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Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy
Western philosophy

Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophy thinking in the Western world, as distinct from Eastern philosophy and the varieties of indigenous philosophies....
 that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization
Hellenistic civilization

File:Diadochen1.pngHellenistic civilization represents the zenith of Ancient Greece influence in the Classical Antiquity from 323 BC to about 146 BC ....
 following Aristotle
Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
 and ending with Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonism....
.

lass="link1" onMouseover='showByLink("m1117635",this)' onMouseout='hide("m1117635")'href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Platonism">Platonism
Platonism

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism....
 is the name given to the philosophy of Plato
Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greece Greeks philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Platonic Academy in Ancient Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world....
, which was maintained and developed by his followers. The central concept was the Theory of forms
Theory of Forms

Plato's Theory of Forms asserts that Forms , and not the material world of change Plato's allegory of the cave, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality....
: the transcendent, perfect archetypes, of which objects in the everyday world are imperfect copies.






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Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy
Western philosophy

Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophy thinking in the Western world, as distinct from Eastern philosophy and the varieties of indigenous philosophies....
 that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization
Hellenistic civilization

File:Diadochen1.pngHellenistic civilization represents the zenith of Ancient Greece influence in the Classical Antiquity from 323 BC to about 146 BC ....
 following Aristotle
Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
 and ending with Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonism....
.

Hellenistic schools of thought


Platonism

Platonism
Platonism

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism....
 is the name given to the philosophy of Plato
Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greece Greeks philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Platonic Academy in Ancient Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world....
, which was maintained and developed by his followers. The central concept was the Theory of forms
Theory of Forms

Plato's Theory of Forms asserts that Forms , and not the material world of change Plato's allegory of the cave, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality....
: the transcendent, perfect archetypes, of which objects in the everyday world are imperfect copies. The highest form was the Form of the Good, God
God

God is a deity in theism and deism religions and other belief systems, representing either the sole deity in monotheism, or a principal deity in polytheism....
, the source of being, which could be known by reason
Reason

Reason may refer to Mind#Mental faculties that consciously create explanations in order to judge, decide, solve problems, generalize, and give examples, among other activities....
. In the 3rd century BCE, Arcesilaus
Arcesilaus

Arcesilaus was a Greece philosopher and founder of the Second or Middle Platonic Academy—the skepticism phase of the Academy. Arcesilaus succeeded Crates of Athens as head of the Academy c....
 adopted skepticism
Philosophical skepticism

Philosophical skepticism is both a Philosophy school of thought and a method that crosses disciplines and cultures. Many skeptics critically examine the meaning systems of their times, and this examination often results in a position of ambiguity or doubt....
, which became a central tenet of the school until 90 BCE when Antiochus
Antiochus of Ascalon

Antiochus , of Ashkelon, , was an Platonism philosopher. He was a pupil of Philo of Larissa at the Platonic Academy, but he diverged from the philosophical skepticism of Philo and his predecessors....
 added Stoic
STOIC

STOIC was a variant of Forth .It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in February 1977 by Jonathan Sachs....
 elements, rejecting skepticism. With the adoption of oriental mysticism
Mysticism

Mysticism is the pursuit of communion with, Unio Mystica with, or conscious awareness of an ultimate reality, divinity, Spirituality, or God through direct experience, intuition, or insight....
 in the 3rd century CE, Platonism evolved into Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonism....
.
  • Speusippus
    Speusippus

    Speusippus was an ancient Greece philosopher. Speusippus was Plato's nephew by his sister Potone. After Plato's death, Speusippus inherited the Platonic Academy and remained its head for the next eight years....
     (407-339 BCE)
  • Xenocrates
    Xenocrates

    Xenocrates of Chalcedon was a Ancient Greece philosopher, mathematician, and leader of the Platonic Academy from 339 to 314 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato's, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements....
     (396-314 BCE)
  • Arcesilaus
    Arcesilaus

