turkmenistan is: a landlocked country
• Location:
  • Northern Hemisphere
    Northern Hemisphere
    The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator...
    
     and Eastern Hemisphere
    Eastern Hemisphere
    The Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere or eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of 180° longitude. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, vis-à-vis the Western Hemisphere, which includes...
    
    
  • Eurasia
    Eurasia
    Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
    
    
    • Asia
      Asia
      Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
      
      
      • Central Asia
        Central Asia
        Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
        
        
  • Time zone
    Time zone
    A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates , different places on the Earth need to have different clock times...
    
    : UTC+05
  • Extreme points of Turkmenistan
    Extreme points of Turkmenistan
    This is a list of the extreme points of Turkmenistan: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points in the country.- Latitude and longitude :- Altitude :- See also :...
    
    
    • High: Aýrybaba
      Aýrybaba
      Aýrybaba is a mountain in Central Asia. At Aýrybaba is the highest mountain in Turkmenistan. It is located in the Köýtendag Range of the Pamir-Alay chain in the southeast of Turkmenistan on the Uzbekistan border....
      
       3139 m (10,299 ft)
    • Low: Akjagaýa çöketligi -81 m
  • Land boundaries: 3,736 km

 Uzbekistan 1,621 km

 Iran 992 km

 Afghanistan 744 km

 Kazakhstan 379 km

• Coastline: none
• Population of Turkmenistan: 5,110,023 (Dec. 2006 est.) – 112nd most populous country
• Area of Turkmenistan: 488,100 km² – 52nd by total area
• Atlas of Turkmenistan

Environment of Turkmenistan

• Climate of Turkmenistan
• Environmental issues in Turkmenistan
  Environmental issues in Turkmenistan
  Environmental issues in Turkmenistan are most visible in three significant areas: desertification, the drying of the Aral Sea, and chemical pollution. All three of these areas are directly linked to agricultural practices in the country....
  
  
• Ecoregions in Turkmenistan
• Renewable energy in Turkmenistan
• Geology of Turkmenistan
• Protected areas of Turkmenistan
  Protected areas of Turkmenistan
  Protected areas of Turkmenistan, designated for the protection of biodiversity in Turkmenistan, include 8 nature reserves and 13 sanctuaries with a total area of 19,750 km2 or more than 4% of the country's territory....
  
  
  • Biosphere reserves in Turkmenistan
  • National parks of Turkmenistan
• Wildlife of Turkmenistan
  • Flora of Turkmenistan
  • Fauna of Turkmenistan
    • Birds of Turkmenistan
    • Mammals of Turkmenistan

Natural geographic features of Turkmenistan

• Glaciers of Turkmenistan: None
• Islands of Turkmenistan: None
• Lakes of Turkmenistan
• Mountains of Turkmenistan
  • Volcanoes in Turkmenistan: None
• Rivers of Turkmenistan
  • Waterfalls of Turkmenistan
• Valleys of Turkmenistan
• List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan

Ecoregions of Turkmenistan

Administrative divisions of Turkmenistan

• Provinces of Turkmenistan
  Provinces of Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces or welayatlar and one capital city district .The heads of the provinces are appointed by the President of Turkmenistan .-References:...
  
  
  • Districts of Turkmenistan
    Districts of Turkmenistan
    The provinces of Turkmenistan are divided into districts , which may be either counties or cities. The heads of the districts are appointed by the President of Turkmenistan...
    
    

Provinces of Turkmenistan

• Aşgabat
  Asgabat
  Ashgabat or formerly Poltoratsk between 1919–1927) is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, a country in Central Asia. It has a population of 695,300 , 2009 estimates around 1 million people in Ashgabat, and is situated between the Kara Kum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range...
  
  
• Ahal Province
  Ahal Province
  Ahal Province is one of the welayat of Turkmenistan. It is in the south-center of the country, bordering Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range. Its area is and population 939,700...
  
  
• Balkan Province
  Balkan Province
  Balkan Province is one of the Welayat of Turkmenistan. It is in the far west of the country, bordering Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea, and Iran. Its capital is Balkanabat, formerly known as Nebit Dag. It has an area of 139,270 square kilometers and a population of approximately 553,500...
  
  
• Daşoguz Province
• Lebap Province
  Lebap Province
  Lebap Province is one of the provinces of Turkmenistan. It is in the northeast of the country, bordering Uzbekistan along the Amu Darya. Its capital is Türkmenabat...
  
