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The Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (MVD) (??? or ???????????? ?????????? ???) was the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, later USSR
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
, and still bears the same name in Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
. The Ministry is headquartered in Moscow
Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
.

ted by Alexander I
Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I of Russia , also known as Alexander the Blessed served as Tsar of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland....
 on 28th March, 1802 in the process of government reform
Government reform of Alexander I

The early Russian system of government instituted by Peter I of Russia, which consisted of various state committees, each named Collegium with subordinate departments named Prikaz, was largely outdated by the 1800s....
s to replace the aging colleges
Collegium (ministry)

The collegia were government departments in Russian Empire, established in 1717 by Peter I of Russia. The departments were housed in the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg....
 of Peter the Great
Peter I of Russia

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
, the MVD was one of the most powerful governmental bodies of the Empire, responsible for the police
Police

Police are agents or agencies, usually of the executive , empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force....
 forces and Internal Guards and the supervision of gubernial
Guberniya

Guberniya was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually translated as government, governorate, or province. A guberniya was ruled by a governor or , a word borrowed from Latin , in turn from Greek ....
  administrations.






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The Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (MVD) (??? or ???????????? ?????????? ???) was the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, later USSR
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
, and still bears the same name in Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
. The Ministry is headquartered in Moscow
Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
.

Russian Empire

Created by Alexander I
Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I of Russia , also known as Alexander the Blessed served as Tsar of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland....
 on 28th March, 1802 in the process of government reform
Government reform of Alexander I

The early Russian system of government instituted by Peter I of Russia, which consisted of various state committees, each named Collegium with subordinate departments named Prikaz, was largely outdated by the 1800s....
s to replace the aging colleges
Collegium (ministry)

The collegia were government departments in Russian Empire, established in 1717 by Peter I of Russia. The departments were housed in the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg....
 of Peter the Great
Peter I of Russia

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
, the MVD was one of the most powerful governmental bodies of the Empire, responsible for the police
Police

Police are agents or agencies, usually of the executive , empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force....
 forces and Internal Guards and the supervision of gubernial
Guberniya

Guberniya was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually translated as government, governorate, or province. A guberniya was ruled by a governor or , a word borrowed from Latin , in turn from Greek ....
  administrations. Its initial responsibilies also included penitentiaries
Penitentiary

Penitentiary may refer to:* Apostolic Penitentiary, a tribunal of mercy, responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Roman Catholic Church...
, firefighting, state enterprises, the state postal system
Mail

Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects, wherein written documents, typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages, are delivered to destinations around the world....
, state property, construction, roads, medicine, clergy
Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church ; or The Moscow Patriarchate , also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christianity who constitute an Autocephaly Eastern Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, in full communion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches....
, natural resources, and nobility
Russian nobility

The Russian nobility arose in the 14th century and essentially governed Russia until the October Revolution of 1917.The Russian language word for nobility, Dvoryanstvo , derives from the Russian word dvor , meaning the Court of a prince or duke and later, of the tsar....
; most of them were transferred to other ministries and government bodies by the mid-1800s.
Jandarmy

Police

As organs of the central government there were further, the ispravniks, chiefs of police
Chief of police

Chief of Police, also written as police chief or shortened to just chief in the police department is the title typically given to the head of a police department, particularly in North America....
 in the districts into which the governments were divided. These were nominated by the governors, and have under their orders in the pincipal localities commissaries (stanovoi pristav). Ispravniki and stanovoi alike are armed with large and ill-defined powers; and, since they are for the most part illiterate and wholly ignorant of the law, they have proved exasperating engines of oppression. Towards the end of the reign of Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II Nikolaevich , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the List of Russian rulers of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881....
, the government, in order to preserve order in the country districts, also created a special class of mounted rural policemen (uryadniks, from uriad, order), who, armed with power to arrest all suspects on the spot, rapidly became the terror of the countryside. Finally, in the towns every house is provided with a detective policeman in the person of the porter (dvornik), who is charged with the duty of reporting to the police the presence of any suspicious characters or anything else that may interest them.

Secret police

In addition to the above there was also the secret police, in direct subordination to the ministry of the interior, of which the principal function is the discovery, prevention and extirpation of political sedition
Sedition

Sedition is a term of law which refers to covert conduct, such as Speech communication and organization, that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order....
. Its most famous development was the so-called Third Section (of the imperial chancery) instituted by the emperor Nicholas I
Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I , , was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the List of Russian rulers. On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its historical zenith spanning over 20 million square kilometres....
 in 1826. This was entirely independent of the ordinary police, but was associated with the previously existing Special Corps of Gendarmes
Special Corps of Gendarmes

The Special Corps of Gendarmes was the uniformed security police of the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its main responsibilities were law enforcement and state security....
, whose chief was placed at its head. Its object had originally been to keep the emperor in close touch with all the branches of the administration and to bring to his notice any abuses and irregularities, and for this purpose its chief was in constant personal intercourse with the sovereign.