    Arcesilaus was a Greece philosopher and founder of the Second or Middle Platonic Academy—the skepticism phase of the Academy. Arcesilaus succeeded Crates of Athens as head of the Academy c....
     (316-232 BCE)
  • Carneades
    Carneades

    Carneades was a radical skeptic born in Cyrene, Libya and the first of the philosophers to pronounce the failure of metaphysics who endeavored to discover rational meanings in religious beliefs....
     (214-129 BCE)
  • Antiochus of Ascalon
    Antiochus of Ascalon

    Antiochus , of Ashkelon, , was an Platonism philosopher. He was a pupil of Philo of Larissa at the Platonic Academy, but he diverged from the philosophical skepticism of Philo and his predecessors....
     (130-68 BCE)
  • Plutarch
    Plutarch

    Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. AD 46 ? 120 ? commonly known in English as Plutarch ? was a Ancient Rome historian , biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonism....
      (46-120 CE)


Peripateticism

The Peripatetics was the name given to the philosophers who maintained and developed the philosophy of Aristotle
Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
. They advocated examination of the world to understand the ultimate foundation of things. The goal of life was the happiness
Happiness

Happiness is a state of mind or feeling such as contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy. A variety of Philosophy, Religion, Psychology and Biology approaches have been taken to defining happiness and identifying its sources....
 which originated from virtuous
Virtue

Virtue is morality excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics Value as promoting individual and collective well-being, and thus Goodness and value theory by definition....
 actions, which consisted in keeping the mean
Golden mean (philosophy)

In philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, the golden mean is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency....
 between the two extremes of the too much and the too little.
  • Theophrastus
    Theophrastus

    Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos Island, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. His interests were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics....
     (371-287 BCE)
  • Strato of Lampsacus
    Strato of Lampsacus

    Strato of Lampsacus , , was a Peripatetic philosopher, and the third director of the Lyceum after the death of Theophrastus. He devoted himself especially to the study of natural science, and increased the Naturalism elements in Aristotle's thought to such an extent, that he denied the need for a god to construct the universe, preferring to...
     (335-269 BCE)
  • Alexander of Aphrodisias
    Alexander of Aphrodisias

    Alexander of Aphrodisias was the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was styled, by way of pre-eminence, "the expositor" ....
     (c. 200 CE)


Cynicism

The Cynics were an ascetic sect of philosophers beginning with Antisthenes
Antisthenes

Antisthenes , lived ca. 445-365 BCE, was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates....
 in the 4th century BCE and continuing until the 5th century CE. They believed that one should live a life of Virtue
Virtue

Virtue is morality excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics Value as promoting individual and collective well-being, and thus Goodness and value theory by definition....
 in agreement with Nature
Nature

File:Jungle in Punjab.JPGNature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe....
. This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth
Wealth

Wealth is an abundance of valuable material possessions or resources. The word is derived from the old English wela, which is from an Indo-European word stem....
, power
Power (sociology)

Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them, including the behavior of other people. The term authority is often used for power, perceived as legitimate by the social structure....
, health
Health

In 1948, the World Health Organisation defined health as ?a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.? ...
, or fame
Celebrity

A celebrity is a widely-recognized or notable person who commands a high degree of public and media attention. The word stems from the Latin verb "celebrare" but one may not become a celebrity unless public and mass media interest is piqued....
, and living a life free from possessions.
  • Antisthenes
    Antisthenes

    Antisthenes , lived ca. 445-365 BCE, was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates....
     (445-365 BCE)
  • Diogenes of Sinope
    Diogenes of Sinope

    Diogenes "the Cynic", Ancient Greece philosopher, was born in Sinope about 412 BC , and died in 323 BC, at Corinth. Details of his life come in the form of anecdotes , especially from Diogenes La?rtius, in his book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers....
     (412-323 BCE)
  • Crates of Thebes
    Crates of Thebes

    Crates of Thebes, Greece, was a Cynic philosopher who flourished c. 325 BC. Crates gave away his money to live a life of poverty on the streets of Athens....
     (365-285 BCE)
  • Menippus
    Menippus

