{{redirect|Tagalog}}
'''Tagalog''' (pronounced {{IPA-en|təˈɡɑːlɒɡ|}} in English) is an [[Austronesian language]] spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the [[Philippines]] and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the [[Regions of the Philippines|Philippine region]] IV ([[CALABARZON]] and [[MIMAROPA]]) and of [[Metro Manila]]. Its standardized
Discussion
Ask a question about 'Tagalog language' Start a new discussion about 'Tagalog language' Answer questions from other users |
{{redirect|Tagalog}}
'''Tagalog''' (pronounced {{IPA-en|təˈɡɑːlɒɡ|}} in English) is an [[Austronesian language]] spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the [[Philippines]] and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the [[Regions of the Philippines|Philippine region]] IV ([[CALABARZON]] and [[MIMAROPA]]) and of [[Metro Manila]]. Its standardized form, commonly called '''[[Filipino language|Filipino]]''', is the [[national language]] and one of two [[official language]]s of the Philippines.
It is related to—though not readily intelligible with—other Austronesian languages such as [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]].
{{TOC limit|2}}
==History==
[[Image:Baybayin alpha.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Tagalog [[Baybayin]] script.]]
The word ''Tagalog'' derived from ''tagailog'', from ''tagá-'' meaning "native of" and ''ílog'' meaning "river". Thus, it means "river dweller".
Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to [[Linguistics|linguists]] such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. [[Robert Blust]], the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern [[Mindanao]] or Eastern [[Visayas]].
The first written record of Tagalog is in the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], written in the year 900 and uses fragments of the language along with [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[Javanese language|Javanese]]. Meanwhile, the first known book to be written in Tagalog is the ''Doctrina Cristiana'' (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in the [[Baybayin]] script and the other in the [[Latin alphabet]]. Throughout the 333 years of Spanish occupation, there were grammar and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as ''Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala'' by Pedro de San Buenaventura ([[Pila, Laguna]], 1613), ''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'' (1835) and ''Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos'' (1850). Poet [[Francisco Baltazar]] (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer. His most notable work is the early 19th-century ''[[Florante at Laura]]''.
===Tagalog and Filipino===
In 1937, Tagalog was selected as the basis of the national language of the Philippines by the National Language Institute. In 1939, [[Manuel L. Quezon]] named the national language ''"Wikang Pambansâ"'' ("National Language"). Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José Romero, as ''[[Filipino language|Pilipino]]'' to give it a [[nation]]al rather than [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-[[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], especially [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]]s who had not accepted the selection.
In 1971, the language issue was revived once more, and a compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called ''Filipino'' rather than ''Pilipino''. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language. The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.
==Classification==
Tagalog is a [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]] language within the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. Being [[Malayo-Polynesian]], it is related to other Austronesian languages such as [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Tetum]] (of East Timor), and [[Tao language]] (of Taiwan). It is closely related to the languages spoken in the [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] and [[Visayas]] regions such as [[Bikol language|Bikol]] and the [[Visayan languages|Visayan group]] including [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] and [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]].
Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog vocabulary are especially Spanish and English.
===Dialects===
At present, no comprehensive [[dialectology]] has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects. [[Ethnologue]] lists Lubang, Manila, [[Marinduque]], Bataan, [[Batangas Tagalog|Batangas]], Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog. However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the [[Bulacan]] dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by [[Batangas Tagalog|Batangas]]), and [[Marinduque]].
Some example of dialectal differences are:
* Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard Tagalog ''ngayon'' (now, today), ''sinigang'' (broth stew), ''gabi'' (night), ''matamis'' (sweet), are pronounced and written ''ngay-on'', ''sinig-ang'', ''gab-i'', and ''matam-is'' in other dialects.
* In [[Teresa, Rizal|Teresian]]-[[Morong, Rizal|Morong]] Tagalog, {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is usually preferred over {{IPA|[d]}}. For example, ''bundók'', ''dagat'', ''dingdíng'', and ''isdâ'' become ''bunrók'', ''ragat'', ''ringríng'', and ''isrâ'', as well as their expression seen in some signages like "sandok sa dingdíng" was changed to "sanrok sa ringríng".
* In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect prefix of ''-um-'' verbs is ''na-''. For example, standard Tagalog ''kumakain'' (eating) is ''nákáin'' in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as ''nakain ka ba ng pating'' is interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat shark?" to those in the south.
