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Militsiya
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Militsiya or Militia was used as a short official name of the civilian police in several former communist states, despite its original military connotation (see Militia).
The term was used in the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact countries (for example Milicja Obywatelska in the PR Poland), but also in the Non-Aligned Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was inherited by some former Soviet states, such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Considering etymology of the term and the distinctive local features, the militsiya should be considered a distinct kind of regional policing system, not just a translation of the English "police".
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Militsiya or Militia was used as a short official name of the civilian police in several former communist states, despite its original military connotation (see Militia).
The term was used in the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact countries (for example Milicja Obywatelska in the PR Poland), but also in the Non-Aligned Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was inherited by some former Soviet states, such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Considering etymology of the term and the distinctive local features, the militsiya should be considered a distinct kind of regional policing system, not just a translation of the English "police". Militsiya forces in all post-Soviet countries share similar traditions, tactics and methods, although the differences are increasing over time.
Name and status
The name originates from early Soviet history, when the Bolsheviks intended to associate their new law enforcement authority with the self-organization of the people and to distinguish it from the "bourgeois class protecting" police. Originally militsiya was created in 1917 under the official name: the Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya. Eventually, it was replaced by Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian: ???, MVD; Ukrainian: ???, MVS; Belorussian: ???, MUS), which is now the official full name for the militsiya forces in the respective countries. Its regional branches are officially called Departments of Internal Affairs—city department of internal affairs, raion department of internal affairs, oblast department of internal affairs, etc. The Russian term for a raion department is "???" ("?????/????????? ?????????? ???"), for region department is "???" ("?????????? ?????????? ???") or, sometimes, "????" ("??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???"), same for national republics is "???" ("???????????? ?????????? ???").
Functionally, Ministries of Internal Affairs are mostly police agencies. Their functions and organization differ significantly from similarly named departments in Western countries, which are usually civil executive bodies headed by politicians and responsible for many other tasks as well as the supervision of law enforcement. The Soviet and successor MVDs have usually been headed by a militsiya general and predominantly consist of service personnel, with civil employees only filling auxiliary posts. Although such ministers are members of the respective country's cabinet, they usually do not report to the prime minister and parliament, but only to the president. Local militsiya departments are subordinated to their regional departments, having little accountability before local authorities.
Internal affairs units within the militsiya itself are usually called "internal security" departments.
The official names of particular militsiya bodies and services in post-Soviet countries are usually very complicated, hence the use of the short term militsiya. Laws usually refer to police just as militsiya.
The short term for a police officer (regardless of gender) is militsioner (Russian: ??????????, Ukrainian: ?i?i?i????). Slang terms for militsioner include ment (plural: ?????, menty) and musor (plural: ??????, musora). Although the latter word is offensive (it literally means "trash" or "garbage"), it originated from an acronym for the Moscow Criminal Investigations Department (???, short for ?????????? ????????? ????) in Imperial Russia. Ment is a close equivalent to the English slang term "cop".
General overview
The organizational structure, methods and traditions of the militsiya differ significantly from those of western police. Militsiya as an organization consists of many functional departments, such as the GIBDD, a traffic police. Organized crime detectives form highly independent squads inside regional militsiya. Some units may have the distinctive names (like OMON in Russia) which are more specific than militsiya or militsioner.
Militsiya personnel ranks mostly follow those of the Army - from private (Rus: ryadovoy), which is the lowest rank, to colonel general - with only these exceptions: there are no ranks of Army General and Marshal. Detectives (Russian: operativnik) hold a ranks of lieutenant at least and could be promoted to major or the lieutenant colonel. The militsiya of an oblast (or other equivalent subnational entity) is usually headed by a general. The rank name is suffixed with of militsiya (e.g. major of militsiya for a major).
Militsiya personnel carry firearms, but are not permitted to carry their weapons when they are off duty.