  
• Mary Province
  Mary Province
  Mary Province is one of the welayatlar of Turkmenistan. It is in the south-east of the country, bordering Afghanistan. Its capital is the city of Mary. Its area is and population 1,480,400...
  
  

Districts of Turkmenistan

The provinces of Turkmenistan

Provinces of Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces or welayatlar and one capital city district .The heads of the provinces are appointed by the President of Turkmenistan .-References:...

 are divided into district

District

Districts are a type of administrative division, in some countries managed by a local government. They vary greatly in size, spanning entire regions or counties, several municipalities, or subdivisions of municipalities.-Austria:...

s, which may be either counties or cities.

Government and politics of Turkmenistan

Main article: Government of Turkmenistan and Politics of Turkmenistan

Politics of Turkmenistan

The politics of Turkmenistan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government...

• Form of government
  Form of government
  A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...
  
  : Presidential republic
• Capital of Turkmenistan: Ashgabat

• Elections in Turkmenistan
  Elections in Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The Elections in Turkmenistan have been widely criticized for being completely fraudulent and attempting to give an appearance of legitimacy to what is in reality a dictatorship...
  
  
  • (specific elections)
• Political parties in Turkmenistan
• Political scandals of Turkmenistan
• Taxation in Turkmenistan

Executive branch of Turkmenistan

• Head of state
  Head of State
  A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
  
  : President of Turkmenistan
  President of Turkmenistan
  -First Secretaries of the Turkmen Communist Party:*Ivan Mezhlauk *Shaymardan Ibragimov *Nikolay Paskutsky *Grigory Aronshtam...
  
  , Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow
  Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow
  Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedowhas been the President of Turkmenistan since December 21, 2006, when he became acting president following the death of Saparmurat Niyazov, and the imprisonment of Niyazov's constitutionally appointed successor, Öwezgeldi Ataýew...
  
  
• Head of government
  Head of government
  Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
  
  : President of Turkmenistan
  President of Turkmenistan
  -First Secretaries of the Turkmen Communist Party:*Ivan Mezhlauk *Shaymardan Ibragimov *Nikolay Paskutsky *Grigory Aronshtam...
  
  , Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow
  Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow
  Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedowhas been the President of Turkmenistan since December 21, 2006, when he became acting president following the death of Saparmurat Niyazov, and the imprisonment of Niyazov's constitutionally appointed successor, Öwezgeldi Ataýew...
  
  
• Cabinet of Turkmenistan

Legislative branch of Turkmenistan

• Parliament of Turkmenistan (unicameral per 2008 constitution)
  • Upper house
    Upper house
    An upper house, often called a senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house; a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.- Possible specific characteristics :...
    
    : None
  • Lower house
    Lower house
    A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide the lower house has come to wield more power...
    
    : None

Judicial branch of Turkmenistan

• Supreme Court of Turkmenistan

Foreign relations of Turkmenistan

• Diplomatic missions in Turkmenistan
• Diplomatic missions of Turkmenistan
  Diplomatic missions of Turkmenistan
  This is a list of diplomatic missions of Turkmenistan, excluding honorary consulates.-Americas:** Washington DC -Asia:** Kabul **Yerevan ** Beijing ** New Delhi ** Tehran...
  
  

International organization membership

Turkmenistan is a member of:

• Asian Development Bank
  Asian Development Bank
  The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 22 August 1966 to facilitate economic development of countries in Asia...
  
   (ADB)
• Commonwealth of Independent States
  Commonwealth of Independent States
  The Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union....
  
   (CIS)
• Economic Cooperation Organization
  Economic Cooperation Organization
  The Economic Cooperation Organization is an intergovernmental organization involving seven Asian and three Eurasian nations, part of the South-central Asian Union. It provides a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade, and investment opportunities. The ECO is an ad hoc...
  
   (ECO)
• Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
  Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
  The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council , a NATO institution, is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European periphery. The member states meet to cooperate and consult on a range of political and security issues...
  
   (EAPC)
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  Founded in 1991, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia. Its mission was to support the formerly communist countries in the process of establishing their...
  
   (EBRD)
• Food and Agriculture Organization
  Food and Agriculture Organization
  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and...
  
   (FAO)
• Group of 77
  Group of 77
  The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has...
  
   (G77)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is one of five institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The IBRD is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by World War II. Now, its mission has expanded to fight...
  
   (IBRD)
• International Civil Aviation Organization
  International Civil Aviation Organization
  The International Civil Aviation Organization , pronounced , , is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth...
  
   (ICAO)
• International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
• International Development Association
  International Development Association
  The International Development Association , is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. It complements the World Bank's other lending arm — the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — which serves middle-income countries with capital investment and...
  
