The
Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: Salitan Pangasinan; ) or
Pangasinense is one of the twelve major languages in the
PhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
.
The language which is called "Pangasinese" in the Philippine Islands is spoken by more than one and a half million
Pangasinan peopleThe Pangasinan are the eighth largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. They are the residents or indigenous peoples of the Province of Pangasinan, one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines, located on the west central area in the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf...
(indigenous speakers) in the province of
PangasinanPangasinan is a province of the Republic of the Philippines. The provincial capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is located on the west central and peripheral area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf, with the total land area being 5,368.82 square kilometers . According to the latest census,...
alone. Pangasinense is also spoken in other Pangasinense communities in the
PhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, and by Pangasinan immigrants in the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. Pangasinense is the primary language in the province of
PangasinanPangasinan is a province of the Republic of the Philippines. The provincial capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is located on the west central and peripheral area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf, with the total land area being 5,368.82 square kilometers . According to the latest census,...
, located on the west central area of the island of
LuzonLuzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...
along the
Lingayen GulfThe Lingayen Gulf is an extension of the South China Sea on Luzon in the Philippines stretching . It is framed by the provinces of Pangasinan and La Union and sits between the Zambales Mountains and the Cordillera Central...
. It is the official regional language in the province of
PangasinanPangasinan is a province of the Republic of the Philippines. The provincial capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is located on the west central and peripheral area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf, with the total land area being 5,368.82 square kilometers . According to the latest census,...
, with a total population of the province of 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census). The word "Pangasinense ought not be confused with the name "Pangasinan" which is the name of its place of origin.
Classification
The Pangasinan language belongs to the
Malayo-Polynesian languagesThe Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. These are widely dispersed throughout the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia...
branch of the
Austronesian languagesThe Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia that are spoken by about 386 million people. It is on par with Indo-European, Niger-Congo, Afroasiatic and Uralic as one of the...
family.
Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the
PhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
,
IndonesianIndonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries....
in
IndonesiaIndonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
,
MalayMalay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...
in
Malaysia, and
MalagasyMalagasy is the national language of Madagascar, a member of the Austronesian family of languages. Most people in Madagascar speak it as a first language as do some people of Malagasy descent elsewhere.-History:...
in
MadagascarThe Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...
. The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the
IbaloiThe Ibaloi or Nabaloi is an indigenous ethnic group found in the northern Philippines. The Ibaloi are one of the indigenous peoples collectively known as Igorot, who live in the mountains of the Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon...
language spoken in the neighboring province of
BenguetBenguet is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad and borders, clockwise from the south, Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya....
and
Baguio CityThe City of Baguio is a highly urbanized city in northern Luzon in the Philippines. Baguio City was established by Americans in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway...
, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinense is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:
- Pangasinan
- Ibaloi
The Ibaloi or Nabaloi is an indigenous ethnic group found in the northern Philippines. The Ibaloi are one of the indigenous peoples collectively known as Igorot, who live in the mountains of the Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon...
- Karao
- I-wak
- Kalanguya
- Keley-I
- Kallahan
- Kayapa
- Tinoc
Pangasinense is spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and
BenguetBenguet is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad and borders, clockwise from the south, Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya....
, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of
ZambalesZambales is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east, and Bataan to the south. The province lies between the South China Sea and the Zambales Mountains. With a land area of...
,
TarlacTarlac is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Luzon Island. Its capital is Tarlac City. Tarlac borders Pampanga to the south, Nueva Ecija to the east, Pangasinan to the north, and Zambales to the west...
,
Nueva EcijaNueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Palayan City...
,
Nueva VizcayaNueva Vizcaya is a province of the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Bayombong. It is bordered by, clockwise from the north, Ifugao, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, and Benguet.-History, people and culture:The name was derived from the...
, and
IfugaoIfugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Covering a total land area of 262,820 hectares, the province of Ifugao is located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests...
.
Pangasinense is an agglutinative language.
Distribution
Pangasinense is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of
LuzonLuzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...
along
Lingayen GulfThe Lingayen Gulf is an extension of the South China Sea on Luzon in the Philippines stretching . It is framed by the provinces of Pangasinan and La Union and sits between the Zambales Mountains and the Cordillera Central...
. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinenses. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of
BenguetBenguet is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad and borders, clockwise from the south, Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya....
,
La UnionLa Union or La Unión may refer to:-Colombia:*La Unión, Antioquia*La Unión, Nariño*La Unión, Sucre*La Unión, Valle del Cauca-Peru:*La Unión Province, Peru...