Unlike in some other countries' police agencies, militsioners are not assigned permanent partners, but work alone or within larger groups. Neither street patrols nor detectives are allowed to drive police vehicles themselves, so a specialist driver (either a serviceman or a civil employee) is assigned to each car and is also in charge of its maintenance. GIBDD (the traffic militsiya) is the only exception: its members drive their own (or even own private) cars and are specially trained in risk-driving.
One unique feature of militsiya policing approach is the system of territorial patronage over citizens. The cities, as well as the rural settlements are divided into uchastoks () with a special uchastkovyi militsioner ("quarter policeman"), assigned to each. The main duty of uchastkovyi is to maintain close relations with the residents of his quarter and gather information among them. In particular, uchastkovyi should personally know each and every ex-convict, substance abuser, young hooligan etc. in given uchastok, and visit them regularly for preemptive influence. Uchastkovyi is also responsible for tackling minor offences like family violence, loud noise, residential area parking etc. Uchastkovyi is also the main, and actually the real, militsiya force in remote areas and small settlements where permanent police departments are not created. Uchastkovyi militsioners possess separate small offices within their quarters and maintain citizens admittance in definite weekdays.
This system slightly resembles the U.S. system of sheriffs but shows some notable differences. Uchastkovyi is neither a chief police officer in a given community nor a universal one (not combining detective, incarceration or special tactics tasks).
The system of uchastkovyis dates back to imperial times when uriadniks were conducting lowest-level policing in rural areas. In Soviet Union, uchastkovyis were also responsible for such tasks as maintaining propiska limitations and overseeing former political prisoners, which were subject to daily registration at the local MVD office.
Another unique militsiya feature is the use of conscripts for regular urban policing. There are special "militarized militsiya units" in large cities (like Kiev or Moscow), consisting of called-up soldiers. These soldiers carry out simple public security tasks like patrolling and cordoning, possessing no firearms and usually being accompanied by a professional militsioner. "Militarized militsioners" reside in barracks and maintain military order. The main reason for existence of conscript police is the severe lack of personnel in regular militsiya units. "Militarized militsiya" should not be confused with the Internal Troops - the gendarmerie-like military force within the Soviet/post-Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs.
Although women constitute a significant proportion of militsiya staff, they are usually not permitted to fill positions that carry risks (such as patrolman, guard, SWAT), but are allowed to carry firearms for self-defense. Instead, they are widely represented among investigators, juvenile crime inspectors, clerks, etc. However, limited attempts are being made to appoint women as traffic officers or operativniks.
Rank insignia
Until late 1936, the People's Militsiya and Internal Troops of the NKVD had no personal ranks, much akin to the Red Army, Red Navy, and OGPU, and used many various position-ranks. When personal ranks were reintroduced in the military in 1935, the Militsiya created a curious rank system that was a blend of standard military ranks such as Sergeant, Lieutenant, Capitan and Major, and old positional ranks like 'squad leader', 'inspector', and 'director', some with several grades like 'senior' of 'junior'. The collar rank insingia was completely original and not based on military insignia.
This system was largely reused by the GUGB in their special rank structure introduced in 1935, although with another orinal rank insignia and Commissar-style ranks for top officers.
New isnignia were issued to GUGB in 1937 and to Militsiya in 1939. It was now based on collar rank patches of the Red Army and Internal Troops. Confusingly, the special NKVD rank system was left as is, so for example Captain of Militsiya/State Security was assigned a three-box isnignia of an army Colonel (in the Red Army, this patch was reassigned to Lieutenant Colonel in September 1939, but the NKVD did not alter their insignia) and Major of Militsiya/State Security was mapped to one-romb insignia of Kombrig (a brigade commander) (which was abolished for commandinng officers of the Red Army in May 1940). This created a great geal of incosistence and tension between army and NKVD/NKGB officers.
The NKVD rank system was streamlined in 1943 when imperial-style shoulder boards replaced the collar insignia patches. The ranks now copied those of the Soviet Army, with the exception of top officers starting with 'Senior Major' who were renamed Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, although they still wore army-style Major Genaral, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards.
