Armenian language

Armenian Language

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Armenian language

The Armenian language ( — , conventional short form ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people

Armenians

The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....
. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia

Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea....
as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the Southern Caucasus, lying between Karabakh and Syunik Province and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains....
. The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the Armenian diaspora

Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide , only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia and about 130,000 in Nagorno-Karabakh....
. It has its own script, the Armenian alphabet

Armenian alphabet

The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. Up to the 19th century, Classical Armenian had been the literary language; since then, the Armenian alphabet has been used to write the two modern dialects of Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian....
.

Linguists typically classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. Some Indo-Europeanists, notably Clackson (1994), have proposed that Armenian may have been grouped together with the Hellenic branch (Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
).

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History

Origins

The earliest testimony of the Armenian language dates to the 5th century AD (the Bible translation of Mesrob Mashtots). The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation.

Graeco-Armenian hypothesis

Armenian is regarded by some linguists as a close relative of Phrygian

Phrygian language

The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor.Inscriptions...
. Many scholars such as Clackson (1994) hold that Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
is the most closely related surviving language to Armenian. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared by Armenian, which also shares other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek. The close relatedness of Armenian and Greek sheds light on the paraphyletic nature of the Centum-Satem isogloss

Centum-Satem isogloss

The Centum-Satem division is an isogloss of the Indo-European languages family, related to the evolution of the three dorsal consonant rows reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European language, * , * , and *; ....
. Armenian also shares major isogloss

Isogloss

An isogloss is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistics feature, e.g. the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature....
es with Greek; some linguists propose that the linguistic ancestors of the Armenians and Greeks were either identical or in a close contact relation. However other linguists including Fortson (2004) comment "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century A.D., the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces."

Speculations on Anatolian influence

W. M. Austin in 1942 concluded that there was an early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages

Anatolian languages

The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages languages, which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language....
, based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine and the absence of inherited long vowels.

Iranian influence

The Classical Armenian language (often referred to as Grabar

Grabar

Classical Armenian is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in the Grabar Armenian language....
, literally "written (language)") imported numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily Parthian

Parthian language

The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlavanik, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern Greater Iran, to include a significant portion of Greater Khorasan....
, and contains smaller inventories of borrowings from Greek, Syriac, Latin, and autochthonous languages such as Urartian

Urartian language

?????????Urartian is the conventional name for the language spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu that was located in the region of Lake Van in in the highlands of Armenia, modern-day Turkey....
. Middle Armenian (11th–15th centuries AD) incorporated further loans from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Latin, and the modern dialects took in hundreds of additional words from Modern Turkish and Persian. Therefore, determining the historical evolution of Armenian is particularly difficult because Armenian borrowed many words from Parthian

Parthian language

Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
(both Iranian languages) as well as from Greek.

The large percentage of loans from Iranian languages initially led linguists to classify Armenian as an Iranian language. The distinctness of Armenian was only recognized when Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method

Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages. It requires the use of two or more languages. It is opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which studies the internal development of a single language over time....
to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the true Armenian vocabulary

Vocabulary

A person's vocabulary is the set of words they are familiar with in a language. A vocabulary usually grows and evolves with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and learning....
. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian Genocide

Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide , also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, by Armenians, the Great Calamity —refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian people population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I....
.

Phonology

Vowels

Modern Armenian has eight monophthong vowel sounds.

	Front Front vowel A front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant....		Back Back vowel A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant....
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close Close vowel A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant....
Mid Mid vowel A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel....
Open Open vowel An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth....

Classical Armenian distinguishes seven vowels: , , , , , (? and ?) and (transcribed as a, i, ë, e, e, o/ò, and ou respectively).