* Some dialects have interjections which are considered a trademark of their region. For example, the interjection ''ala e!'' usually identifies someone from [[Batangas]] as does ''hane?!'' in Rizal and Quezon provinces.
Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in [[Marinduque]]. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of [[Batangas Tagalog|Batangas]] and Quezon.
One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, [[Marinduque]] also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Manileño Tagalog
! style="background:#efefef;" | Marinduqueño Tagalog
! style="background:#efefef;" | English
|-
|Susulat sina Maria at Esperanza kay Juan.
|Másúlat da Maria at Esperanza kay Juan.
|"Maria and Esperanza will write to Juan."
|-
|Mag-aaral siya sa Maynila.
|Gaaral siya sa Maynila.
|"He will study in Manila."
|-
|Magluto ka na!
|Pagluto!
|"Cook now!"
|-
|Kainin mo iyan.
|Kaina yaan.
|"Eat that."
|-
|Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay.
|Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay.
|"Father is calling us."
|-
|Tinulungan ba kayó ni Hilario?
|Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario?
|"Did Hilario help you?"
|}
Northern dialects and the central dialects are the basis for the national language.
===Geographic distribution===
The Tagalog homeland, or ''[[Katagalugan]]'', covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of [[Luzon]]—particularly in [[Aurora, Philippines|Aurora]], [[Bataan]], [[Batangas]], [[Bulacan]], [[Camarines Norte]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Quezon]], [[Rizal]], and large parts of [[Zambales]]. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands, [[Marinduque]], [[Mindoro]], and large areas of [[Palawan]]. It is spoken by approximately 64.3 million Filipinos, 96.4% of the household population. 21.5 million, or 28.15% of the total Philippine population, speak it as a native language.
Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Filipino ethnic groups]]. {{As of|2010|alt=In}} 2010, the US Census bureau reported (based on data collected in 2007) that in the United States it was the fourth most-spoken language at home with almost 1.5 million speakers, behind Spanish or Spanish Creole, French (including Patois, Cajun, Creole), and Chinese. Tagalog ranked as the third most spoken language in metropolitan statistical areas, behind Spanish and Chinese but ahead of French.
===Official status===
[[Image:Tagalog Nation.png|thumb|Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern, and [[Marinduque]].]]
{{Main|Filipino language}}
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the [[wikisource:Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)#ARTICLE VIII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE|Constitution of Biak-na-Bato]] in 1897.
In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. In 1939 President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as ''wikang pambansâ'' (national language). In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".
The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language, mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, in practice, Filipino is simply Tagalog.
Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines]] specifies, in part:
{{quote|Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.|}}
{{quote|The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.|}}
In 2009, the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.
===Code-switching===
''[[Taglish]]'' and ''[[Englog]]'' are [[portmanteau]]s given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright [[code-switching]] where the language changes in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various of the languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.
Code Mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.
:Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?
:"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?"
Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society; however, city-dwellers, the highly educated, and people born around and after World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians as highly placed as President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] have code-switched in interviews.
The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like [[Wells Fargo]], [[Wal-Mart]], [[New Albertsons|Albertsons]], [[McDonald's]], and [[Western Union]] have contained Taglish.
The Chinese and the non-Tagalog communities in the Philippines also frequently code-switch their language, be it [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] or [[Min Nan]] Chinese, with [[Taglish]].
==Phonology==
{{Main|Tagalog phonology}}
{{IPA notice}}
Tagalog has 26 [[phoneme]]s: 21 of them are [[consonant]]s and 5 are [[vowel]]s. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel, and begins in at most one consonant, except for borrowed words such as ''trak'' which means "truck", or ''tsokolate'' meaning "chocolate".
===Vowels===
Before appearing in the area north of Pasig river, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of words from Northern Philippine languages like [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] and [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] and Spanish words.
They are: an [[open central unrounded vowel]] similar to English "f'''a'''ther"; in the middle of a word, a [[near-open central vowel]] similar to English "c'''u'''p" an [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "b'''e'''d" a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "mach'''i'''ne" a [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] similar to English "f'''o'''rty" a [[Close back rounded vowel|close back unrounded vowel]] similar to English "fl'''u'''te"
Nevertheless pairs 'o' and 'u and 'e' and 'i' are likely to be interchanged by the people without a very high command of the language.