    File:Diego Vel?zquez 022.jpgMenippus of Gadara, was a Cynic and satirist who lived during the 3rd century BCE. The Menippean satire genre is named after him....
     (c. 275 BCE)
  • Demetrius
    Demetrius the Cynic

    Demetrius , a Cynic philosopher from Corinth, who lived in Rome during the reigns of Caligula, Nero and Vespasian .He was the intimate friend of Seneca the Younger, who wrote about him often, and who describes him as the perfect man:...
     (10-80 CE)


Cyrenaicism

The Cyrenaics
Cyrenaics

The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger....
 were an ultra-hedonist school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE, by Aristippus of Cyrene. They held that pleasure was the supreme good, especially immediate gratifications. The school was replaced within a century by the more moderate doctrine of Epicureanism.
  • Aristippus of Cyrene (435-360 BCE)


Epicureanism

Epicureanism
Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus , founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomism materialism, following in the steps of Democritus....
 was founded by Epicurus in the 3rd century BCE. It viewed the universe
Universe

The universe is defined as everything that physically exists: the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and physical constants that govern them....
 as being ruled by chance
Chance

Chance commonly refers to:* Probability* Luck* Randomness* Contingency* Chance Chance may also refer to:In people:* Chance ...
, with no interference from gods
Gods

Gods as the plural of god , is a synonym of "deity", indicating a context of polytheism.* God * Goddess* List of deitiesproper names...
. It regarded absence of pain as the greatest pleasure, and advocated a simple life. It was the main rival to Stoicism
Stoicism

Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century B.C. The stoics considered passionate emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a Sage , or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not have such emotions....
 until both philosophies died out in the 3rd century CE.
  • Epicurus
    Epicurus

    Epicurus was an Greek philosophy and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works....
     (341-270 BCE)
  • Metrodorus (331-278 BCE)
  • Zeno of Sidon
    Zeno of Sidon

    Zeno of Sidon was an Epicureanism wiktionary:philosophy of the 1st century BC, who was born in the city of Sidon in Phoenicia. He was a contemporary of Cicero, who heard him when at Athens....
     (1st century BCE)
  • Philodemus
    Philodemus

    Philodemus of Gadara was an Epicurean philosopher and poet. He studied under Zeno of Sidon in Athens, before moving to Rome, and then to Herculaneum....
     (110-40 BCE)
  • Lucretius
    Lucretius

    Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman Republic poet and philosopher. His only known work is the epic philosophical poem on Epicureanism De rerum natura, translated into English as On the Nature of Things....
     (99-55 BCE)


Stoicism

Stoicism
Stoicism

Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century B.C. The stoics considered passionate emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a Sage , or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not have such emotions....
 was founded by Zeno of Citium
Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium was a Greeks philosopher from Citium , Cyprus. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy which he taught in Athens, from about 300 BC....
 in the 3rd century BCE. Based on the ethical ideas of the Cynics, it taught that the goal of life was to live in accordance with Nature
Nature

File:Jungle in Punjab.JPGNature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe....
. It advocated the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions. It was the most successful school of philosophy until it died out in the 3rd century CE.
  • Zeno of Citium
    Zeno of Citium

    Zeno of Citium was a Greeks philosopher from Citium , Cyprus. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy which he taught in Athens, from about 300 BC....
     (333-263 BCE)
  • Cleanthes
    Cleanthes

    Cleanthes of Assos, lived c. 330- c. 230 BC, was a Stoic philosopher and the successor to Zeno of Citium as the second head of the Stoic school in Athens....
     (331-232 BCE)
  • Chrysippus
    Chrysippus

    Chrysippus of Soli was Cleanthes' pupil and his successor, in 232 BC, as third head of the Stoa . A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium , which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism....
     (280-207 BCE)
  • Panaetius
    Panaetius

    Panaetius of Rhodes, , was a Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before travelling with his friend Scipio Aemilianus Africanus to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city....
     (185-110 BCE)
  • Posidonius
    Posidonius