   (IDA)
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is a humanitarian institution that is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement along with the ICRC and 186 distinct National Societies...
  
   (IFRCS)
• International Finance Corporation
  International Finance Corporation
  The International Finance Corporation promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States....
  
   (IFC)
• International Labour Organization
  International Labour Organization
  The International Labour Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues pertaining to international labour standards. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat — the people who are employed by it throughout the world — is known as the...
  
   (ILO)
• International Maritime Organization
  International Maritime Organization
  The International Maritime Organization , formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization , was established in Geneva in 1948, and came into force ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959...
  
   (IMO)
• International Monetary Fund
  International Monetary Fund
  The International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...
  
   (IMF)
• International Olympic Committee
  International Olympic Committee
  The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...
  
   (IOC)
• International Organization for Migration
  International Organization for Migration
  The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization. It was initially established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration to help resettle people displaced by World War II....
  
   (IOM) (observer)
• International Organization for Standardization
  International Organization for Standardization
  The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial...
  
   (ISO) (correspondent)
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human...
  
   (ICRM)

• International Telecommunication Union
  International Telecommunication Union
  The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for information and communication technologies...
  
   (ITU)
• Islamic Development Bank
  Islamic Development Bank
  The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development financing institution located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference , convened 23 Dhu'l Qa'dah 1393 AH.The bank officially began its activities on...
  
   (IDB)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is a member organization of the World Bank Group that offers political risk insurance. It was established to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries. MIGA was founded in 1988 with a capital base of $1 billion and is headquartered in...
  
   (MIGA)
• Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
• Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
• Partnership for Peace
  Partnership for Peace
  Partnership for Peace is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union; 22 States are members...
  
   (PFP)
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization
  Shanghai Cooperation Organization
  The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO , is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan...
  
   (SCO) (guest)
• United Nations
  United Nations
  The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
  
   (UN)
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues....
  
   (UNCTAD)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  The United Nations Industrial Development Organization , French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system, headquartered in Vienna, Austria...
  
   (UNIDO)
• Universal Postal Union
  Universal Postal Union
  The Universal Postal Union is an international organization that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress, the Council of Administration , the Postal Operations Council and the...
  
   (UPU)
• World Customs Organization
  World Customs Organization
  The World Customs Organization is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. With its worldwide membership, the WCO is recognized as the voice of the global customs community...
  
   (WCO)
• World Federation of Trade Unions
  World Federation of Trade Unions
  The World Federation of Trade Unions was established in 1945 to replace the International Federation of Trade Unions. Its mission was to bring together trade unions across the world in a single international organization, much like the United Nations...
  
   (WFTU)
• World Health Organization
  World Health Organization
  The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
  
   (WHO)
• World Intellectual Property Organization
  World Intellectual Property Organization
  The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world"....
  
   (WIPO)
• World Meteorological Organization
  World Meteorological Organization
  The World Meteorological Organization is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 189 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization , which was founded in 1873...
  
   (WMO)
• World Tourism Organization
  World Tourism Organization
  The World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information...
  
   (UNWTO)

Law and order in Turkmenistan

• Capital punishment in Turkmenistan
  Capital punishment in Turkmenistan
  Capital punishment in Turkmenistan was originally allowed by Article 20 of the 1992 Constitution, where it was described as "an exceptional punishment for the heaviest of crimes"...
  
  
• Constitution of Turkmenistan
  Constitution of Turkmenistan
  The Constitution of Turkmenistan adopted on 18 May 1992 is the supreme law of Turkmenistan . In its preamble, the Constitution emphasizes self-determination for the Turkmen people, as well as the rule of law and rights for citizens. .The 1992 constitution was amended in 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2006...
  
  
• Crime in Turkmenistan
• Human rights in Turkmenistan
  Human rights in Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide. Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President Saparmurat Niyazov....
  
  
  • LGBT rights in Turkmenistan
    LGBT rights in Turkmenistan
    Male homosexuality is illegal in Turkmenistan and is punished by imprisonment for the term of up to two years.Criminal Code of 1997 Article 135. Sodomy...
    
    
  • Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan
    Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan
    The Constitution provides for freedom of religion and does not establish a state religion; however, in practice the Government continued to restrict all forms of religious expression. All groups must register in order to gain legal status; unregistered religious activity is illegal and may be...
    