,
Nueva EcijaNueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Palayan City...
,
Nueva VizcayaNueva Vizcaya is a province of the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Bayombong. It is bordered by, clockwise from the north, Ifugao, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, and Benguet.-History, people and culture:The name was derived from the...
,
TarlacTarlac is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Luzon Island. Its capital is Tarlac City. Tarlac borders Pampanga to the south, Nueva Ecija to the east, Pangasinan to the north, and Zambales to the west...
, and
ZambalesZambales is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east, and Bataan to the south. The province lies between the South China Sea and the Zambales Mountains. With a land area of...
.
History
Austronesian-language speakers settled in
Maritime Southeast AsiaMaritime Southeast Asia refers to the maritime region of Southeast Asia as opposed to mainland Southeast Asia and includes the modern countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, East Timor and Singapore....
during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinense are descendants of these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric
human migrationHuman migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Historically this movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous population and their displacement or cultural assimilation. Only a few nomadic...
that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via
TaiwanTaiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.
The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in Pangasinense. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.
Sentence Structure
Like other
Malayo-Polynesian languagesThe Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. These are widely dispersed throughout the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia...
, Pangasinense has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan language is agglutinative language.
Personal
| |
Absolutive Independent |
Absolutive Enclitic |
Ergative |
Oblique |
| 1st person singular |
siák |
ak |
-k(o) |
ed siak |
| 1st person dual |
sikatá |
ita, ta |
-ta |
ed sikata |
| 2nd person singular |
siká |
ka |
-m(o) |
ed sika |
| 3rd person singular |
sikató |
-, -a |
to |
ed sikato |
| 1st person plural inclusive |
sikatayó |
itayo, tayo |
-tayo |
ed sikatayo |
| 1st person plural exclusive |
sikamí |
kamí |
mi |
ed sikami |
| 2nd person plural |
sikayó |
kayó |
yo |
ed sikayo |
| 3rd person plural |
sikara |
ira, ra |
da |
ed sikara |
Affixes
- a:-UM-
- MAKAN-, AKAN-
- PINAGKA-
- INKA-
- KA
- KA-AN
- -AN
- SAN-
- SANKA-
- SANKA-AN
- MA-
- MAY-
- MAY-EN
- MANKA-, ANKA-, MANGA-
- KI-AN
- INKI-
- KI-
- NA-AN, A-AN
- NI-AN
- EN-
- -IN-
- I-
- I-AN
- IN-
- INY-
- IN-AN
Numbers
List of numbers from one to ten in
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
,
TagalogTagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...
,
IlokanoIlokano or Ilocano is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines....
and Pangasinan.
| English |
Tagalog |
Ilokano |
Pangasinan |
| one |
isa |
maysa |
sakey, isa |
| two |
dalawa |
dua |
duara, dua |
| three |
tatlo |
tallo |
talora, talo |
| four |
apat |
uppat |
apatira, apat |
| five |
lima |
lima |
limara, lima |
| six |
anim |
innem |
anemira, anem |
| seven |
pito |
pito |
pitora, pito |
| eight |
walo |
walo |
walora, walo |
| nine |
siyam |
siam |
siamira, siam |
| ten |
sampu |
sangapulo |
samplora, samplo,sangapolo |
Cardinal Numbers:
| Pangasinan |
English |
| isa, sakey, san- |
one |
| dua, dua'ra (dua ira) |
two |
| talo, -tlo, talo'ra (talo ira) |
three |
| apat, -pat, apatira (apat ira) |
four |
| lima, lima'ra (lima ira) |
five |
| anem, -nem, anemira (anem ira) |
six |
| pito, pito'ra (pito ira) |
seven |
| walo, walo'ra (walo ira) |
eight |
| siam, siamira (siam ira) |
nine |
| polo, samplo (isa'n polo), samplo'ra (isa'n polo ira) |
tens, ten |
| lasus, sanlasus (isa'n lasus) |
hundreds, one hundred |
| libo, sakey libo |
thousands, one thousand |
| laksa, sanlaksa (isa'n laksa), sakey a laksa |
ten thousands, ten thousand |
Ordinal Numbers:
Ordinal numbers are formed with prefix KUMA- (KA- plus infix -UM). Example: kumadua, second.
Associative Numbers:
Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-. Example: katlo, third of a group of three.
Fractions:
Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, third part.
Multiplicatives:
Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, first time; pidua, second time; pinlima, fifth time.
Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- (MAMI- or MAMIN- for present or future tense, and AMI- or AMIN- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, once; amidua, twice; mamitlo, thrice.
Distributives:
Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, one each; sanderua, two each.
Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, twice each; magsi-pamidua, each twice.
Phonology
Traditional Pangasinense has fifteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone. Modern Pangasinense has incorporated from English and Spanish the following seven consonants: c, f, j, q, v, x, and z.
Alphabet
Modern Pangasinense consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the
Latin alphabetThe Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...
and the Pangasinense letter NG:
| Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) |
AA is the first letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is similar to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives.- Origins :...
|
BB is the second letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is used to represent a variety of bilabial sounds , most commonly a voiced bilabial plosive.-History:...
|
C Ĉ or ĉ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing the sound .Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for all four of its postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets...
|
DD is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic letter Dâlet may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented ; in the...
|
E E is the fifth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish languages.-History:...
|
FF is the sixth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The origin of ⟨f⟩ is the Semitic letter vâv that represented a sound like or . Graphically, it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club...
|
GG is the seventh letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The letter 'G' was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ⟨c⟩ to distinguish voiced, from voiceless, . The recorded originator of ⟨g⟩ is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, the first Roman to open a fee-paying school,...
|
HH .) is the eighth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The Semitic letter ⟨ח⟩ most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative . The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts....
|
II is the ninth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:In Semitic, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative in Egyptian, but was reassigned to by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound...
|
J Ĵ or ĵ is a letter in Esperanto orthography representing the sound .While Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for its four postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets, the base letters are Romano-Germanic...
|
KK is the eleventh letter of the English and basic modern Latin alphabet.-History and usage:In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive; this sound is also transcribed by in the International Phonetic Alphabet and X-SAMPA....
|
LŁ or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Łacinka , Łatynka , Wilamowicean, Navajo, Dene Suline, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai alphabet...
|
MM is the thirteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu . Semitic Mem probably originally pictured water...
|
NN is the fourteenth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History of the forms :One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like English ⟨J⟩, because the Egyptian word for "snake" was djet...
|
NG |
OO is the fifteenth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet.The letter was derived from the Semitic `Ayin , which represented a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the Arabic letter ع called `Ayn. This Semitic letter in its original form seems to have been inspired by a...
|
P P is the sixteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Usage:In English and most other European languages, P is a voiceless bilabial plosive. Both initial and final Ps can be combined with many other discrete consonants in English words...
|
QQ is the seventeenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic sound value of Qôp was , a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in English or most Indo-European ones...
|
RR is the eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, "head". It was used for by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was rêš . It developed into Greek Ρ and Latin R...
|
SS is the nineteenth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.-History: Semitic Šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative . Greek did not have this sound, so the Greek sigma came to represent...
|
TT is the 20th letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in the English language.- History :Taw was the last letter of the Western Semitic and Hebrew alphabets...
|
U U is the twenty-first letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-History:The letter U ultimately comes from the Semitic letter Waw by way of the letter Y. See the letter Y for details....
|
V V is the twenty-second letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Letter:The letter V comes from the Semitic letter Waw, as do the modern letters F, U, W, and Y. See F for details....
|
WW is the 23rd letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.In other Germanic languages, including German, its pronunciation is similar or identical to that of English V...
|
XX is the twenty-fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Uses:In mathematics, x is commonly used as the name for an independent variable or unknown value. The usage of x to represent an independent or unknown variable can be traced back to the Arabic word šay شيء = “thing,” used in Arabic...
|
YY is the twenty-fifth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet and represents either a vowel or a consonant in English.-Name:In Latin, Y was named Y Graeca "Greek Y". This was pronounced as I Graeca "Greek I", since Latin speakers had trouble pronouncing , which was not a native sound...
|
ZZ is the twenty-sixth and final letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.-Name and pronunciation:In most dialects of English, the letter's name is zed , reflecting its derivation from the Greek zeta but in American English, its name is zee , deriving from a late 17th century English dialectal...
|
| Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) |
| a |
b |
c |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
i |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
ng |
o |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
u |
v |
w |
x |
y |
z |
Swadesh list in English and Pangasinan
English - Pangasinan
- I - siak, ak
- you (singular) - sika, ka
- he - sikato (he/she), to
- we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
- you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
- they - sikara, ra
- this - aya
- that - aman, atan
- here - dia
- there - diman, ditan
- who - siopa, opa, si
- what - anto, a
- where - iner
- when - kapigan, pigan
- how - pano, panon
- not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
- all - amin
- many - amayamay, dakel
- some - pigara (piga ira)
- few - daiset, melag
- other - arom
- one - isa, sakey
- two - dua, duara
- three - talo, talora (talo ira)
- four - apat, apatira (apat ira)
- five - lima, limara (lima ira)
- big - baleg
- long - andokey
- wide - maawang, malapar
- thick - makapal
- heavy - ambelat
- small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
- short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
- narrow - mainget
- thin - mabeng, maimpis
- woman - bii
- man (adult male) - laki, bolog
- man (human being) - too
- child - ogaw, anak, ilalak (offspring)
- wife - asawa, kaamong, akolaw
- husband - asawa, kaamong, masiken
- mother - ina
- father - ama
- animal - ayep
- fish - sira
- bird - billit, (chick) sibong, siwsiw
- chicken - manok
- dog - asu
- louse - kotu
- nits - yels
- snake - oleg
- worm - biges, alumbayar
- tree - kiew, tanem
- forest - kakiewan, katakelan
- stick - bislak, bolawit
- fruit - bonga
- seed - bokel
- leaf - bolong
- root - lamut
- skin of a fruit - obak
- flower - rosas
- grass - dika
- rope - singer, lubir, taker
- skin - baog, katat
- meat - laman
- blood - dala
- bone - pokel
- fat (n.) - mataba, taba
- egg - iknol
- horn - saklor
- tail - ikol
- feather - bagu
- hair - buek
- head - olu
- ear - layag
- eye - mata
- nose - eleng
- mouth - sangi
- tooth - ngipen
- tongue - dila
- fingernail - kuku
- foot - sali
- leg - bikking, bitking
- knee - pueg
- hand - lima
- wing - payak
- belly - eges
- guts - pait
- neck - beklew
- back - beneg
- breast - suso
- chest - pagew
- heart - puso
- liver - altey
- drink - inom
- eat - mangan, akan, kamot
- bite - ketket
- suck - supsup, suso
- spit - lutda, lupda
- vomit - uta
- blow - sibuk
- breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa
- laugh - elek
- see - nengneng
- hear - dengel
- know - amta, kabat
- think - nonot
- smell - angob, amoy
- fear - takot, takut
- sleep - ogip
- life - bilay
- die - onpatey, patey
- kill - manpatey, pateyen
- fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
- hunt - managnop, anop, manerel
- hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
- cut - tegteg, sugat
- split - pisag, puter, paldua
- stab - saksak, doyok, torok
- scratch - gogo, dapigas, korkor
- dig - kotkot
- swim - langoy
- fly (v.) - tekyab
- walk - akar
- come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
- lie - dokol (lie down)
- prone - tikleb
- sim's - diking
- sit - yorong
- stand - alagey
- turn - liko, telek
- fall - pelag
- give - iter, itdan
- hold - benben
- squeeze - pespes
- rub - kuskos, gorgor
- wash - oras
- wipe - punas
- pull - goyor
- push - tolak
- throw - topak
- tie - singer
- sew - dait
- count - bilang
- say - ibaga
- sing - kansyon
- sound - togtog
- play - galaw
- float - letaw
- flow - agos
- freeze - kigtel
- swell - larag
- sun - agew, banua, ugto (noon)
- moon - bulan
- star - bitewen
- water - danum
- rain - uran
- river - ilog, kalayan
- lake - ilog, look
- sea - dayat
- salt - asin
- stone - bato
- sand - buer
- dust - dabuk
- earth - dalin
- cloud - lurem
- fog - kelpa
- sky - tawen
- wind - dagem
- snow - linew
- ice - pakigtel
- hard - tukel
- smoke - asiwek, asewek
- fire - apuy, pool, dalang, sinit
- ashes - dapol
- burn - pool
- road - dalan,(other dialects) basbas, polong
- mountain - palandey
- stink - ampaseng, ambanget
- red - ambalanga
- green - ampasiseng, pasiseng, maeta, eta
- yellow - duyaw
- white - amputi, puti
- black - andeket, deket
- night - labi
- day - agew
- year - taon
- warm - ampetang, petang
- cold - ambetel, betel
- full - naksel, napno
- new - balo
- old - daan
- good - duga, maong, abig
- bad - aliwa, mauges
- rotten - abolok, bolok
- dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
- straight - maptek, petek
- round - malimpek, limpek, tibokel
- sharp - matdem, tarem
- dull - epel, purel
- smooth - patad
- wet - ambasa, basa
- dry - amaga, maga
- correct - duga, tua
- wrong - aliwa
- near - asinger, abay
- far - arawi, biek (other side)
- right - kawanan
- left - kawigi
- at - ed
- in - ed
- with - iba
- and - tan
- if - no
- because - ta, lapu ed
- name - ngaran
- none - anggapo
- there is - wa, wala
- what - anto
- which - dinan
- wherever - iner man
- Season - panaon
- rainy days - mama-oran
- summer - tiagew
- kneel - talimukor
- i don't know - agku anta
- i love you - inaro taka
- i don't like you - ag taka labay
- i like you - labay taka
- deaf- telek
- lame - piley
- dumb - emel
- sit - yurong
- stand - alagey
- eyelash - kurimatmat
- teeth - ngipen
- fetch - asol, man-asol
- beautiful - magana
- handsome- matalindeg
- ugly- aliw-diwa
- lier - matila
- lie - tila
- cry - akis
- thief - matakew
- steal - takew
- shout - iyag
- flirt - sayet, manjalteng, mantalingayet
- whore - patakkok
- use - usar
Orthography
The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinense script, which is related to the
TagalogTagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...
BaybayinBaybayin , is a pre-Spanish Philippine writing system. It is a member of the Brahmic family and is recorded as being in use in the 16th century...
script, was derived from the
JavaneseJavanese language is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. In addition, there are also some pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of western Java...
Kawi script of
IndonesiaIndonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
and the
VatteluttuVatteluttu alphabet, also spelled Vattezhuttu alphabet is an abugida writing system originating from the Tamil people of Southern India...
or
PallavaThe Pallava dynasty was a Tamil dynasty which ruled the northern Tamil Nadu region and the southern Andhra Pradesh region with their capital at Kanchipuram...
script of
South IndiaSouth India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area...
.
The
Latin alphabetThe Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...
was introduced during the
SpanishSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
colonialColonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by...
period. Pangasinan
literatureLiterature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and
AmericanThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
colonial period. Pangasinense acquired many
SpanishSpanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
and
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.
Pangasinan Literature
Pangasinense was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinense written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía, and María C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinense officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolución Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adiós in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinense are widely available.
Many Pangasinenses are multilingual and proficient in
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
,
TagalogTagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...
, and
IlokanoIlokano or Ilocano is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines....
, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinense. Some Pangasinenses are promoting the use of Pangasinense in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinense Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.
Malinac ya Labi (Original Version)
This Pangasinense folk love song was composed by Julian Velasco.
Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day koguip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen
(Repeat)
Refrain:
Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay
(Repeat Refrain)
Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi
Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace
Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew
Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Suddenly I awake
Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love
Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When it's you that I see
Napunas lan amin
All are wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear
No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Of your sweet kindness
Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Until life is gone
Our Father in Pangasinan
Ama mi a wala kad tawen
Nagalang so ngaran Mo
Onsabid sikami panarian Mo
Onorey linawam diad dalin onung ed tawen.
Say kanen min inagew-agew
Iter mod sikami ed agew aya
Tan paandian Mo ray utang mi
Onung na panamaandi miy kasalanan day akapankasalanan ed sikami
Tan ag Mo kami iter ed tukso
Ilaban Mo kami ed mauges. Ama mi.
List of foreign words
Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are
SpanishSpanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), podir (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), birdi (verde, green), ispiritu ("espíritu", spirit), and santo (holy, saint).
Dictionaries and further reading
The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:
- Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
- Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
- Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
- Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
- Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
- Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
- Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
- Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
- Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
- Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
- Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
- Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
- Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
- Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
- Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
- Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
- Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
- Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
- Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
- Mel V. Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (Corpuz Press, Calasiao, Pangasinan, March 2007).
- Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).
See also
- Languages of the Philippines
In the Philippines, there are between 120 and 175 languages, depending on the method of classification. Four languages no longer have any known speakers. Almost all the Philippine languages belong to the Austronesian language family...
- Malayo-Polynesian
- Pangasinan
Pangasinan is a province of the Republic of the Philippines. The provincial capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is located on the west central and peripheral area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf, with the total land area being 5,368.82 square kilometers . According to the latest census,...
- Pangasinan literature
The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. Pangasinan is spoken primarily in the province of Pangasinan in the Philippines, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf.-History:The earliest...
- Pangasinan people
The Pangasinan are the eighth largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. They are the residents or indigenous peoples of the Province of Pangasinan, one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines, located on the west central area in the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf...
- Swadesh list
A Swadesh list is one of several lists of vocabulary with basic meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh from 1940 onward, with the final, posthumously published version 1971 [1972], which is used in lexicostatistics and glottochronology .- Versions and authors :There are several versions of Swadesh...
External links