    Posidonius "of Apamea " or "of Rhodes" , was a Greeks Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, History of Syria....
     (135-51 BCE)
  • Epictetus
    Epictetus

    Epictetus was a Ancient Greece Stoicism philosophy. He was probably born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia , and lived in Rome until his exile to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece, where he lived most of his life and died....
     (55-135 CE)


Pyrrhonism

Pyrrhonism
Pyrrhonism

Pyrrhonism, or Pyrrhonian skepticism, was a school of skepticism founded by Aenesidemus in the first century BC and recorded by Sextus Empiricus in the late 2nd century or early 3rd century AD....
, or Pyrrhonian skepticism, was a school of skepticism beginning with Pyrrho in the 3rd century BCE, and further advanced by Aenesidemus
Aenesidemus

Aenesidemus was a Greece sceptical philosopher, born in Knossos on the island of Crete. He lived sometime during the 1st century BC, taught in Alexandria and flourished shortly after the life of Cicero....
 in the 1st century BCE. It advocated total philosophical scepticism about the world in order to attain "ataraxia" or a tranquil mind, maintaining that nothing could be proved to be true so we must suspend judgement.
  • Pyrrho
    Pyrrho

    Pyrrho , a Greek philosopher of classical antiquity, is credited as being the first Skeptic philosopher, and the inspiration for the school known as Pyrrhonism founded by Aenesidemus in the 1st century BC....
     (365-275 BCE)
  • Timon
    Timon (philosopher)

    Timon of Phlius, , the son of Timarchus, was a Hellenistic Greece Philosophical skepticism, a pupil of Pyrrho, and a celebrated writer of satire poems called Silloi ....
     (320-230 BCE)
  • Aenesidemus
    Aenesidemus

    Aenesidemus was a Greece sceptical philosopher, born in Knossos on the island of Crete. He lived sometime during the 1st century BC, taught in Alexandria and flourished shortly after the life of Cicero....
     (1st century BCE)
  • Sextus Empiricus
    Sextus Empiricus

    Sextus Empiricus , was a physician and philosopher, and has been variously reported to have lived in Alexandria, Rome, or Athens. His philosophical work is the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman skepticism....
     (2nd century CE)


Eclecticism

Eclecticism
Eclecticism

Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases....
 was a system of philosophy which adopted no single set of doctrines but selected from existing philosophical beliefs those doctrines that seemed most reasonable. Its most notable advocate was Cicero.
  • Cicero
    Cicero

    Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Ancient Rome philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Constitution of the Roman Republic. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest rhetoric and prose stylists....
     (106-43 BCE)


Hellenistic Judaism

Hellenistic Judaism
Hellenistic Judaism

Hellenistic Judaism was a movement which existed in the Jewish diaspora before the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD, that sought to establish a Judaism within the culture and language of Hellenism....
 was an attempt to establish the Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of Hellenism
Hellenism

Hellenism may refer to:*Hellenism , an esthetic movement in 18th and 19th century England and Germany*Hellenism , the academic study of ancient Greece ...
. Its principal representative was Philo of Alexandria.
  • Philo of Alexandria (30 BC-45 CE)


Neopythagoreanism

Neopythagoreanism
Neopythagoreanism

Neopythagoreanism was a Graeco-Alexandrian school of philosophy, reviving Pythagoreanism doctrines, which became prominent in the 1st and 2nd centuries....
 was a school of philosophy reviving Pythagorean
Pythagoreanism

Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysics beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics and probably a very inspirational source for Plato and Platonism....
 doctrines, which was prominent in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. It was an attempt to introduce a religious element into Greek philosophy, worshipping God by living an ascetic life, ignoring bodily pleasures and all sensuous impulses, to purify the soul
Soul

In many religions and parts of philosophy, the soul is the immaterial part of a person. It is usually thought to consist of one's thoughts and Personality psychology, and can be synonymous with the spirit, mind or self....
.
  • Apollonius of Tyana
    Apollonius of Tyana