    
• Law enforcement in Turkmenistan
  Law enforcement in Turkmenistan
  -Secret police organizations:*Ministry of State Security-Sources:# World Police Encyclopedia, ed. by Dilip K. Das & Michael Palmiotto. by Taylor & Francis. 2004,# World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Correctional Systems, 2nd. edition, Gale., 2006...
  
  

Military of Turkmenistan

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief
    Commander-in-Chief
    A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
    
    :
    • Ministry of Defence of Turkmenistan
• Forces
  • Army of Turkmenistan
  • Navy of Turkmenistan
  • Air Force of Turkmenistan
  • Special forces of Turkmenistan
• Military history of Turkmenistan
• Military ranks of Turkmenistan

History of Turkmenistan

Main article: History of Turkmenistan

History of Turkmenistan

While the ancient history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the area's discernible history...

, Timeline of the history of Turkmenistan, and Current events of Turkmenistan

• Economic history of Turkmenistan
• Military history of Turkmenistan

Culture of Turkmenistan

• Architecture of Turkmenistan
• Cuisine of Turkmenistan
  Cuisine of Turkmenistan
  Turkmen cuisine, the cuisine of Turkmenistan, is similar to that of the rest of Central Asia. Plov is the staple, everyday food, which is also served at celebrations. It consists of chunks of mutton, carrots and rice fried in a large cast-iron cauldron similar to a Dutch oven. Manty are dumplings...
  
  
• Ethnic minorities in Turkmenistan
• Festivals in Turkmenistan
• Humor in Turkmenistan
• Languages of Turkmenistan
• Media in Turkmenistan
• National symbols of Turkmenistan
  National symbols of Turkmenistan
  The national symbols of Turkmenistan are defined in Article 14 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan. They consist of the Flag, the Coat of Arms, and the National Anthem.The National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan...
  
  
  • Coat of arms of Turkmenistan
    Coat of arms of Turkmenistan
    The State Emblem of Turkmenistan was created after Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The eight-point green starburst with golden edges features in its center a red circular disc which carries sheaves of wheat, five carpet guls, and centered upon that a smaller blue...
    
    
  • Flag of Turkmenistan
    Flag of Turkmenistan
    The flag of Turkmenistan was adopted on January 24, 2001.It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of...
    
    
  • National anthem of Turkmenistan
• People of Turkmenistan
• Prostitution in Turkmenistan
  Prostitution in Turkmenistan
  Prostitution in Turkmenistan is illegal for many people its a viable option since the country has 44% live on less than $2 a day. Many prostitutes frequent the bars and nightclubs and are addicted to heroin....
  
  
• Public holidays in Turkmenistan
  Public holidays in Turkmenistan
  Public holidays in Turkmenistan fall into three main categories: holidays commemorating historical events and landmarks since the declaration of Turkmenistan's independence in 1991 ; traditional and religious holidays revived since...
  
  
• Records of Turkmenistan
• Religion in Turkmenistan
  Religion in Turkmenistan
  The Turkmen of Turkmenistan, like their kin in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran are Muslim. According to the CIA World Factbook, Turkmenistan is 89% Muslim and 9% Eastern Orthodox. Most ethnic Russians are Orthodox Christians. The remaining 2% is unknown...
  
  
  • Buddhism in Turkmenistan
  • Christianity in Turkmenistan
    Christianity in Turkmenistan
    Christians, most of whom are ethnic Russians, constitute less than 9% of the population in Turkmenistan. Orthodox Christianity in Turkmenistan is the main form of Christianity.- Russian Orthodox Church :...
    
    
  • Hinduism in Turkmenistan
    Hinduism in Turkmenistan
    Hare Krishnas are Minority community in Turkmenistan. There are also Indian Hindus in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan along with the other Central Asian countries once formed a part of Gandhara, an ancient Hindu kingdom which lasted for 5000 years....
    
    
  • Islam in Turkmenistan
    Islam in Turkmenistan
    According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, 93.1% of Turkmenistan's population is Muslim. Traditionally, the Turkmen of Turkmenistan, like their kin in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, are Sunni Muslims. Shia Muslims, the other main branch of Islam, are not numerous in Turkmenistan, and the Shia...
    
    
  • Judaism in Turkmenistan
  • Sikhism in Turkmenistan
• List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan

Art in Turkmenistan

• Art in Turkmenistan
• Cinema of Turkmenistan
• Literature of Turkmenistan
• Music of Turkmenistan
  Music of Turkmenistan
  The music of the nomadic and rural Turkmen people is closely related to Kyrgyz and Kazakh folk forms. Important musical traditions in Turkmen music include traveling singers and shamans called bakshy, who act as healers and magicians and sing either a cappella or with instruments such as the...
  