Consonants

The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives

Stop consonant

A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The terms plosive and stop are usually used interchangeably, but they are not perfect synonyms....
and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a Greek spiritus asper
Spiritus asper

The spiritus asper , is a diacritic used in the polytonic orthography. In ancient Greek, it indicates initial aspiration , or the presence of the voiceless glottal fricative at the beginning of a word....
after the letter): , , , , . Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The topmost indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); below that appears the corresponding letter of the Armenian alphabet

Armenian alphabet

Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
transliteration

Transliteration

Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice....
(according to ISO 9985).

	bilabial Bilabial consonant In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:...	labio- dental Labiodental consonant In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants Place of articulation with the lower lip and the upper teeth. The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:...	alveolar Alveolar consonant Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the Dental alveolus of the superior teeth....	post- alveolar	palatal Palatal consonant Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate . Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex consonant....	velar Velar consonant Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the Soft palate).... / uvular Uvular consonant Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the Palatine uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants....	glottal Glottal consonant Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the so-called fricatives, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have; in fact, some do not consider them to be consonants at all....
plosive	? ? p b		? ? t d			? ? k g
aspirated Aspiration (phonetics) In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of Earth's atmosphere that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.... plosive	? p‘		? t‘			? k‘
nasal Nasal consonant A nasal consonant is produced with a lowered soft palate in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound, but the air does not escape through the mouth as it is blocked by the tongue....	? m		? n
fricative Fricative consonant Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two Place of articulation close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German language , the final consonant of Bach; or the side of the tongue ag...		? ? f v	? ? s z	? ? š ž		? ? x g	? h
affricate Affricate consonant Affricate consonants begin as stop consonants but release as a fricative consonant rather than directly into the following vowel....			? ? ç j	? ? c? j
aspirated affricate			? c‘	? c
approximant			? r		-?- y
trill Trill consonant In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulation. Standard Spanish <rr > as in perro is an alveolar trill, while in Parisian French it is almost always uvular trill....			r ?
lateral approximant Lateral consonant Laterals are "L"-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue....			? l

Morphology

Armenian corresponds with other Indo-European languages in its structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and features of its grammar with neighboring languages of the Caucasus

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
region. Armenian is rich in combinations of consonants. Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of declining nouns, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. In modern Armenian the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of Classical Armenian. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go"). Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
and Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
, but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations. With time the Armenian language made a transition from a synthetic language (Old Armenian or Grabar

Grabar

Classical Armenian is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in the Grabar Armenian language....
) to a typical analytic language (Modern Armenian) with Middle Armenian as a midpoint in this transition.

Lord Byron

George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron

George Gordon Byron, later Noel, 6th Baron Byron Royal Society was a United Kingdom poet and a leading figure in Romanticism. Amongst Byron's best-known works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and...
studied the Armenian language. He helped to compile an Armenian grammar textbook and translated a few Armenian books into English.

Noun

Classical Armenian has no grammatical gender

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once....
, not even in the pronoun. The nominal inflection, however, preserves several types of inherited stem classes. The noun may take seven cases, nominative, accusative

Accusative case

The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions....
, locative, genitive, dative

Dative

Dative has several meanings.*In grammar, the dative case is used to indicate the noun to whom something is given.*In chemistry, a dative bond is a chemical bond in which the shared electrons come from one atom only....
, ablative, instrumental

Instrumental case

The instrumental case is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action....
. Interestingly enough, it shares the common -tion noun-forming suffix with Latin (the Armenian cognate is tiwn, ?????).

Verb

Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of conjugation

Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb, noun or adjective from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical tense, Grammatical aspect, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, or other grammatical category....
with two main verb types (three in Western Armenian) changing form based on tense

Grammatical tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal language quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, and grammatical person, which verb forms may express....
, mood

Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
and aspect

Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb defines the temporal flow in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect ....
.

Dialects

The major division is between the Eastern and Western dialects. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic and Turkish-speaking communities.

For example, Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", like the "d" in "develop", and as an unaspirated voiceless stop, sounding somewhere between the two as in "stop." Western Armenian has simplified the stop system into a simple division between voiced stops and voiceless aspirate ones; the first series corresponds to the unaspirated voiceless series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated voiceless series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both and as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger," and the letter is pronounced like the letter "d" as in "develop."