Following the growth of the revolutionary movement
Narodnaya Volya

Narodnaya Volya was a Russian terrorist organization, best known for the successful assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia. It created a centralized, well disguised, and most significant organization in a time of diverse liberation movements in Russia....
 and assassination of Tsar Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II Nikolaevich , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the List of Russian rulers of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881....
, the Department of State Police inherited the secret police
Secret police

Secret police are a police agency which operates in secrecy to maintain national security against internal threats to the state.Secret police forces are typically associated with totalitarianism regimes, as they are often used to maintain the political power of the state rather than uphold the rule of law....
 functions of the dismissed Third Section and transferred the most capable Gendarmes to the Okhrana. In 1896 the powers of the minister were extended at the expense of those of the under-secretary, who remained only at the head of the corps of gendarmes; but by a law of 24 September 1904 this was again reversed, and the under-secretary was again placed at the head of all the police with the title of undersecretary for the administration of the police.

By World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
, the Department had spawned a counter-intelligence
Counter-intelligence

Intelligence cycle management, and, by extension, the overall defenses of nations, are vulnerable to attack. It is the role of intelligence cycle security to protect the process embodied in the intelligence cycle, and that which it defends....
 section. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Gendarmes and the Okhrana were disbanded as anti-revolutionary.

Soviet era

Having won the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks disbanded the tsarist police forces and formed all-proletarian Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya
Militsiya

Militsiya or Militia was used as a short official name of the civilian police in several former communist states, despite its original military terminology connotation ....
 under NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
 of the Russian SFSR
Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
.

In March 1946, all of the People's Commissariats (NK) were redesignated as Ministries (M). The NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
 was renamed the MVD of the USSR, along with its former subordinate, the NKGB which became the MGB of the USSR. The NKVDs of Union Republics
Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Soviet Union were, according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other Soviet Republics to become the Soviet Union....
 also became Ministries of Internal Affairs subordinate to MVD of the USSR.

Secret police
Secret police

Secret police are a police agency which operates in secrecy to maintain national security against internal threats to the state.Secret police forces are typically associated with totalitarianism regimes, as they are often used to maintain the political power of the state rather than uphold the rule of law....
 became a part of MVD after Lavrenty Beria merged the MGB into the MVD in March 1953. Within a year Beria's downfall caused the MVD to be split up again; after that, the MVD retained its "internal security" (police
Police

Police are agents or agencies, usually of the executive , empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force....
) functions, while the new KGB
KGB

KGB is the Russian language abbreviation of Committee for State Security , which was the official name of the umbrella organization serving as the Soviet Union's premier security agency, secret police, and intelligence agency, from 1954 to 1991....
 took on "state security" (secret police) functions.

In his efforts to fight bureaucracy
Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity, usually in large organizations and government. As opposed to adhocracy, it is represented by standardized procedure that dictates the execution of most or all processes within the body, formal division of powers, hierarchy, and relationships....
 and maintain 'Leninist principles
Leninism

Leninism refers to various related Political science and economics theories elaborated by the Bolshevik Communism leader Vladimir Lenin. Leninism builds upon and elaborates the ideas of Marxism, and serves as a philosophical basis for the ideology of Soviet communism....
', Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964....
, as the Premier of the Union
Premier of the Soviet Union

Premier of the Soviet Union is the commonly used English language term for the offices of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR , who was the head of government in the Soviet Union....
, called for the dismissal of the All-Union MVD. The Ministry ceased to exist in January 1960 and its functions were transferred to the respective Republican Ministries. The MVD of the Russian SFSR
Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
 was renamed the Ministry for Securing the Public Order in 1962.

Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, serving in that position longer than anyone other than Joseph Stalin....
 again recreated the All-Union Ministry for Securing the Public Order in July 1966 and later assigned Nikolay Shchyolokov as Minister; the RSFSR Ministry was disbanded for the second time, the first being at the creation of the NKVD of the Soviet Union. The MVD regained its original title in 1968.

Another role of the reformed MVD was to combat economic crimes, that is to suppress private business which was largely prohibited by socialist law
Socialist law

Socialist law is the official name of the legal system used in Communist states. It is based on the civil law system, with major modifications and additions from Marxism-Leninism ideology....
. This fight was never successful due to the pervasive nature of the black market.

