All Topics  
Roman naming conventions

 
Roman Naming Conventions

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

Roman naming conventions
 
 
  Topics Roman naming conventions Topic Home

By the Republican era
Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
 and throughout the Imperial era
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, a name
Name

A name is a label for a noun, , normally used to distinguish one from another. Names can identify a class or Category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given wiktionary:context....
 in ancient Rome
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 for a male citizen consisted of three parts (tria nomina): praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) (name of the gens
Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
 or clan) and cognomen (name of a family line within the gens). The nomen, and later, cognomen were virtually always hereditary. Women usually did not have the praenomen and agnomen (nickname
Nickname

A nickname is a descriptive name given in place of or in addition to the official name of a person, place or thing. Another class of nickname is the familiar or truncated form of the proper name, such as Bob, Bobby, Rob, Robbie, and Bert for Robert, more properly called a short name....
), which were normally distinct and not necessarily hereditary (unless the parents so chose).

History
In the early regal period
Roman Kingdom

The Roman Kingdom was the monarchy government of the city of Rome and its territories. Little is certain about the history of the Roman Kingdom, as no written records from that time survive, and the histories about it were written during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire and are largely based on legend....
 of Rome, it appears that people were at first referred to by one name (e.g., Romulus
Romulus

Romulus may refer to any of these articles:...
, Manius
Manius

Manius is a Roman praenomen. It was derived probably from Latin word "mane" and means "born in the morning" or "born in february". This praenomen wasn't commonly used....
).






Discussion
Ask a question about 'Roman naming conventions'
Start a new discussion about 'Roman naming conventions'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


By the Republican era
Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
 and throughout the Imperial era
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, a name
Name

A name is a label for a noun, , normally used to distinguish one from another. Names can identify a class or Category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given wiktionary:context....
 in ancient Rome
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 for a male citizen consisted of three parts (tria nomina): praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) (name of the gens
Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
 or clan) and cognomen (name of a family line within the gens). The nomen, and later, cognomen were virtually always hereditary. Women usually did not have the praenomen and agnomen (nickname
Nickname

A nickname is a descriptive name given in place of or in addition to the official name of a person, place or thing. Another class of nickname is the familiar or truncated form of the proper name, such as Bob, Bobby, Rob, Robbie, and Bert for Robert, more properly called a short name....
), which were normally distinct and not necessarily hereditary (unless the parents so chose).

History


In the early regal period
Roman Kingdom

The Roman Kingdom was the monarchy government of the city of Rome and its territories. Little is certain about the history of the Roman Kingdom, as no written records from that time survive, and the histories about it were written during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire and are largely based on legend....
 of Rome, it appears that people were at first referred to by one name (e.g., Romulus
Romulus

Romulus may refer to any of these articles:...
, Manius
Manius

Manius is a Roman praenomen. It was derived probably from Latin word "mane" and means "born in the morning" or "born in february". This praenomen wasn't commonly used....
). As Rome
Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
 grew in area and population, a second, family name came into use. By the earliest days of the Republic, every member of a household had at least two names — praenomen, and the genitive form of the pater familias's name, which became a fixed and inherited nomen.

This binomial nomenclature was unique among Indo-European languages of that era. Also, the core part of the name (nomen) was the inherited gens
Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
 name, not the given name (praenomen). This is probably why so few different praenomina were used.

Later in the Republic a cognomen was added to distinguish families within a gens
Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
, as the importance of the gens grew and the size of voting tribes required this differentiation. Thus patricians (nobility) commonly had three names (Tria Nomina). Although this system dates to the later 5th century BC, it was slow to take root, as it does not appear in official documents until the late 2nd century BC and was not common until the time of Sulla, right before the Empire. It was adopted even more slowly by non-patricians; the first examples of cognomina for plebeians date to c. 125 BC and it was not popular for another century.

In the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
 (the Eastern Empire), old Roman
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 language, culture and names were gradually replaced by Greek ones.

Praenomen


The praenomen, equivalent to given name
Given name

A given name is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name ....
s nowadays, was chosen by the parents (often with the pater familias naming male infants after himself). There was, however, a very limited selection of praenomina, such as Gaius, Gnaeus, Marcus, Quintus, Publius, Tiberius, and Titus. As a result, men from a given family often have identical names for generations. It was therefore necessary to use other names (cognomen and later, agnomen) to distinguish between individuals. Only intimates would use the praenomen.