There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects). The main difference between both blocks are:

Western Armenian
Western Armenian language

Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian language, an Indo-European languages spoken by the Armenian diaspora, mainly in North America and South America, Europe and most of the Middle East except for Iran....
(Arevm'tahayeren):

example

Eastern Armenian
Eastern Armenian language

Eastern Armenian is one of the two dialects of modern Armenian language . It is spoken in the Caucasus Mountains and by the Armenian community in Iran....
(Arevelahayeren):

example

Armenian can be subdivided in two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have died due to the effects of the Armenian Genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. While Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, some subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. It is true, however, that a fluent speaker of two greatly varying subdialects who are exposed to the other dialect over even a short period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease.

English - Eastern Armenian

Yes = Ayo
No = Voc
Excuse me = Nerogout'ioun
Hello = Barev
How are you(formal) = Vonts ek
What's up = Inch ca chca
Please = Xndrem
Thank you = Šnorhakal em
Thank you very much = Šat šnorhakal em
Welcome = Bari galoust
Goodbye = C'tesout'ioun
Good morning = Bari louys
Good afternoon = Bari òr
Good evening = Bari yereko
Good night = Bari gišer
I love you = Yes siroum em k'ez
I am Armenian = Yes hay em

English - Western Armenian

Yes = Ayo
No = Voc
Excuse me = Nerogout'ioun
Hello = Parev
Please = Xntrem
Thank you = Šnorhagal em
Thank you very much = Šad šnorhagal em
Welcome = Pari yegar / Pari yegak
Goodbye = C'desout'ioun
Good morning = Pari louys
Good afternoon = Pari òr
Good evening = Parirgoun / Pari irigown
Good night = Kišer pari
I love you = Yes k'ez gë sirem

Other distinct dialects include the Homshetsi language of the Hemshin people and Lomavren language

Lomavren language

Lomavren is a mixed language, spoken by the Lom people, or Posha. It appeared at the contact between the proto-Romani language and the Armenian language....
of the Bosha, both of which are categorized as belonging to the Armenian language family

Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
.

Historical Armenian dialects

In 1909, linguist Herachyah Adjarian surveyed many of the Armenian dialects in what is now present day Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, and other surrounding countries settled by Armenians. Unlike the traditional dialect division of Armenian into western and eastern dialects, Adjarian divided Armenian into three main dialects based on which indicative particles are used. He labeled them as the -owm dialects, gë dialects, and -el dialects. These three major dialects were further divided into sub-dialects.

-owm Dialects:

Yerevan, Dogubeyazit, Tabriz (Kala and Lilava quarters), Gavar, Kamo
Tbilisi (Havlabar quarter)
Shusha, Ganja, Shaki, Baku, Derbent, Agstafa, Dilijan, Vanadzor, Qazakh, Lori, Karadagh, Mujumbar, Tabriz (Lilava quarter), Burdur, Ödemis
Shamaki, Quba
Astrakhan
Julfa, Isfahan (New Julfa quarter), Shiraz, Hamadan, Bushehr, Tehran, Qazvin, Rasht, Bandar-e Anzali
Asagi ?ylis, Ç?n?n?b, Yuxari ?ylis, Yuxari ?nd?li, Danagyrt, Urmis, Dasta, Kyalaki

gë Dialects:

Erzerum, Kars, Gyumri, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe
Mus, Sason, Bitlis, Hizan, Ahlat, Ercis, Bulanik, Malazgirt, Hinis, Eleskirt, Aparan, Eshtia, Ujmana, Toria, Martuni
Van, Diadin, Mukus, Buskale, Çatak, Basargecher
Diyarbakir, Lice, Hazro, Kozluk, Hizan, Siverek, Sanliurfa
Elazig, Erzincan, Palu, Bingöl, Çemisgezek, Akpazar, Kigi, Tunceli, Kemah
Sebinkarahisar, Akincilar
Trabzon, Bayburt, Gümüshane, Giresun
Hemsin, Trabzon, Ünye, Fatsa, Terme, Çarsamba, Samsun, Sukhumi, Sochi, Mtsara, Tsebelda, Adler, Shapsugskaya
Malatya, Adiyaman
Saimbeyli, Süleymanli, Kahramanmaras, Kilis, Iskenderun, Yakacik, Samandag
Aramo
Arapgir, Divrigi, Gürün, Darende, Kayseri, Yozgat
Kemaliye
Sivas
Tokat, Amasya, Merzifon, Ordu, Samsun, Sinop
Izmir
Izmit, Adapazari, Yalova, Bahçecik, Geyve, Iznik, Pazarköy, Karamürsel, Aslanbey, Ortaköy, Sölöz, Benli
Istanbul
Tekirdag, Malkara
Nor Nakhichevan, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Krasnodar, Dnipropetrovsk, Anapa, Maykop, Taganrog, Prymorsk, Novocherkassk, Dneprovskaya
Poland, Bukovina, Transylvania, Hungary
Jerusalem (K'agak'ac'i dialect), not in Adjarian but mentioned by Vaux as likely coming from Cilicia

-el Dialects:

Maragheh
Khoy, Maku, Igdir, Kori, Alighuli, Mughanjugh, Karashen, Alilu, Angeghakot, Ghushchi, Tazakend, Uz, Mazra, Balak, Shaghat, Ltsen, Sisian, Nerkin Kilisa
Artvin, Ardahan, Ardanuç, Oltu

Indo-European linguistic comparison

Armenian is an Indo-European language

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
, and so many of its Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the unattested, linguistic reconstruction common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans....
-descended words are cognate

Cognate

Cognates in linguistics are words that have a common etymology origin.An example of cognates within the same language would be English shirt vs....
s of words in other Indo-European languages such as English

English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
, Latin, Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
, and Sanskrit

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
. This table lists only some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English (more specifically, with English words descended from the Old English(Anglo-Saxon) language

Old English language

Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
). (Source: Online Etymology Dictionary.)

Armenian	English English language English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...	Latin Classical Latin Classical Latin is the form of the Latin used by the ancient Rome in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Its use spanned the Golden Age of Latin literature—broadly the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD—possibly extending to the Silver Age—broadly the 1st and 2nd centuries....	Classical and Hellenistic Greek Greek language Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....	Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....	PIE Proto-Indo-European language The Proto-Indo-European language is the unattested, linguistic reconstruction common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans....
mayr "mother"	mother (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... modor)	mater "mother"	meter "mother"	mat? "mother"	"mother"
hayr "father"	father (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... fæder)	pater "father"	pater "father"	pit? "father"	"father"
egbayr "brother"	brother (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... broþor)	frater "brother"	phrater "brother"	bhrat? "brother"	"brother"
dowstr "daughter"	daughter (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... dohtor)	futrei "daughter"	thugater "daughter"	duhit? "daughter"	"daughter"
kin "woman"	queen (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... c?en "queen, woman, wife")		gune "a woman, a wife"	gna/jani "woman"	"woman, wife"
im "my"	my, mine (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... min)	mei "my"	emeo "my, of mine"	mama "my"	"my, mine"
anown "name"	name (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... nama)	nomen "name"	onoma "name"	naman "name"	"name"
owt' "8"	eight (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... eahta)	octo "eight"	okto "eight"	a??a "eight"	"eight"
inë "9"	nine (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... nigon)	novem "nine"	ennea "nine"	nava "nine"	"nine"
tas "10"	ten (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... tien) (< P.Gmc. *tekhan)	decem "ten"	deka "ten"	dasa "ten"	"ten"
ack' "eye"	eye (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... ege)	oculus "eye"	ophthalmos "eye"	ak?an "eye"	"to see"
armownk "elbow"	arm (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... earm "joined body parts below shoulder")	armus "shoulder"	arthron "a joint"	irma "arm"	"fit, join (that which is fitted together)"
çownk "knee"	knee (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... cneo)	genu, "knee"	gonu "knee"	janu "knee"	"knee"
otk' "foot"	foot (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... fot)	pedis "foot"	podi "foot"	pada "foot"	"foot"
sirt "heart"	heart (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... heorte)	cor "heart"	kardia "heart"	h?daya "heart"	"heart"
kaši "skin"	hide (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... h?dan "animal skin cover")	cutis "skin"	keutho "I cover, I hide"	ku?ira "hut"	"to cover, conceal"
mowk "mouse"	mouse (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... mus)	mus "mouse"	mus "mouse"	mu? "mouse"	"mouse, small rodent"
kov "cow"	cow (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... cu)	bum "cow"	bous "cow"	go "cow"	"cow"
šown "hound"	hound (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... hund "hound, dog")	canis "hound, dog" (canine)	kuon "hound, dog"	svan "dog"	"hound, dog"
tari "year"	year (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... gear)	hornus "of this year"	hora "time, year"	yare "year"	"year"
amis "month"	moon, month (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... monaþ)	mensis "month"	men "moon, month"	masa "moon, month"	"moon, month"
ama? "summer"	summer (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... sumor)			sama "season"	"hot season of the year"
jerm "warm"	burn (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... beornan)	formus "warm"	thermos "warm"	gharma "heat"	"warm"
lowys "light"	light (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... leoht "brightness")	lucere, lux, lucidus "to shine, light, clear"	leukos "bright, shining, white"	roca "shining"	"light, brightness"
howr "flame"	fire (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... f?r)	pir "fire"	pur "fire"	pu "fire"	"fire"
he?ow "far"	far (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... feor "to a great distance")	per "through"	pera "beyond"	paras "beyond"	"through, across, beyond"
helowm "I pour"	flow (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... flo?an)	pluere "to rain"	pleno "I wash"	plu "to swim"	"flow, float"
owtem "I eat"	eat (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... etan)	edulis "edible"	edo "I eat"	admi "I eat"	"to eat"
gitem "I know"	wit (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... ?it, ?itan "intelligence, to know")	videre "to see"	eidenai "to know"	vid "to know"	"to know, to see"
get "river"	water (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... ?æter)	utur "water"	hudor "water"	udan "water"	"water"
gorç "work "	work (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... ?eorc)	urgere "push, drive"	ergon "work"	varcas "activity"	"to work"
meç "great "	much (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... mycel "great, big, many")	magnus "great"	megas "great, large"	mahant "great"	"great"
ançanot' "stranger, unfamiliar"	unknown (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... uncna?en)	ignotus, ignorantem "unknown, ignorant"	agnostos "unknown"	ajñata "unfamiliar"	"not" + "to know"
me?aç "dead"	murder (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... morþor)	mortalis "mortal"	ambrotos "immortal"	m?ta "dead"	"to die"
mejteg "middle"	mid, middle (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... mid, middel)	medius "middle"	mesos "middle"	madhya "middle"	"mid, middle"
ayl "other"	else (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... elles "other, otherwise, different")	alius, alienus "other, another"	allos "other, another"	anya "other"	"beyond, other"
nor "new"	new (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... ni?e)	novus "new"	neos "new"	nava "new"	"new"
dow? "door"	door (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... dor, duru)	fores "door"	thura "door"	dvar "door"	"door, doorway, gate"
town "house"	timber (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... timber "trees used for building material, structure")	domus "house"	domos "house"	dama "house"	"house"
berri, berel "fertile, carry"	bear (< OE Old English language Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.... beran "give birth, carry")	ferre, fertilis "to bear, fertile"	pherein "to carry"	bharati "carry"	"to bear, to carry"

Armenian language

History

Origins

Graeco-Armenian hypothesis

Speculations on Anatolian influence

Iranian influence

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Morphology

Noun

Verb

Dialects

Historical Armenian dialects

Indo-European linguistic comparison

See also

Footnotes

External links