By the mid-1980s, the image of the people's militsiya was largely compromised by the corruption and disorderly behaviour of both enlisted and officer staff (the most shocking case was the robbery and murder of a KGB
KGB

KGB is the Russian language abbreviation of Committee for State Security , which was the official name of the umbrella organization serving as the Soviet Union's premier security agency, secret police, and intelligence agency, from 1954 to 1991....
 operative by a gang of militioners stationed in Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro

The Moscow Metro , which spans almost the entire Moscow, is the world's Metro systems by annual passenger rides rapid-transit system. Opened in 1935, it is well known for the ornate design of many of its metro station, which contain outstanding examples of socialist realism art....
 in 1983). Many high-ranking MVD officers, including the Minister himself, were revealed to be routinely bribed by illegal shadow business and criminals.

Russian Federation


The Russian MVD was recreated as the MVD of the Russian SFSR
Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
 in 1990, following the restoration of the republican Council of Ministers
Russian Council of Ministers

The Russian Council of Ministers is an executive governmental body that brings together the principal officers of the Executive Branch of the Russian government....
 and Supreme Soviet
Supreme Soviet

The Supreme Soviet of the USSR was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments....
, and remained when Russia gained independence from the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
. It currently controls the Militsiya
Militsiya

Militsiya or Militia was used as a short official name of the civilian police in several former communist states, despite its original military terminology connotation ....
, the State Road Inspection Service (GAI
Gai

Gai may refer to:*Gay *Gai, Austria, a town in the district of Leoben in Styria*Gruppo GAI, an Italian company constructing of machines for the bottling of quality wines...
), and the Internal Troops
Internal Troops

Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs is a paramilitary national guard like force in the now-defunct Soviet Union and its successor countries, particularly, in Russia and Ukraine....
. Since the disbanding of the Tax Police, it also investigates economic crimes.

The long-time additional duties of the Imperial MVD and NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
, such as the Firefighting Service and Prisons Service, were recently moved to the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Ministry of Justice respectively. The last reorganization abolished Main Directorates inherited from the NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
 in favour of Departments. The current minister of internal affairs in Russia is Rashid Nurgaliyev
Rashid Nurgaliyev

File:Russia cropped G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministers meeting member 20040511.jpgRashid Gumarovich Nurgaliyev is the Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del of Russia....
.

The MVD Central Administration

1. Criminal Militia Service - the Criminal Investigations Department
  • Main Office for Criminal Investigation
  • Main Office for Combating Economic and Tax Crimes
  • Main Office for Combating Organized Crime
    Organized crime

    Organized crime or criminal organizations comprise groups or operations run by crimes, most commonly for the purpose of generating a money profit....
  • Office for Operational Investigation Information
  • Co-ordination Office of Criminal Militia Service
2. Public Security Service - The Uniformed Militia
  • Main Office for Public Order Maintenance
  • Main Office of State Road Safety Inspection - the Highway patrol
    Highway patrol

    A highway patrol is either a police unit created primarily for the purpose of overseeing and enforcing traffic safety compliance on roads and highways, such as the California Highway Patrol, or a detail within an existing local or regional police agency that is primarily concerned with such duties, such as the HWP units of Australian state p...
     or GAI
    Gai

    Gai may refer to:*Gay *Gai, Austria, a town in the district of Leoben in Styria*Gruppo GAI, an Italian company constructing of machines for the bottling of quality wines...
  • Main Office of the Interior for Restricted Facilities
  • Main Office of Interdepartmental Security Guard
    Security guard

    A security guard, is usually a privately and formally employment person who is paid to protect property, assets, or people.Often, security officers are uniformed and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, observing for signs of crime, fire or disorder; then taking act...
     Service
  • Co-ordination Office of Public Security Service
3. Federal Migration service
  • Main Office of the Interior for Transport and Special Transportation
  • Office for Passport
    Passport

    A passport is a document, issued by a national government, which certifies, for the purpose of international travel, the identity and nationality of its holder....
    s and Visa
    Visa (document)

    A visa is an indication that a person is authorized to enter the country which "issued" the visa, subject to permission of an immigration official at the time of actual entry....
    s
  • Migration Control Office
  • External Labour Migration Department
  • Legal Office
  • Office for Crisis Situations
  • Office for Resource Provisions
  • Finance and Economy Office
4. Logistical Service
  • Office for Material and Technical Support
  • Finance and Economy Department
  • Medical Office
  • Office for Communication and Automation
  • Office for Capital Construction
  • Co-ordination Office of Logistical Service
  • General Services Office
5. Independent Divisions
  • Office of Affairs - the Secretariat
    Secretariat

    In many countries, a Secretariat is an office complex where officials and administrators, including bureaucrats, conduct a government's business....
  • Main Office for Internal Security -Internal affairs
    Internal affairs

    Internal affairs may refer to:* Internal affairs of a sovereign state* Internal affairs , a division of a law enforcement agency which investigates cases of lawbreaking by members of that agency...
  • Control and Auditing Office
  • Internal Troops
    Internal Troops

    Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs is a paramilitary national guard like force in the now-defunct Soviet Union and its successor countries, particularly, in Russia and Ukraine....
     General Headquarters
  • MVD Inquiry Committee
  • Forensic Expertise Center
  • Main Office for Organization and Inspection - The MVD Inspector General
    Inspector General

    In a civilian or military administration, an Inspector General is a high ranking official charged with the mission to inspect and report on some bodies in their field of competency....
  • Main Office for Special Technical Actions - (Special operations
    Special operations

    Special operations are military operations that are considered "special" .Examples of special operations include such operations such as reconnaissance/military intelligence, unconventional warfare, and counter-terrorism actions....
    ) : OSNAZ
    OSNAZ

    OSNAZ were special forces troops within the KGB and the MVD. OSNAZ was originally the OMSBON . The term has largely been replaced by Spetsnaz....
    , OMON
    OMON

    OMON is a generic name for the system of special units of militsiya within the Russian and earlier the Soviet Union MVD . As of 2008, there is an OMON unit in every oblast of Russia, as well as in many major cities; for example, there is an OMON unit within the Moscow City police department, and a separate unit within Moscow Oblast poli...
     , SOBR
    SOBR

    The Special Rapid Reaction Unit or SOBR is an elite commando unit of the Russian MVD, involved in anti-criminal operations.On September 16, 2002, Interior Minister Boris Gryzlov ordered that SOBR be dissolved; however this order was never carried out....
    /OMSN
    OMSN

    At September 16 2002 SOBR was officially dissolved. Though the SOBR forces were practically just renamed to OMSN, the architecture of the unit remained. The soldiers tend to call the unit SOBR rather than OMSN, so do the people....
  • Main Office for (Special) Investigations - Special branch
  • National Central Bureau for Interpol
    Interpol

    The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its Electrical telegraph Interpol, is an organization facilitating international police cooperation....
  • Mobilization Training Office
  • Main Center for Information
  • Main Legal Office
  • Office for International Co-operation
  • Office for Information Regional Contacts

List of the Interior Ministers of the Russian Federation

Viktor Yerin 1992-1995
Anatoly Kulikov
Anatoly Kulikov

Anatoly Kulikov is a Russian General of the Army , former Interior Minister of Russia .In 1992 Kulikov became Commander of the Internal Troops ....
 1995-1998
Sergei Stepashin
Sergei Stepashin

Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin is a Russian politician and former Prime Minister of Russia. He was appointed federal security minister by President Boris Yeltsin in 1994, and served in that position until 1995....
 1998-1999
Vladimir Rushailo
Vladimir Rushailo

Vladimir Borisovich Rushailo is a Russian politician.From 1999 to 2001, he was the Interior Minister of Russia, and Secretary of Security Councol from 2001 to 2004....
 1999-2001
Boris Gryzlov
Boris Gryzlov

Boris Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov , is a Russian politician and current Speaker of the Russian lower house . He's one of the leaders of the largest Russian political party United Russia....
 2001-2003
Rashid Nurgaliyev
Rashid Nurgaliyev

File:Russia cropped G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministers meeting member 20040511.jpgRashid Gumarovich Nurgaliyev is the Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del of Russia....
 since 2004


Equipment

  • 9A-91
    9A-91

    The 9A-91 is a carbine assault rifle currently in use with Militsiya forces....
     carbine
  • A-91
    A-91

    The A-91 is a Russian bullpup configuration assault rifle developed by KBP. The rifle features an integrated 40 mm grenade launcher, which is mounted under the barrel ....
     rifle
  • PP-2000
    PP-2000

    The PP-2000 is an advanced submachine gun made by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau.It was first publicly displayed at the Interpolytech-2004 exhibition in Moscow even though its patent was filled in 2001 and issued in 2003....
     submachine gun
  • MP-443 Grach
    MP-443 Grach

    Yarygin PYa, MR-443 Grach is the latest Russian standard military-issue side arm. It was developed in response to Russian military trials, which began in 1993....
     pistol


See also

  • List of Ministers of Interior of Imperial Russia
    List of Ministers of Interior of Imperial Russia

    * Viktor Kochubey 8 September 1802 – 24 November 1807* Prince Aleksey Kurakin 23 November 1807 – 31 March 1810* Osip Kozodavlev 31 March 1810 – 24 June 1819...
  • Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia
    Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia

    Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia was created in the course of Government reform of Alexander I in 1810 and existed till 1819....
  • Militsiya
    Militsiya

    Militsiya or Militia was used as a short official name of the civilian police in several former communist states, despite its original military terminology connotation ....
  • Military of Russia


Literature

  • Ronald Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, Muscovite, Imperial Russian and Soviet. Political Security Operations, 1565-1970
  • Dominic Lieven (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917, Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN 978-0521815291.


External links

  • (official homepage)