  
• Television in Turkmenistan
• Theatre in Turkmenistan

Sports in Turkmenistan

• Football in Turkmenistan
  Football in Turkmenistan
  Football is the most popular sport in Turkmenistan, a country that gained independence in 1991. The national association regularly takes part in competitions organised by FIFA and the Asian Football Confederation at senior and youth level. Valeri Nepomniachi is probably the most famous name in...
  
  
• Turkmenistan at the Olympics
  Turkmenistan at the Olympics
  Turkmenistan has competed in 4 Summer Olympics, first appearing in 1996. They have never competed in the Winter Olympics. Turkmen athletes previously competed with the Soviet Union team or, in 1992, as part of the Unified Team...
  
  

Economy and infrastructure of Turkmenistan

• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 83rd (eighty-third)
• Agriculture in Turkmenistan
  Agriculture in Turkmenistan
  Agriculture in Turkmenistan is a significant sector of the economy which contributes 20.9% of the GDP and employs 48.2% of the workforce. However, only 4% of the total land area is cultivated....
  
  
• Banking in Turkmenistan
  • National Bank of Turkmenistan
• Communications in Turkmenistan
  Communications in Turkmenistan
  Turkmenistan has a state-controlled press and monitored communication systems. With the death of Saparmurat Niyazov on December 21, 2006, the situation may change, possibly opening for the expansion of free press and open communications within the nation.-Mobile:...
  
  
  • Internet in Turkmenistan
• Companies of Turkmenistan
• Currency of Turkmenistan
  Currency
  In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...
  
  : Manat
  Turkmenistani manat
  The Manat is the currency of Turkmenistan. It was introduced on November 1, 1993, replacing the Russian ruble at a rate of 1 manat = 500 ruble. The ISO 4217 code is TMM and the manat is subdivided into 100 tennesi...
  
  
  • ISO 4217
    ISO 4217
    ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
    
    : TMT
    TMT
    TMT may refer to:* Tandem mass tag, a label used for quantitative mass spectrometry–based proteomics* Tarsometatarsal articulations* Technology, Media, Telecommunications – an investment sector, e.g., late-1990s TMT bubble...
    
    
• Economic history of Turkmenistan
• Energy in Turkmenistan
  • Energy policy of Turkmenistan
  • Oil industry in Turkmenistan
• Health care in Turkmenistan
• Mining in Turkmenistan
• Turkmenistan Stock Exchange
• Tourism in Turkmenistan
• Transport in Turkmenistan
  Transport in Turkmenistan
  In the early 2000s, substantial work was done to restore infrastructure, which was in general disrepair, and to extend travel routes. Major new road and railroad projects were in progress in 2006...
  
  
  • Airports in Turkmenistan
  • Rail transport in Turkmenistan
  • Roads in Turkmenistan
• Water supply and sanitation in Turkmenistan

See also

• Index of Turkmenistan-related articles
  Index of Turkmenistan-related articles
  The list of Turkmenistan-related articles is below- Geography :Amu Darya - Atrek - Ayrybaba - Caspian Sea - Climate of Turkmenistan - Environmental issues in Turkmenistan - Gora Arlan - Karakum Desert - Kopet Dag - Köýtendag Range - List of lakes in Turkmenistan - List of mountains of Turkmenistan...
  
  
• List of international rankings
• List of Turkmenistan-related topics
• Member state of the United Nations
• Outline of Asia
  Outline of Asia
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Asia:Asia – world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
  
  
• Outline of geography
  Outline of geography
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:Geography – science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.- Geography is :...
  
  

External links

• Turkmenistan government information portal
• Music of Turkmenistan
• The Turkmenistan Project - weekly news and analysis in English and Russian
• CIA Factbook
• Official photo gallery from Turkmenistan and Ashgabat
• Largest Photo gallery of Turkmenistan and Ashgabat
• Photo Gallery from Turkmenistan (in German)
• Turkmenistan Travel Guide
• Encyclopedia of the Nations
• All schools of Turkmenistan
• BBC News country profile
• View Ashgabat, Dashoguz, and Mary on Google Earth
• Turkmenistan Music and Videos
• Turkmenistan-News Forum Chat. Search file Turkmenistan
• Turkmenistan Oil and Gas Information
• Turkmenistan Social
• Turkmenistan Blogs
• Turkmen-English Dictionary
• Turkmenistan News
• Turkmen literature, poems, poetry, articles
• The World's Barmiest Bans