Reference ranges for common blood tests

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Reference ranges for common blood tests

A reference range
Reference range

In health-related fields, a reference range is a set of values of some measurement that a physician or other health professional can use to interpret a set of results for a particular patient....
is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test

Medical test

A diagnostic test is any kind of medical test performed to aid in the diagnosis or detection of disease. For example:* to diagnosis diseases* to measure the progress or recovery from disease...
results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95% of the normal population falls within, or 2 standard deviations from the mean.

The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the laboratory

Medical laboratory

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Encyclopedia

Medical test

Medical laboratory

A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient....
uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range. The values given below therefore are given as examples only and should not be used to interpret individual test results. Factors other than medical conditions can affect laboratory values, such as male or female sex, diet, use of drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter and herbal remedies), and stress, as well as other more exotic factors like altitude.

All values denote blood plasma

Blood plasma

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. It is composed of mostly water , and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, Hormone and carbon dioxide ....
concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration, with the precise factor depending mainly on hematocrit

Hematocrit

The hematocrit or packed cell volume or erythrocyte volume fraction is the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells....
. Exceptions (that is, values denoting total blood concentration) are:

All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
All values in Hematology - white blood cells
Platelet count (Plt)

Sorted by concentration

A separate printable combined image is available for mass and molarity

By units

Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.

White blood cells

Clinical biochemistry

Clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry") is the area of pathology

Pathology

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of Organ , tissue , bodily fluids and whole bodies . The term also encompasses the related science study of disease processes, called General pathology....
that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7" and CHEM-20
Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20", but not CHEM-7

Electrolytes and Metabolites

Electrolyte

An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrical conductor medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible....
s and Metabolite

Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....
s: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| Sodium Sodium Sodium** is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" .... (Na)		135-137	145-147	mmol/L or mEq/L	- \| Potassium Potassium Potassium** is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name.... (K)		3.5-3.6	5.0-5.1	mmol/L or mEq/L	- \| Chloride Chloride The chloride ion is formed when the chemical element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−.... (Cl)		95-98	105-107	mmol/L or mEq/L	- \| Osmolality Plasma osmolality Plasma osmolality is a measure of the concentration of substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose, and other ions in blood. It is calculated as the Osmole of solute per kilogram of solvent....		275-280	295-296	mOsm/kg	- \| Osmolarity		Slightly less than osmolality		mOsm/l	- \|rowspan=2\| Urea Urea Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula 2carbonoxygen.Urea is also known by the International Nonproprietary Name carbamide, as established by the World Health Organization....		1.2-3.0	3.0-7.0	mmol/L	BUN - blood urea nitrogen Blood urea nitrogen The blood urea nitrogen test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function. Urea** is a substance secreted by the liver, and removed from the blood by the kidneys.... \|- \| 7	18-21	- \|rowspan=3\| * Uric acid Uric acid Uric acid is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3....		0.18	0.48	mmol/L	- \| Female	2.0	7.0	mg/dL	- \| Male	2.1	8.5	mg/dL	- \|rowspan=4\| Creatinine Creatinine Creatinine** is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body ....	male	68	118	µmol/L	May be complemented with creatinine clearance \|- \| 0.8	1.3	mg/dL	- \|rowspan=2\| female	68	98	µmol/L	- \| 0.8	1.1	mg/dL	- \| BUN/Creatinine Ratio		5	35	-	- \|rowspan=2\| Glucose Blood sugar Blood sugar concentration, or glucose level**, refers to the amount of glucose present in a mammal's blood. Normally, the blood glucose level is maintained at a Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#Electrolytes_and_Metabolites between about 4 and 6 mM .... (fasting)		3.8-3.9	6.1	mmol/L	See also glycosylated hemoglobin Glycosylated hemoglobin Glycosylated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average Blood plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time.... (in hematology) \|- \| 65-70	100-110	- \|rowspan=4\| Total serum iron Serum iron Blood plasma iron is a medicine laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin. Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems.... (TSI)	male	65-76	176-198	µg/dL	- \| female	26-50	170	- \| newborns	100	250	- \| children	50	120	- \| Total iron-binding capacity Total iron-binding capacity Total iron-binding capacity is a medical laboratory test which measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin. It is performed by phlebotomy and measuring the maximum amount of iron that it can carry, which indirectly measures transferrin saturation since transferrin is the most dynamic carrier.... (TIBC)		240-262	450-474	- \| Transferrin Transferrin Transferrin is a blood plasma protein for iron ion delivery that, in humans, is encoded by the TF gene. Transferrin is a glycoprotein, which binds iron very tightly but reversibly....		204	360	mg/dL	- \| Transferrin saturation Transferrin saturation Transferrin saturation, measured as a percentage, is a medical laboratory value. It is the ratio of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity, multiplied by 100....		20	50	%	- \|rowspan=2\| Ferritin Ferritin Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting of 24 protein subunits and is the main intracellular iron storage protein in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, keeping it in a soluble and non-toxic form....	Male	12	300	ng/mL	- \| Female	12	150	- \| Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia is a chemical compound with the chemical formula nitrogenhydrogen. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor....		10-20	35-65	µmol/L	- \| Copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity....		70	150	µg/dL	- \| Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin is officially known as ferroxidase or iron:oxygen oxidoreductase. It is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism....		15	60	mg/dL	- \| Lactate Lactic acid Lactic acid , also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemistry processes. It was first isolated in 1780 by a Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and is a carboxylic acid with a chemical formula of C3H6O3.... (Venous)		4.5	19.8	mg/dL	- \| Lactate (Arterial)		4.5	14.4	mg/dL	- \| Pyruvate		0.3	0.9	mg/dL

Acid and base

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| pH PH pH is a measure of the Acid or Base of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the Activity of dissolved hydrogen ions . Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations....	7.34-7.35	7.44-7.45		- \| [H⁺]	36	44	- \| base excess Base excess In human physiology, base excess refers to the amount of acid required to return the blood pH of an individual to the reference interval pH with the amount of carbon dioxide held at a standard value....	-3	+3		- \|rowspan=2\| PO₂ Oxygen Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...	10	13-14	kPa	- \| 75-83	100-105	mmHg \|- \| Oxygen saturation Oxygen saturation Oxygen saturation or Dissolved oxygen is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water....	96	100	- \|rowspan=2\| PCO₂ Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide** is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....	4.4-4.8	5.8-5.9	kPa	- \| 33-35	44-45	mmHg	- \| Bicarbonate Carbonic acid Carbonic acid has the Molecular formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water , which contain small amounts of H2CO3.... (HCO₃^-)	18	23	mmol/L	- \| Standard bicarbonate (SBC_e)	21-22	27-28	mmol/L or mEq/L	-

Liver function

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \|* Total Protein Serum Total Protein Serum total protein, also called plasma total protein or total protein, is a Clinical chemistry test for measuring the total amount of protein in blood plasma or serum....	60-63	78, 82, 84	g/L	see hypoproteinemia Hypoproteinemia Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood.One common cause is due to excess protein in the urine , which can be a medical sign of nephrotic syndrome.... \|- \|rowspan=2\| * Albumin Serum albumin Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues....	35	48-55	g/L	see hypoalbuminemia Hypoalbuminemia Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition where levels of human serum albumin in blood serum are abnormally low. It is a specific form of hypoproteinemia.... \|- \| 3.5	4.8-5.5	U/L	- \| Globulins	23	35	g/L	- \|rowspan=2\| * Total Bilirubin Bilirubin Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is formed from hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile, and its levels are elevated in certain diseases....	2	17	µmol/L	- \| 0.1-0.2	1.0-1.3	- \|rowspan=2\| * Direct Bilirubin	0.0	5	µmol/L	- \| 0	0.3-0.4	- \| * Alanine transaminase Alanine transaminase Alanine transaminase or ALT is a transaminase enzyme . It is also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase or alanine aminotransferase .... (ALT)	7-8	20, 56	U/L	serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) >- \| * Alkaline phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids.... (ALP)	20,38, 50	70, 126, 160	U/L	Higher in children and pregnant women. >- \| * Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)	8	50-78	U/L	-

Cardiac tests

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| Creatine kinase Creatine kinase Creatine kinase , also known as creatine phosphokinase or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme expressed by various tissue types.... (CK) - male	24-38	174	U/L or ng/mL	- \| Creatine kinase (CK) - female	24, 38, 96	140	U/L	- \| CK-MB	0	3	ng/mL	- \| Troponin Troponin Troponin is a complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle....	0	0.4	ng/mL	-

Other enzymes and proteins

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| * Aspartate transaminase Aspartate transaminase Aspartate transaminase also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase or aspartate aminotransferase is similar to alanine transaminase in that it is another enzyme associated with liver parenchymal cells.... (AST)	5-8	20-35	U/L	serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT) >- \| * Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.... (LDH)	50	150	U/L	- \| Amylase Amylase Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion....	25, 30, 53	110, 120, 123, 125	U/L	- \| C-reactive protein C-reactive protein C-reactive protein is a protein found in the blood in response to inflammation .CRP is produced by the liver and by fat cells . It is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins.... (CRP)	n/a	5-6	mg/L	- \| D-dimer D-dimer D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product, a small protein fragment present in the blood after a thrombus is degraded by fibrinolysis.D-dimer concentration may be determined by a blood test to help diagnose thrombosis....	n/a	500	ng/mL	- \| Lipase Lipase A lipase is a water-soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester chemical bond in water?insoluble, lipid substrates. Lipases thus comprise a subclass of the esterases....	7-10	60-150	U/L	-

Other ions and trace metals

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| Ionised calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earth's Crust .... (Ca)	1.03	1.23	mmol/L	- \|rowspan=2\| * Total calcium (Ca)	2.1	2.8	mmol/L	- \| 8.4-8.5	10.2-10.5	mg/dL	- \| Phosphate Phosphate A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.... (HPO₄^2-)	0.8	1.5	mM	- \|rowspan=2\| Inorganic phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals.... (serum)	1.0	1.5	mmol/L	- \| 3.0	4.5	mg/dL	- \| Copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.... (Cu)	11	24	µmol/L	- \| Zinc Zinc Zinc is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is a first-row transition metal of the group 12 element of the periodic table.... (Zn)	70	102	µmol/L	- \| Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, atomic weight 24.3050 and common oxidation number +2.Magnesium, an alkaline earth metal, is the ninth most abundance of the chemical elements in the universe by mass....	1.5	2.0	mEq/L	-

Lipids

Test>

Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \|rowspan=3\| Triglyceride Triglyceride is a glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids. It is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats.... s	10 - 39 years	54	110	mg/dL	- \| 40 - 59 years	70	150	mg/dL	- \| > 60 years	80	150	- \|rowspan=2\| * Total cholesterol Cholesterol Cholesterol is a lipidic, waxy alcohol found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. It is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes where it is required to establish proper membrane permeability and membrane fluidity....		3.6	5.0-6.5	mmol/L	- \| 120-140	200-250	- \|rowspan=2\| HDL cholesterol	female	1.0	2.2	mmol/L	Therapeutic targets: >1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) \|- \| 50	110	- \|rowspan=2\| HDL cholesterol	male	0.9	2.0	- \| 45	100	- \| LDL cholesterol		2.0-2.4	3.0-3.4	mmol/L	Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L. >-

Tumour markers

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)	0	44	ng/mL	- \| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)	n/a	5	IU/l	- \| CA19.9	n/a	40	U/ml	- \| Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth.... (CEA) non-smokers at 50 years	n/a	3.6	µg/l	- \| Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth.... (CEA) non-smokers at 70 years	n/a	4.1	µg/l	- \| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers	n/a	5	µg/l	- \| Prostate specific antigen Prostate specific antigen Prostate specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. PSA is present in small quantities in the Blood plasma of normal men, and is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer and in other prostate disorders.... (PSA)	n/a	4	µg/L or ng/mL	- \| PAP Prostatic acid phosphatase Prostatic acid phosphatase , also prostatic specific acid phosphatase , is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases....	0	3	units/dL (Bodansky units)

Hormones

|Category||Test||Patient type||Lower limit||Upper limit||Unit |- |rowspan=16| Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone

The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine , are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine....
s || Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) || || 0.4-0.5 || 4.5-6.0 || mIU/L or µIU/mL |- |rowspan=6| Free thyroxine

Thyroxine

Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetra?iodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland....
(FT4) ||rowspan=2| Normal adult || 10-12 || 23 || pmol/L |- | 0.7 -0.8 || 1.4-1.5 || ng/dL |- | Infant 0-3 d || 2.0 || 5.0 || ng/dL |- | Infant 3-30 d || 0.9 || 2.2 || ng/dL |- | Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y || 0.8 || 2.0 || ng/dL |- | Pregnant || 0.5 || 1.0 || ng/dL |- |rowspan=2| Total thyroxine ||rowspan=2| ||60 || 140-160 || nmol/L |- | 4-5.5 || 11-12.3 || µg/dL |- |rowspan=2| Free triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine, carbonhydrogeniodinenitrogenoxygen, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone.Thyroid-stimulating hormone activates the production of thyroxine and T3....
(FT3) || Normal adult || 0.2 || 0.5 || ng/dL |- | Children 2-16 y || 0.1 || 0.6 || ng/dL |- |rowspan=2| Total triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine, carbonhydrogeniodinenitrogenoxygen, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone.Thyroid-stimulating hormone activates the production of thyroxine and T3....
||rowspan=2| || 1.1 || 2.7 || nmol/L |- | 60-75 || 175-181 || ng/dL |- | Thyroxine-binding globulin

Thyroxine-binding globulin

Thyroxine-binding globulin binds Thyroid hormone in circulation. It is one of three proteins responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine and 3,5,3?-triiodothyronine in the bloodstream....
(TBG) || || 12 || 30 || mg/L |- |rowspan=2| Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as "colloid"....
(Tg) ||rowspan=2| || 1.5|| 30 || pmol/L |- | 1 || 20 || µg/L |- |rowspan=20|Other ||rowspan=2| Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress ....
(ACTH) ||rowspan=2| || 1.3 || 18 || pmol/L |- | 20 || 100 || pg/mL |- | Growth hormone

Growth hormone

Growth hormone is a peptide hormone. It stimulates human development and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. It is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland....
(fasting) || || 0 || 5 || ng/mL |- | Growth hormone

Growth hormone

Prolactin

Prolactin or Luteotropic hormone is a peptide hormone primarily associated with lactation. In breastfeeding, the act of an infant suckling the nipple stimulates the production of prolactin, which fills the breast with milk via a process called lactogenesis, in preparation for the next feed....
|| || n/a || 14 || ng/mL |- | Testosterone

Testosterone

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testis of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands....
|| male || 8 || 27 || nmol/L |- |rowspan=2| 17 Hydroxyprogesterone || male || 0.06 || 3.0 || mg/L |- | Female (Follicular phase) || 0.2 || 1.0 || mg/L |- | 25-hydroxycholecalciferol || || 8 || 80 || ng/mL |}

Amino acids

|Test||Patient type||Lower limit||Upper limit||Unit||Comment |- |rowspan=4| Homocysteine

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is an amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CHCO2H. It is a homologous series of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene group....
|| Female 12-19 years || 3.3 || 7.2 || µmol/L ||rowspan=2| Elevated

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is an amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CHCO2H. It is a homologous series of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene group....
at:
10.4 umol/L |- | Female >60 years || 4.9 || 11.6 || µmol/L |- | Male 12-19 years || 4.3 || 9.9 || µmol/L ||rowspan=2| Elevated at:
11.4 umol/L |- | Male >60 years || 5.9 || 15.3 || µmol/L |- |}

Vitamins

Test>

Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit >- \| Vitamin A Vitamin A Vitamin A, a bi-polar molecule formed with bi-polar covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen, is linked to a family of similarly shaped molecules, the retinoids, which complete the remainder of the vitamin sequence....		30	65	- \| Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid is a sugar acid with antioxidant properties. Its appearance is white to light-yellow crystals or powder. It is water-soluble. The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid is commonly known as vitamin C....		0.4	1.5	-

Toxins

Test>

Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit >- \| Lead Lead Lead is a main-group Chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metal ....			40	-

Hematology

Hematology, American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Simplification_of_ae_.28.C3.A6.29_and_oe_.28.C5.93.29 haematology, is the branch of biology , pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases....
is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.

Red blood cells

|Test||Patient||Lower limit||Upper limit||Unit||Comments |- |rowspan=4| Haemoglobin (Hb) ||rowspan=2| male || 2.1 || 2.7 || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| Higher in neonates, lower in children. |- | 132-135 || 162-175 || g/L |- |rowspan=2| female || 1.9 || 2.5 || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| Sex difference negligible until adulthood. |- | 115-120 || 152-160 || g/L |- | Glycosylated hemoglobin

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Glycosylated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average Blood plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time....
(Hb_A1c) || || 4 || 5.9 || % of Hb || |- |rowspan=3| Haematocrit (Hct) || male || 0.4, 0.41, 0.45 || 0.52,0.53 , 0.62 || || |- | female || 0.36-0.37 || 0.46-0.48 || || |- | Child || 0.31 || 0.43 || || |- |rowspan=2| Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of vertebrates, and the tissues of some invertebrates....
in plasma || || 0.16 || 0.62 || µmol/L || |- | || 1 || 4 || mg/dL || |- |rowspan=2| Mean cell volume (MCV) || Male || 76-82 || 100-102 || fL ||rowspan=2| Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. |- | Female || 78 || 101 || fL |- | MCV standard deviation || || 35 || 47 || fL |- |rowspan=2| Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) ||rowspan=2| || 0.39 || 0.54 || fmol/cell |- | 25-27 || 32-35 || pg/cell || |- | Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) || || 31-32 || 35-36 || g/dL |- |rowspan=3| Red blood cells (RBC) || male || 4.2-4.3 || 5.9, 6.2, 6.9 || x10¹²/L || |- | Female || 3.5-3.8 || 5.5-5.8 || x10¹²/L || |- | Infant/Child || 3.8 || 5.5 || x10¹²/L || |- |rowspan=4| Reticulocyte

Reticulocyte

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body.Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells....
s || || 10 || 100 || x10⁹/L || |- | Adult || 0.5 || 1.5 || % of RBC || |- | Newborn || 1.1 || 4.5 || % of RBC || |- | Infant || 0.5 || 3.1 || % of RBC || |- | Red blood cell distribution width

Red blood cell distribution width

The red blood cell distribution width, or RDW, is a measure of the variation of red blood cell width that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count....
(RDW) || || 11.5 || 14.5 || % || Coefficient of variation |- |}

White blood cells

|Test||Patient type||Lower limit||Upper limit||Unit |- |Rowspan=3| White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) || Adult || 4.1-4.5 || 10.9-11 ||rowspan=3|

x10⁹/L
x10³/mm³ or
x10³/µL

|- | Newborn || 9 || 30 |- | 1 year old || 6 || 18 |- |rowspan=3| Neutrophil granulocyte

Neutrophil granulocyte

Neutrophil granulocytes, generally referred to as neutrophils, are the most abundant type of white blood cells in humans and form an essential part of the immune system....
s
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) ||rowspan=2| Adult || 2 || 8 || x10⁹/L |- | 45-54 || 62-74 || % of WBC |- | Newborn || 6 || 26 || x10⁹/L |- |rowspan=2| Neutrophilic band forms

Band cell

A band cell is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte.It is characterized by having a cell nucleus which is curved, but not lobar....
||rowspan=2| Adult || || 0.7 || x10⁹/L |- | 3 || 5 || % of WBC |- |rowspan=3| Lymphocyte

Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.By their appearance under the light microscope, there are two broad categories of lymphocytes, namely the large granular lymphocytes and the small lymphocytes....
s ||rowspan=2|Adult || 1.0 || 4.8 || x10⁹/L |- | 16-25 || 33-45 || % of WBC |- | Newborn || 2 || 11 || x10⁹/L |- |rowspan=3| Monocyte

Monocyte

Monocyte is a type of leukocyte, part of the human body's immune system. Monocytes have two main functions in the immune system: replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into mac...
s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 0.2 || 0.8 || x10⁹/L |- | 3-4.0 || 7-10 || % of WBC |- | Newborn || 0.4 || 3.1 || x10⁹/L |- |rowspan=2| Mononuclear leukocytes

Mononuclear leukocytes

Mononuclear leukocytes are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus.There are two main types of mononuclear leukocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes....

(Lymphocytes + monocytes) ||rowspan=2| Adult || 1.5 || 5 || x10⁹/L |- | 20 || 35 || % of WBC |- | CD4+ cells || Adult || 0.4 || 1.8 || x10⁹/L |- |rowspan=3| Eosinophil granulocyte

Eosinophil granulocyte

Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils , are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating infection and parasites in vertebrates....
s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 0.04 || 0.45 || x10⁹/L |- | 1 || 3-7 || % of WBC |- | Newborn || 0.02 || 0.85 || x10⁹/L |- |rowspan=3| Basophil granulocyte

Basophil granulocyte

Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating leukocytes .The name comes from the fact that these leucocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by base dyes, as shown in the picture....
s ||rowspan=2| Adult || 0.01 || 0.2 || x10⁹/L |- | 0.0 || 0.75-2 || % of WBC |- | Newborn || || 0.64 || x10⁹/L |}

Coagulation

Test>

Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \| Platelet count (Plt)	140-150	350, 400, 450	9/L >- \| Prothrombin time Prothrombin time The prothrombin time and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio and international normalized ratio are measures of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.... (PT)	11-12	13.5, 14, 15	s	- \| INR	0.9	1.2		- \| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)	18-29	28-41	s	- \| Thrombin clotting time Thrombin clotting time The Thrombin Time , also known as the Thrombin Clotting Time , is a test of the time it takes for a clot to form, measuring the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.... (TCT)	11	18	s	- \| Fibrinogen	1.7-1.8	4.2	g/L	- \| Bleeding time Bleeding time Bleeding time is a medical test done on someone to assess their platelet function....	2	9	minutes

Immunology

Category>

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments >- \|rowspan="5" valign="top"\|Acute phase protein Acute phase protein Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction .... markers of Inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is the complex biological response of Blood vessel tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue....	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Erythrocyte sedimentation rate The erythrocyte sedimentation rate , also called a sedimentation rate or Biernacki Reaction, is the rate at which red blood cells precipitate in a period of 1 hour.... (ESR)	Male	0	Age÷2	mm/hr	ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females. \|- \| Female	- \| C-reactive protein C-reactive protein C-reactive protein is a protein found in the blood in response to inflammation .CRP is produced by the liver and by fat cells . It is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins.... (CRP)		0	5-6	mg/L	- \|rowspan=2\| Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or a1-antitrypsin is a glycoprotein and generally known as serum trypsin inhibitor. Alpha 1- antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor because it is a Serpin , inhibiting a wide variety of proteases.... (AAT)		20	53	µmol/L	- \|	150	350	mg/dL	- \|rowspan="3" valign="top"\|Autoantibodies Autoantibody An autoantibody is an antibody manufactured by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.It is derived from the Greek "auto" which means "self", "anti" which means "against" and "body"....	Antinuclear antibodies Antinuclear antibodies Anti-nuclear antibodies are antibodies directed against the cell nucleus. They are raised in several conditions, usually in an auto-immune condition where the immune system makes antibodies to fight its own body.... (ANA)					- \| Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)					- \| Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG, which is itself an antibody.... (RF)		0	20-30	IU/mL	- \|rowspan=3\| Serology Serology Serology is the scientific study of Blood plasma. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of Antibody in the serum....	Antistreptolysin O titre Antistreptolysin O titre Antistreptolysin O titre - titre of antistreptolysin O antibodies is a blood test used to assist in the diagnosis of a Streptococcus or indicate a past exposure to streptococci.... (ASOT)	Preschoolers	n/a	100	units/mL	\|- \| School age	- \| Adult	125

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