Nomen

The second name, or nomen gentile (usually simply nomen), rarely gentilicium, is the name of the gens
Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
 (the family clan), in masculine form for men. The original gentes were descended from the family groups that settled Rome. These eventually developed into entire clans, which covered specific geographic regions. As the area of Rome expanded the number of tribes also expanded, so that not all tribes were from original settlers. Some were named for Etruscan
Etruscan civilization

Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy and Corsica whom the ancient Romans called Etrusci or Tusci....
 families, while others were from local tribes or from major geographical features, such as rivers. Well-known nomina include many of the familiar names of ancient Rome, such as Aemilius
Aemilius

Aemilius was the nomen of the gens Aemilia, one of the five most important patrician families of ancient Rome.The Aemilii were a very old clan; they were supposed to have descended from Mamercus, a son of Pythagoras who was surnamed "Aemylos" or "Aimilios" because of his refinement and speaking ability....
, Claudius
Claudius (gens)

The gens Claudia was one of the oldest families in ancient Rome, and for centuries its members were regularly leaders of the city and empire....
, Cornelius
Cornelius (gens)

File:Sommer, Giorgio - n. 1236 - Pompei - Casa di Cornelio Ruffo.jpgCornelius was the nomen of the patrician gens Cornelia , one of the most important gens, or families, of Ancient Rome....
, Domitius, Julius
Julius

Julius is the nomen of the gens Julia, an important patrician family of ancient Rome supposed to have descended from Julus, and thus from the goddess Venus ....
, Junius
Junius

Junius was the nom de plume of a writer who contributed a series of letters to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772....
, Pompeius
Pompeius

Pompeius , known in English language as Pompey, is the nomen of the gens Pompeia, an important family during the late Roman republic period of ancient Rome from the Italy region of Picenum, which lies between the Apennines and the Adriatic....
, Antonius
Antonius

Antonius was the nomen of the Roman naming convention Antonia, one of the most important plebs families of ancient Rome. The family claimed descendancy from Anton, a son of the Greek god Hercules....
, and Valerius
Valerius

Valerius originally was a Rome nomen of the gens Valeria, one of the oldest patrician families of the city. The name was in use throughout Roman history....
.

Cognomen


The third name, or cognomen, began as a nickname or personal name that distinguished individuals with the same names. Cognomina do not appear in official documents until around 100 BC. Often the cognomen was chosen based on some physical or personality trait, sometimes with ironic
Irony

Irony is a Literary technique or rhetorical device, in which there is an wiktionary:incongruous or wiktionary:discordance between what one says or does and what one means or what is generally understood....
 results: Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
's cognomen meant hairy (cf. etymology of the name of Julius Caesar
Etymology of the name of Julius Caesar

The name Caesar probably originated from a dialect of Latium which did not share the rhotacism of the Roman dialect. Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Julius Caesar , Caesar's name is properly rendered GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR ....
) although he was balding
Baldness

Baldness involves the state of lacking hair where it often grows, especially on the head. The most common form of baldness is a progressive hair thinning condition called androgenic alopecia or "male pattern baldness" that occurs in adult male humans and other species....
, and Tacitus
Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman Senate and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories —examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors....
' cognomen meant silent, while he was a well-known orator
Orator

An orator, or oratist, is a speaker.An orator may also be called an oratarian - literally, "he who orates".Etymology...
. However, since the Republican era, the cognomen was no longer a nickname, becoming inherited from father to son, serving to distinguish a family within a gens.

Nomen-derived names

Some males had a cognomen that ends in -anus, which was adapted from and commemorated a nomen, sometimes their maternal family or – if they were adopted – their original paternal family. For instance, Vespasian
Vespasian

Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian , was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 69 A.D. until his death in 79 A.D. Vespasian was the founder of the short lived Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 A.D....
's nomen (Flavius) came from his father's nomen. His cognomen (Vespasianus), on the other hand, was derived from his mother's nomen , Vespasia. Others had cognomina that were derived not from the nomen, but the cognomen of their mothers' families. For instance, Caracalla
Caracalla

Caracalla , born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus, was the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Roman Emperor from 211 – 217....
's maternal grandfather was Julius Bassianus
Julius Bassianus

Julius Bassianus was an Arab, who lived in the second and third century AD. Bassianus was a high priest for the Temple of the Sun, which was adored in a shape of a black stone....
, but Caracalla's cognomen was not Julianus, but rather Bassianus as well.

When a man was adopted into another family, his would take on his adopted father's names (excluding the praenomen). If he chose to, he could turn his original nomen into an additional cognomen that followed his newly gained names. For example, these adoptees incorporated into their new names their adopted family's nomen and cognomen, and also kept their birth family's nomen:
  • Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus
    Scipio Aemilianus Africanus

    Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus , also known as Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was a leading general and politician of the ancient Roman Republic....
    : Publius was adopted into the gens Cornelii Scipiones, but was born an Aemilius.
  • Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus
    Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus

    Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, Consul 77 BC and possibly Princeps Senatus was a well connected and influential figure in Late Republican politics....
    : Mamercus was born a Livius, adopted into Aemilii Lepidi. However, not all adoptees chose to identify their birth families. For instance, as an adult, Augustus did not use his cognomen Octavianus, since the gens Octavii were not nearly as esteemed as the Julii. (See also: Adoption in Rome)


Agnomen


After the cognomen became hereditary and lost its function as a nickname, a second nickname, or agnomen, was appended to the name after birth – usually not immediately – to signify some personal characteristic or accomplishment. A common agnomen was Pius, for someone who displayed virtues like honesty, reverence to the gods, or devotion to family and state. Superbus ("Haughty") and Pulcher ("Handsome") were also examples of agnomina.

Unlike the nomen and cognomen, an agnomen was usually not inherited unless the son also had the same attribute or did the same deeds, although some victory agnomina like Augustus ("Majestic") and Germanicus ("the German (Conqueror)") eventually became handed down as additional cognomina.

Names adapted from nomina (with the -anus suffix) are sometimes considered agnomina. Priscian
Priscian

Priscianus Caesariensis , commonly known as Priscian, was a Latin Latin grammar. He wrote the Institutiones grammaticae on the subject....
 specifically cites Claudianus and Aemilianus as examples.

Foreign names

As Rome conquered territories beyond the Italian peninsula
Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula is one of the three peninsulas of Southern Europe , spanning 1,000 km from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south....
, many foreign names were introduced. Discharged auxiliary soldiers and others gaining Roman Citizenship could, and many did, continue to use at least a portion of their former names. Most were of Greek origin, while others came from regions that were brought under Roman influence. Non-citizen auxiliary soldiers who were granted citizenship often adopted the nomen of their Emperor, adding their native name as a cognomen.

New citizens often also took on the nomen of the reigning emperor. For instance, after Caracalla
Caracalla

Caracalla , born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus, was the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Roman Emperor from 211 – 217....
 ("Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus") expanded citizenship to all freedmen in the empire, many of them took on the nomen Aurelius. (Caracalla's correct nomen was actually Septimius. Aurelius was a pretension to Roman nobility.)

Female names

Roman women usually had no praenomen and were known only by the feminine form of their father's nomen. If further description was needed, the name was followed by the genitive case
Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case or possessive case is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun but it can also indicate various relationships other than possession; certain verbs may take argument in the genitive case; and it may have adverbial uses ....
 of her father's cognomen or, after marriage, of her husband's. Hence, Cicero
Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Ancient Rome philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Constitution of the Roman Republic. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest rhetoric and prose stylists....
 speaks of a woman as "Annia P. Anni senatoris filia" (Annia the daughter of P. Annius the senator). By the late Republic, women also adopted the feminine form of their father's cognomen, e.g., Aquilia Severa
Aquilia Severa

Iulia Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Roman Emperor Elagabalus. She was the daughter of Quintus Aquilius, twice consul under Caracalla....
 was the daughter of Aquilius and married a Severus (in her case, both of her names are derived from nomina). Feminized cognomen was often made a diminutive
Diminutive

In language structure, a diminutive, or diminutive form, is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment....
, e.g. Augustus's wife Livia Drusilla was the daughter of a M. Livius Drusus.

If only two daughters survived, they could be distinguished as major and minor. Marcus Antonius's daughters were Antonia major (grandmother of the emperor Nero
Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus , born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and final Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty....
) and Antonia minor (mother of the emperor Claudius). If a family had more than two daughters, they were distinguished by ordinal numbers: Cornelia Quinta, the fifth daughter of a Cornelius. The epithets of major and minor also served to distinguish between daughters and mothers of the same name, e.g., Agrippina the Younger
Agrippina the Younger

Julia Agrippina; known as Agrippina Minor , was a great granddaughter of Emperor Augustus, great niece and adoptive granddaughter of Emperor Tiberius, sister to Emperor Caligula, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero....
 and Julia the Younger
Julia the Younger

Julia Minor or Julilla was a Roman Princess. She was the eldest daughter and second child born to Roman Statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder....
, respective daughters of Agrippina the Elder
Agrippina the elder

Vipsania Agrippina or most commonly known as Agrippina Major was a distinguished and prominent Roman Princess that lived between the 1st century BC and 1st century....
 and Julia the Elder
Julia the Elder

Julia the Elder , known to her contemporaries as Julia Caesaris filia or Julia Augusti filia was the daughter and only natural child of Augustus....
.

Additional elements and examples


Filiation


In earlier Roman names, the praenomen and nomen gentile constituted a Roman's full name and were followed by the so-called filiation (a patronymic or indication of paternity). The filiation (patronimicus) consisted of the Latin word for "son" filius (abbreviated by the letter f.) preceded by the abbreviation of the father's praenomen, which was understood in the genitive. Hence, a Roman might have been known as M. Antonius M. f. (Marci filius), that is, Marcus Antonius, son of Marcus. Additionally it could also indicate the grandfather with the word "grandson" nepos (abbreviated by the letter n.).

By the Middle Republic, the abbreviation for tribe in which the man was enrolled was added after his filiation. When this became an official part of the name is not known.

Naming and birth order
The eldest son almost always carries on his father's name. Younger sons are named for a grandfather or uncle. The proliferation of men carrying the same name can complicate prosopography
Prosopography

In Historiography, prosopography is an investigation of the common characteristics of a historical group, whose individual biographies may be largely untraceable, by means of a collective study of their lives, in multiple career-line analysis....
; for instance, in the early 1st century BC, three prominent men were named Lucius Valerius Flaccus: the consul of 100 BC, the suffect consul of 86 BC, and the latter's son, who was defended by Cicero
Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Ancient Rome philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Constitution of the Roman Republic. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest rhetoric and prose stylists....
 (Pro Flacco).

Tribes


A tribe was a geographic distinction, not an indication of ancestry. A man belonged to the tribe in which his main residence was located. The tribe was an essential part of citizenship, since voting was often carried out by tribe. With the expansion of the Empire, the number of tribes also grew. See list of Roman tribes
List of Roman Tribes

HistoryThis article is a list of the historical tribes of Rome, as used for voting. For information on the history of Roman names in general, see the article Roman naming conventions....
.

Sample analysis of a complete name

Scipio Tomb
Analysis of an example complete name: Marcus Aurelius Lucii f. Quinti n. tribu Galeria Antoninus Felix, domo Caesaraugusta.

Component Name Note
Marcus praenomen  
Aurelius nomen gentile he belonged to gens Aurelia (the Aurelii
Aurelii

The Aurelii were a Roman gens. The male form was Aurelius and the feminine form was Aurelia. Its members included:*Marcus Aurelius Cotta, consul...
)
Lucii f(ilio) patronimicus son of Lucius
Quinti n(epo) grandparent grandson of Quintus
tribu Galeria tribe a tribe from Galleria, a region of Hispania
Hispania

Hispania was the name given by the Ancient Rome to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula . When Rome was a Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into Roman provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior....
Antoninus cognomen he belonged to Antonini branch of the clan
Felix agnomen "the Fortunate", a nickname
domo Caesaraugusta residence ancient Saragossa in Hispania


In everyday use, people were referred to by their cognomen, or praenomen plus nomen gentile. So, "Marcus Livius Drusus" would either be just "Drusus" or "Marcus Livius". "Iulia Marciana" would be just "Iulia". This has created problems for modern scholars, since in many cases we no longer have the contemporaneous context to know which person was actually meant.

Evolution of a personal name


In Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
, a person's name was not static but often evolved with his status or social connections. Here is the evolution of the official name of the first emperor, Augustus:

63 BC: Gaius Octavius is born
  • C·OCTAVIVS·C·F·
  • Gaius Octavius Gaii filius
    • Gaius of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Octavia, son of Gaius


44 BC: Julius Caesar dies. In his will he adopts Gaius Octavius. See Adoption in Rome.
  • C·IVLIVS·C·F·CAESAR·OCTAVIANVS
  • Gaius Iulius Gaii filius Caesar Octavianus
    • Gaius Caesar of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Julia, son of Gaius, originally of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Octavia


42 BC: Julius Caesar is deified
Apotheosis

Apotheosis refers to the exaltation of a subject to divinity level. The term has meanings in theology, where it refers to a belief, and in art, where it refers to a genre....
, prompting a change in Gaius Octavianus' name.
  • C·IVLIVS·DIVI·F·CAESAR·OCTAVIANVS
  • Gaius Iulius Divi filius Caesar Octavianus
    • Gaius Caesar of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Julia, son of the Deified, originally of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Octavia


31 BC: Gaius Octavianus is declared imperator
Imperator

The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. It later went on to become a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen....
 by the army
  • IMP·C·IVLIVS·DIVI·F·CAESAR·OCTAVIANVS
  • Imperator Gaius Iulius Divi filius Caesar Octavianus
    • Imperator Gaius Caesar of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Julia, son of the Deified, originally of the gens
      Gens

      In ancient Rome, a gens was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged....
       Octavia


27 BC: The Roman Senate
Roman Senate

The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic. According to the Greek historian Polybius, our principal source on the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate was the predominant branch of government....
 grants the title Augustus. Gaius Octavianus assumes his official regnal name.
  • IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGUSTVS
  • Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus
    • Imperator Caesar the August, son of the Deified


See also

  • Roman naming conventions for females
    Roman naming conventions for females

    The first names, or praenomen, of Women in Rome changed dramatically from the earliest days of Rome to the High Empire and then the late Empire. Females were officially known by the feminine form of their father's nomen gentile, followed by the genitive case of their father's cognomen , and an indication of order among sisters....