The GUGB/NKGB maintained their commisssar ranks until 1945, and switched to equivalent General ranks after that. Militsiya retained commissar ranks until 1973.
Some MVD officers had distinct ranks of General of the Internal Service of 1st, 2nd and 3rd rank; they were replaced with Major General, Leutenant General and Colonel General in 1970s.
Non-police services of the MVD
The Soviet and some post-Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs have also included:
These non-police services should be distinguished from the militsiya itself, except passport and registration service, which structures are often included into OVD and sometimes considered as one of the important militsiya services. Their members have always used different generic names and specific ranks (e.g. Major of the Internal Service, rather than Major of Militsiya).
Militsiya in the Russian Federation
Throughout the first half of the 1990s, the Russian militsiya functioned with minimal funding, equipment, and support from the legal system. The inadequacy of the force became particularly apparent during the wave of organized crime that began sweeping Russia after the beginning of perestroika. Many highly qualified individuals moved from the militsiya into better-paying jobs in the field of private security, which has expanded to meet the demands of companies needing protection, while others joined the organized crime itself. Frequent taking of bribes among the remaining members of the militsiya has damaged the force's public credibility. Numerous revelations of participation by militsiya personnel in murders, prostitution rings, information peddling, and tolerance of criminal acts have created a general public perception that all militsioners are at least taking bribes. Bribery of officers to avoid penalty for traffic violations and petty crimes is a routine and expected occurrence, as well as tortures and abusing of suspects in the custody. Up to 50-80% of suspects are tortured and beaten in order to get "confession".
In a 1995 poll of the public, only 5% of respondents expressed confidence in the ability of the militsiya to deal with crime in their city. Human rights organizations have accused the Moscow militsiya of racism in singling out non-Slavic individuals (especially immigrants from Russia's Caucasus republics), physical attacks, unjustified detention, and other rights violations. In 1995 Minister of Internal Affairs Anatoliy Kulikov conducted a high-profile "Clean Hands Campaign" to purge the MVD of corrupt elements. In its first year, this limited operation caught several highly placed MVD officials collecting bribes, indicating a high level of corruption throughout the agency. According to experts, the main causes of corruption are insufficient funding to train and equip personnel and pay them adequate wages, poor work discipline, lack of accountability, and fear of reprisals from organized criminals.
According to the country law, the militsiya ranks in Russia are classified as a "special ranks of the law-enforcement service" or "special ranks". Such a ranks are in general equal to the Russian military ranks. There are 3 types of the "special ranks":
- militsiya ranks (for Ministry of internal affairs (MVD) personnel working in the general-purpose militsiya service),
- justice ranks (equal to militsya but suffixed with "of justice") - for personnel of the MVD investigatory agancy departments,
- internal service ranks (suffixed with "of internal service" - in general such personnel wear the Russian military uniform) - for the personnel of MVD, Ministry of the extraordinary situations and civil defence, Peneciary service on the service of: fire guard, migration service, administrative function and other.
In some cases the personnel with the special ranks could be promoted into the military rank. For example if the officer of militsiya is removing to the Internal Troops. Another case: if it is necessary to promote the officer into the higher rank which is absent in militsiya ranks or in ranks of other special service.
The Day of Russian Militsiya is held on November 10. The results of a poll conducted on November 10, 2005, published by Izvestia, show that 72% of people are afraid of militsiya because the militiamen are thought to often take illegal actions against innocent people. Another 2005 poll showed that 41% of the Russian population fears the militsiya more than organized crime (56% in Moscow).
Militsiya in Ukraine
The militsiya in Ukraine is organized as the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVS).
See also: Berkut
Militsiya in Belarus
As well as the Militsiya, law enforcement in Belarus is also the responsibility of other agencies such as the Presidential Guard and the State Security Agency (KGB), all under the authority of the country's Ministry of Internal Affairs.
See also
External links
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