    Apollonius of Tyana was a Greece Neopythagorean philosopher and teacher. He hailed from the town of Tyana in the Roman Empire province of Cappadocia in Asia Minor....
     (40-120 CE)
  • Numenius of Apamea
    Numenius of Apamea

    Numenius of Apamea was a Greek philosopher, who lived in Apamea in Syria and flourished during the latter half of the 2nd century AD. He was a Neopythagorean and forerunner of the Neoplatonists....
     (2nd century CE)


Hellenistic Christianity

Hellenistic Christianity was the attempt to reconcile Christianity
Christianity

Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life....
 with Greek philosophy, beginning in the late 2nd century CE. Drawing particularly on Platonism and the newly emerging Neoplatonism, figures such as Clement of Alexandria
Clement of Alexandria

Clement of Alexandria , was the first notable member of the Christianity of Alexandria, and one of its most distinguished teachers. He was born about the middle of the 2nd century, and died between 211 and 216....
 sought to provide Christianity with a philosophical framework.
  • Clement of Alexandria
    Clement of Alexandria

    Clement of Alexandria , was the first notable member of the Christianity of Alexandria, and one of its most distinguished teachers. He was born about the middle of the 2nd century, and died between 211 and 216....
      (150-215 CE)
  • Origen
    Origen

    Origen was an Early Christianity scholar, theology, and one of the most distinguished of the early Church father of the Christian Church. According to tradition, he is held to have been an Ancient Egypt who taught in Alexandria, reviving the Catechetical School of Alexandria where Clement of Alexandria had taught....
      (185-254 CE)
  • Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE)


Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonism....
 was a school of religious and mystical philosophy founded by Plotinus
Plotinus

Plotinus was a major Philosophy of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism . Much of our biographical information about him comes from Porphyry 's preface to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads....
 in the 3rd century CE and based on the teachings of Plato and the other Platonists. The summit of existence was the One
The One

The One may refer to:* "?? ??," An alternative name for the Monad , the Absolute , the Source of Reality, Greek Philosophy's definition of Godhead and The Good in Pythagoreanism to Neoplatonism, the Prime Principle in Gnosticism, The All in Hermeticism....
 or the Good, the source of all things. In virtue
Virtue

Virtue is morality excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics Value as promoting individual and collective well-being, and thus Goodness and value theory by definition....
 and meditation
Meditation

Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the reflexive, "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness....
 the soul had the power to elevate itself to attain union with the One, the true function of human beings. It was the main rival to Christianity
Christianity

Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life....
 until dying out in the 6th century CE.
  • Plotinus
    Plotinus

    Plotinus was a major Philosophy of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism . Much of our biographical information about him comes from Porphyry 's preface to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads....
     (205-270 CE)
  • Porphyry
    Porphyry (philosopher)

    Porphyry of Tyre was a Phoenician Neoplatonism philosopher. He is important in the history of mathematics because of his Life of Pythagoras and his commentary on Euclid's Euclid's Elements, used by Pappus of Alexandria when he wrote his own commentary....
     (233-309 CE)
  • Iamblichus of Chalcis
    Iamblichus of Chalcis

    Iamblichus, also known as Iamblichus Chalcidensis, was a Assyrian Neoplatonism philosopher who determined the direction taken by later Neoplatonic philosophy, and perhaps Roman mythology Paganism itself....
     (245-325 CE)


See also

  • Ancient philosophy
    Ancient philosophy

    This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushe...
  • Greek philosophy
    Greek philosophy

    Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. Many philosophers today concede that Greek philosophy has shaped the entire Western thought since its inception....
  • Hellenistic civilization
    Hellenistic civilization

    File:Diadochen1.pngHellenistic civilization represents the zenith of Ancient Greece influence in the Classical Antiquity from 323 BC to about 146 BC ....
  • Hellenistic religion
    Hellenistic religion

    Hellenistic religion is any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the peoples who lived under the influence of ancient ancient Greece culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire The Hellenistic period constitutes one of the most creative periods in the history of religions....
  • Plato's Academy


Further reading

  • The offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: