Baybayin (ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ) or
Alibata (ᜀᜎᜒᜊᜆ), is a pre-
SpanishSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
Philippine
writing systemA writing system is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language.-General properties:Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that one must usually understand something of the associated spoken language to...
that originated from the Javanese script
Old KawiKavi is the name given to the writing system used in Java and surrounding areas in inscriptions and texts from the 8th century to around 1500 AD...
. The writing system is a member of the
Brahmic familyThe Brahmic family is a family of abugidas used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, descended from the Brāhmī script.The individual writing systems may be called Brahmic scripts or Indic scripts....
(and an offshoot of the
VatteluttuVatteluttu is an abugida writing system originating from the Tamil people of Southern India and Sri Lanka. The syllabic alphabet is attested from 6th century CE to 14th century CE in present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala states in India. It was later supplanted by modern Tamil script and Malayalam...
alphabet) and is believed to have been in use as early as the 14th century. It continued in use during the Spanish colonization of the
PhilippinesThe Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
up until the late 19th Century. The term
baybayin literally means
syllables.
Baybayin (ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ) or
Alibata (ᜀᜎᜒᜊᜆ), is a pre-
SpanishSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
Philippine
writing systemA writing system is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language.-General properties:Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that one must usually understand something of the associated spoken language to...
that originated from the Javanese script
Old KawiKavi is the name given to the writing system used in Java and surrounding areas in inscriptions and texts from the 8th century to around 1500 AD...
. The writing system is a member of the
Brahmic familyThe Brahmic family is a family of abugidas used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, descended from the Brāhmī script.The individual writing systems may be called Brahmic scripts or Indic scripts....
(and an offshoot of the
VatteluttuVatteluttu is an abugida writing system originating from the Tamil people of Southern India and Sri Lanka. The syllabic alphabet is attested from 6th century CE to 14th century CE in present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala states in India. It was later supplanted by modern Tamil script and Malayalam...
alphabet) and is believed to have been in use as early as the 14th century. It continued in use during the Spanish colonization of the
PhilippinesThe Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
up until the late 19th Century. The term
baybayin literally means
syllables. Closely related scripts are Hanunóo,
BuhidBuhid , is an indigenous Brahmic script of the Philippines, and is used today by the Mangyans to write their language, Buhid.- Unicode :The Unicode range for Buhid is U+1740–U+175F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points....
, and
TagbanwaTagbanwa, also known as Apurahuano, is one of the indigenous writing systems of the Philippines. The Tagbanwa language, an Austronesian language, with about 8, 000 speakers in the central and northern regions of Palawan, is dying out as the younger generations of Tagbanua are learning Cuyonon...
.
The Philippine Baybayin is one of a dozen or so individual alphabets from such
Southeast asiaManila
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
Yangon
Bandung
Hanoi
Surabaya
Taichung
Kaohsiung
Medan|-|}...
n islands as
SumatraSumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world .-Etymology:Sumatra was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit...
,
JavaJava is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. Once the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies, Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia...
, and
SulawesiSulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands.- Etymology :...
which are derived from ancient
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
and share the
SanskritSanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. It is also declared as a classical language by the government of India....
characteristic that any consonant is pronounced with the vowel
a following it— diacritical marks being used to express other vowels (this vowel occurs with greatest frequency in Sanskrit, and also probably in all Philippine languages). None of these other scripts, however, enjoys the wealth of documentary testimony spread across four centuries which exists for Philippine Baybayin.
Usage
The writing system is an
abugidaAn abugida , also called an alphasyllabary, is a segmental writing system which is based on consonants, and in which vowel notation is obligatory but secondary. This contrasts with an alphabet proper, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is...
system using consonant-vowel combinations. Each character, written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel "A". To produce consonants ending with the other vowel sounds, a mark is placed either above the consonant (to produce an "E" or "I" sound) or below the consonant (to produce an "O" or "U" sound). The mark is called a
kudlit. The kudlit does not apply to stand-alone vowels. Vowels themselves have their own glyphs. There is only one symbol for
D or
R as they were allophones in most
languages of the PhilippinesIn the Philippines, there are over 170 languages, almost all of them belonging to the Austronesian language family. Of all of these languages, only 2 are considered official in the country, at least 10 are considered major and at least 8 are considered co-official.-National and official...
, where
D occurred in initial, final, pre-consonantal or post-consonantal positions and
R in intervocalic positions. The grammatical rule has survived in modern Filipino, so that when a
d is between two vowels, it becomes an
r, as in the words
dangál (honour) and
marangál (honourable), or
dunong (knowledge) and
marunong (knowledgeable), and even
raw for
daw (he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly) and
rin for
din (also, too) after vowels. This variant of the script is not used for Ilokano, Pangasinan, Bikolano, and other Philippine languages to name a few, as these languages have separate symbols for
D and
R.
In the original form of the Baybayin script, however, a stand-alone consonant (consonants not ending with any vowel sound) cannot be indicated unambiguously, so that such consonants were simply not written, and the reader would fill in the missing consonants through context. For example, the letters
n and
k in a word like
bundók (mountain) were omitted, so that it was spelled
bu-do. This method, however, was particularly difficult for the Spanish priests who were translating books into the native language. Because of this, Father Francisco Lopez introduced his own kudlit in 1620 that cancelled the implicit
a vowel sound. The kudlit was in the form of a "+" sign, in reference to
ChristianityChristianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented by the revelations in the New Testament....
. This cross-shaped kudlit functions exactly the same as the
viramaVirāma is a generic term for the diacritic in many Brahmic scripts, including Devanagari and East Nagari, that is used to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter. The name is Sanskrit for "cessation, termination, end"...
in the
DevanagariDevanagari , also called Nagari , is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right, lacks distinct letter cases, and is recognizable by a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the letters that links them together. Devanāgarī is the main script used to...
script of
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
. In fact, Unicode calls this kudlit the
Tagalog Sign Virama.
A single character represented the
nga syllable. The latest version of the modern Filipino alphabet still retains the
ng as a single letter but it is written with two characters. Words written in baybayin were written in a continuous flow, and the only form of punctuation was a single vertical line, or more often, a pair of vertical lines (
||). These vertical lines fulfill the function of a comma, period, or unpredictably separate sets of words.
Characters
vowels
|
b
| b |
ᜊ᜔ |
| ba |
ᜊ |
bi
be |
ᜊᜒ |
bu
bo |
ᜊᜓ |
|
k
| k |
ᜃ᜔ |
| ka |
ᜃ |
ki
ke |
ᜃᜒ |
ku
ko |
ᜃᜓᜓ |
|
d/r
| d/r |
ᜇ᜔ |
| da/ra |
ᜇ |
di/ri
de/re |
ᜇᜒ |
du/ru
do/ro |
ᜇᜓ |
|
g
| g |
ᜄ᜔ |
| ga |
ᜄ |
gi
ge |
ᜄᜒ |
gu
go |
ᜄᜓ |
|
h
| h |
ᜑ᜔ |
| ha |
ᜑ |
hi
he |
ᜑᜒ |
hu
ho |
ᜑᜓ |
|
l
| l |
ᜎ᜔ |
| la |
ᜎ |
li
le |
ᜎᜒ |
lu
lo |
ᜎᜓ |
|
m
| m |
ᜋ᜔ |
| ma |
ᜋ |
mi
me |
ᜋᜒ |
mu
mo |
ᜋᜓ |
|
n
| n |
ᜈ᜔ |
| na |
ᜈ |
ni
ne |
ᜈᜒ |
nu
no |
ᜈᜓ |
|
ng
| ng |
ᜅ᜔ |
| nga |
ᜅ |
ngi
nge |
ᜅᜒ |
ngu
ngo |
ᜅᜓ |
|
p
| p |
ᜉ᜔ |
| pa |
ᜉ |
pi
pe |
ᜉᜒ |
pu
po |
ᜉᜓ |
|
s
| s |
ᜐ᜔ |
| sa |
ᜐ |
si
se |
ᜐᜒ |
su
so |
ᜐᜓ |
|
t
| t |
ᜆ᜔ |
| ta |
ᜆ |
ti
te |
ᜆᜒ |
tu
to |
ᜆᜓ |
|
w
| w |
ᜏ᜔ |
| wa |
ᜏ |
wi
we |
ᜏᜒ |
wu
wo |
ᜏᜓ |
|
y
| y |
ᜌ᜔ |
| ya |
ᜌ |
yi
ye |
ᜌᜒ |
yu
yo |
ᜌᜓ |
|
|
Unicode
The
UnicodeUnicode is a computing industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
range for Babayin is U+1700–U+171F, where it is called Tagalog. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.
The Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin)
- ᜀᜋ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐᜓᜋᜐᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔ ᜃ
- ᜐᜋ᜔ᜊᜑᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ
- ᜋᜉᜐᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ
- ᜐᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜓᜂᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓ
- ᜇᜒᜆᜓ ᜐ ᜎᜓᜉ, ᜉᜍ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐ ᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔.
- ᜊᜒᜄ᜔ᜌᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜅᜌᜓᜈ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜃᜃᜈᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜀᜍᜏ᜔-ᜀᜍᜏ᜔
- ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜆᜏᜍᜒᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜐᜎ
- ᜉᜍ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜆᜏᜇ᜔ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜋᜅ ᜅᜃᜃᜐᜎ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔
- ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜑᜓᜏᜄ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜁᜉᜑᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ ᜐ ᜆᜓᜃ᜔ᜐᜓ
- ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜁᜀᜇ᜔ᜌ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜋᜐᜋ
- ᜐᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜆ᜔ ᜁᜌᜓ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜈ᜔, ᜃᜉᜅ᜔ᜌᜍᜒᜑᜈ᜔, ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜃᜇᜃᜒᜎᜀᜈ᜔, ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜃᜌ᜔ᜎᜈ᜔ᜋᜈ᜔.
- ᜐᜒᜌ ᜈᜏ.
Universal Declaration of Human RightsThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly . The Guinness Book of Records describes the UDHR as the "Most Translated Document" in the world...
- ᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔-ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜍᜅᜆᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜍᜉᜆᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ. ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎ ᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆ᜔ᜏᜒᜍᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐ'ᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜍᜈ᜔.ᜒ
External links
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