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Togarmah (Armenian
Armenian language

The 'Armenian language' is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenians. It is the official language of the Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh....
: Thorgom, ??????; Georgian
Georgian language

Georgian is the official language of Georgia , a country in the Caucasus .Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself, and of another 500,000 abroad ....
: Thargamos, ????????) third son of Gomer
Gomer

Gomer may refer to:*Gomer, the name of the eldest son of Japheth and of the unfaithful wife of Hosea in the Bible*Gomer, Armenia*Gomer, Pyr?n?es-Atlantiques, France...
, and grandson of Japheth
Japheth

Japheth is one of the sons of Noah in the Bible. In Arabic language citations, his name is normally given as Yafeth ibn Nuh ....
, brother of Ashkenaz
Ashkenaz

Ashkenaz is Gomer's first son, brother of Riphath, and Togarmah and is believed by some to be the ancestor of the Germanic peoples, Scandinavian people and Slavic peoples....
 and Riphat (Gen. X.3).

In the northernmost house of Togarmah will follow Gog. Through Assyrian folk etymology it became Til-Garimu, now the site of Gürün
Gürün

G?r?n is a town and a district of Sivas Province of Turkey.External links...
, Turkey (pronounced Gürin by Armenian, without vowel harmony
Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance Assimilation Phonology process involving vowels in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on what vowels may be found near each other....
).

In , the descendants of Togarmah are described as trading horses and mule
Mule

In its common modern meaning, a mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.Mules are classified as an F1 hybrid.The term "mule" was formerly applied to the infertile offspring of any two creatures of different species....
s in Tyre and elsewhere in the Levant
Levant

The Levant describes, traditionally, the Eastern Mediterranean at large, but can be used as a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia formed by the lands bordering the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, roughly bounded on the north by the Taurus Mountains, on the south by the Arabian Desert, and on the west by the M...
.






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Togarmah (Armenian
Armenian language

The 'Armenian language' is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenians. It is the official language of the Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh....
: Thorgom, ??????; Georgian
Georgian language

Georgian is the official language of Georgia , a country in the Caucasus .Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself, and of another 500,000 abroad ....
: Thargamos, ????????) third son of Gomer
Gomer

Gomer may refer to:*Gomer, the name of the eldest son of Japheth and of the unfaithful wife of Hosea in the Bible*Gomer, Armenia*Gomer, Pyr?n?es-Atlantiques, France...
, and grandson of Japheth
Japheth

Japheth is one of the sons of Noah in the Bible. In Arabic language citations, his name is normally given as Yafeth ibn Nuh ....
, brother of Ashkenaz
Ashkenaz

Ashkenaz is Gomer's first son, brother of Riphath, and Togarmah and is believed by some to be the ancestor of the Germanic peoples, Scandinavian people and Slavic peoples....
 and Riphat (Gen. X.3).

In the northernmost house of Togarmah will follow Gog. Through Assyrian folk etymology it became Til-Garimu, now the site of Gürün
Gürün

G?r?n is a town and a district of Sivas Province of Turkey.External links...
, Turkey (pronounced Gürin by Armenian, without vowel harmony
Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance Assimilation Phonology process involving vowels in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on what vowels may be found near each other....
).

In , the descendants of Togarmah are described as trading horses and mule
Mule

In its common modern meaning, a mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.Mules are classified as an F1 hybrid.The term "mule" was formerly applied to the infertile offspring of any two creatures of different species....
s in Tyre and elsewhere in the Levant
Levant

The Levant describes, traditionally, the Eastern Mediterranean at large, but can be used as a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia formed by the lands bordering the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, roughly bounded on the north by the Taurus Mountains, on the south by the Arabian Desert, and on the west by the M...
. Here Togarmah may refer to Armenians
Armenians

The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....
 or Cimmerians
Cimmerians

The Cimmerians or Kimmerians were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Ukraine and Russia, in the 8th century BC and 7th century BC....
; so Strabo (xi 13§9) makes Armenia famous for breeding horses.

Flavius Josephus, Jerome
Jerome

Saint Jerome was a Christian priest and Christian apologetics best known for translating the Vulgate. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as a canonized saint and Doctor of the Church, and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism....
, and Isidore of Seville
Isidore of Seville

Saint Isidore of Seville was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and has the reputation of being one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages....
 were of the opinion that Togarmah was the father of the Phrygians; Hippolytus of Rome, Eusebius, and Theodoret, that he peopled Armenia
Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea....
.

The Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language, and are thought by some to be among the ancestors of Armenians.

Armenians represent Haik
Haik

Hayk is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenians. His story is told in the History of Armenia ....
 to be their founder and son of Torgoma (Moses Khoren i.4, 9-11). Fausset's Bible Dictionary claimed the name is from toka, Sanskrit for "tribe", and Armah "Armenia".

The French Benedictine monk and scholar Calmet (1672-1757) places Togarmah in Scythia and Turcomania.

Togarmah's descendants

According to traditional Armenia
Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea....
n and Georgia
Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
n accounts, both these peoples, along with several other Caucasian
Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
 peoples, are the descendants of Torgom. According to Moses Khorenatsi, he was "son of Tiras, son of Gomer
Gomer

Gomer may refer to:*Gomer, the name of the eldest son of Japheth and of the unfaithful wife of Hosea in the Bible*Gomer, Armenia*Gomer, Pyr?n?es-Atlantiques, France...
". Furthermore, the local names for Armenia (Hayq) and Georgia (Kartli/Sakartvelo) are allegedly from sons of Thargamos:
  1. Haik
    Haik

    Hayk is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenians. His story is told in the History of Armenia ....
     - the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation.
  2. Kartlos
    Kartlos

    Kartlos or K'art'los was the legendary establisher and eponymous father of Georgia , and the mythic ancestor of Georgians, namely its nucleus Kartli ....
     (???????) - the legendary patriarch and founder of the Georgian nation.
  3. Bardos
  4. Movakos (Movkans)
  5. Lekos (Lek) - eponim of Leks
  6. Heros (Herans)
  7. Kavkas
    Caucas

    Caucas or Kavkasus was the mythic ancestor of People of the Caucasus. His story is narrated in the compilation of the medieval Georgian chronicles, Kartlis Cxovreba, taken down from oral tradition by Leonti Mroveli in the 11th century....
     (Kovkases)
  8. Egros (Egers).


According to other records, Togarmah is regarded as the ancestor of the Oghur languages
Oghur languages

The Oghur languages , are a separate branch of the Turkic languages....
 peoples. For example, in King Joseph's Reply
Khazar Correspondence

The Khazar Correspondence was an exchange of letters in the 950s or 960s between Hasdai ibn Shaprut, foreign secretary to the Caliph of C?rdoba, Spain, and Joseph , Khagan of the Khazars....
, the Khazar monarch writes:

"You ask us also in your epistle: "Of what people, of what family, and of what tribe are you?" Know that we are descended from Japhet, through his son Togarmah. I have found in the genealogical books of my ancestors that Togarmah had ten sons. These are their names: the eldest was Ujur
Uyghur people

The Uyghur are a Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Many English speakers pronounce it as "wEEger" but the pronunciation "ooygOOr" is closer to native ....
, the second Tauris, the third Avar, the fourth Uauz
Oghuz

Oghuz may refer to* Oguz, a male first name in Turkey*Oghuz Turks*Oghuz languages*Oghuz Rayon, Azerbaijan*Oguz, Azerbaijan...
, the fifth Bizal
Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a nomad Turkic peoples people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic languages....
, the sixth Tarna, the seventh Khazar, the eighth Janur, the ninth Bulgar
Bulgars

The Bulgars were a seminomadic people, probably of Turkic peoples descent, originally from Southern Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga ....
 (though according to an anonymous 4th century Roman source Bulgars came from Ziezi
Ziezi

According to an anonymous Ancient Rome author of the 4th century CE, the producer of the Chronography of 354, Ziezi was a son of Shem and a grandson of Noah....
), the tenth Sawir." (These are the mythical founders of tribes that once lived in the neighborhood of the Black and Caspian Seas).


  1. Agiôr
  2. Tirôsz
  3. Avôr
  4. Ugin
  5. Bizel
  6. Tarna
  7. Kazar
  8. Zagur
  9. Balgôr
  10. Szavvir (szabir).


Joseph Ben-Gurion's Yosippon: "Tugarma's ten clans are these:
  1. Kozar
  2. Pacinak
    Pechenegs

    The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a nomad Turkic peoples people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic languages....
  3. Aliqanosz
  4. Bulgar
    Bulgars

    The Bulgars were a seminomadic people, probably of Turkic peoples descent, originally from Southern Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga ....
  5. Ragbiga (Ragbina, Ranbona)
  6. Turqi
  7. Buz
  8. Zabuk
  9. Ungari
  10. Tilmac (Tilmic)."


In the Chronicles of Jerahmeel
Chronicles of Jerahmeel

The Chronicles of Jerahmeel is a voluminous work that draws largely on Pseudo-Philo's earlier history of Biblical events and is of special interest because it includes Hebrew language and Aramaic language versions of certain deuterocanonical books in the Septuagint....
, these are reproduced as: Cuzar, Pasinaq, Alan, Bulgar, Kanbinah, Turq, Buz, Zakhukh, Ugar, Tulmes.

Another mediaeval rabbinic work, the Book of Jasher, further corrupts these same names into: Buzar, Parzunac, Balgar, Elicanum, Ragbib, Tarki, Bid, Zebuc, Ongal, Tilmaz.

In Arabic records, Togorma's tribes are these:
  1. Khazar
  2. Badsanag
    Pechenegs

    The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a nomad Turkic peoples people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic languages....
  3. Asz-alân
  4. Bulghar
    Bulgars

    The Bulgars were a seminomadic people, probably of Turkic peoples descent, originally from Southern Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga ....
  5. Zabub
  6. Fitrakh (Kotrakh?)
  7. Nabir
  8. Andsar (Ajhar)
  9. Talmisz
  10. Adzîgher.


The Arabic account also adds an 11th clan: Anszuh.

Yet another tradition of the sons of Togarmah appears in Pseudo-Philo
Pseudo-Philo

Pseudo-Philo is the name commonly used for a Jewish pseudepigraphy work in Latin, so called because it was transmitted along with Latin translations of the works of Philo of Alexandria but is very obviously not written by Philo....
, where their names are said to be "Abiud, Saphath, Asapli, and Zepthir". The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, in addition to giving the above names from Yosippon, elsewhere lists Togarmah's sons similarly as "Abihud, Shafat, and Yaftir".