There are six main [[diphthong]]s; {{IPA|/ai/}}, {{IPA|/ei/}}, {{IPA|/oi/}}, {{IPA|/ui/}}, {{IPA|/au/}}, and {{IPA|/iu/}}.
===Consonants===
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center"
|+caption | '''Table of consonant phonemes of Tagalog'''
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/
[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|- align="center"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|s}}
| colspan="2" |({{IPA|ɕ}})
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|h}}
|- align="center"
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |({{IPA|ts}})
|({{IPA|tʃ}})
|({{IPA|dʒ}})
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|w}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
===Stress===
Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress on words is highly important, since it differentiates words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. ''ta'''yô''''' (to stand) and '''''ta'''yo'' (us; we).
====Vowels==== is raised slightly to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions (''inang bayan'' {{IPA|[inˈɐŋ ˈbɐjən]}})
* Unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|[ɪ]}} as in English "bit"
* At the final syllable, {{IPA|/i/}} can be pronounced {{IPA|[i ~ e ~ ɛ]}}, as {{IPA|[e ~ ɛ]}} is an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|[ɪ ~ i]}} in final syllables.
* Unstressed {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} can sometimes be pronounced {{IPA|[i ~ ɪ ~ e]}} and {{IPA|[u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ]}}, except in final syllables. {{IPA|[o~ ʊ ~ ɔ]}} and {{IPA|[u ~ ʊ]}} were also former allophones. can be pronounced as a [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[e]}}.
* Unstressed {{IPA|/u/}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|[ʊ]}} as in English "book"
* The diphthong {{IPA|/aɪ/}} and the sequence {{IPA|/aʔi/}} have a tendency to become {{IPA|[eɪ ~ ɛː]}}.
* The diphthong {{IPA|/aʊ/}} and the sequence {{IPA|/aʔu/}} have a tendency to become {{IPA|[oʊ ~ ɔː]}}. or {{IPA|/i/}} before s-consonant clusters have a tendency to become silent. tends to become {{IPA|[ɔ]}} in stressed positions.
====Consonants==== between vowels has a tendency to become {{IPA|[x]}} as in Spanish "José", whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become {{IPA|[kx]}}, especially in the Manila dialect.
* Intervocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} tend to become {{IPA|[ɰ]}} (see preceding), as in Arabic "ghair", especially in the Manila dialect. and {{IPA|/d/}} are sometimes interchangeable as {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} were once allophones in Tagalog.
* A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then usually lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects. may be pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, as in English "chimney." can be pronounced {{IPA|[r]}}. can be pronounced {{IPA|[ɓ]}} {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}.
==Historical changes==
Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the [[Proto-Philippine]] [[schwa]] vowel {{IPA|*ə}}. In Bikol & Visayan, this sound merged with {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|[o]}}. In Tagalog, it has merged with {{IPA|/i/}}. For example, Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*dəkət}} (adhere, stick) is Tagalog ''dikít'' and Visayan & Bikol ''dukot''.
Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*r}}, {{IPA|*j}}, and {{IPA|*z}} merged with {{IPA|/d/}} but is {{IPA|/l/}} between vowels. Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*nɡajan}} (name) and {{IPA|*hajək}} (kiss) became Tagalog ''ngalan'' and ''halík''.
Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*R}} merged with {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. {{IPA|*tubiR}} (water) and {{IPA|*zuRuʔ}} (blood) became Tagalog ''tubig'' and ''dugô''.
===Baybayin===
{{Main|Baybayin}}
Tagalog was written in an [[abugida]], or [[alphasyllabary]], called [[Baybayin]] prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular [[writing system]] was composed of symbols representing three [[vowel]]s and 14 [[consonant]]s. Belonging to the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts, it shares similarities with the [[Old Kawi]] script of [[Javanese language|Java]] and is believed to be descended from the script used by the [[Bugis]] in [[Sulawesi]].
Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the [[Latin alphabet]] taught by the Spaniards during their rule.
There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an [[abugida]], or an [[alphasyllabary]], rather than an [[alphabet]]. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.
A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the final vowel was just left out, leaving the reader to use context to determine the final vowels.
Example:
Baybayin is [http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf encoded in Unicode] version 3.2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".
{|
|-----
| valign="top" |
'''vowels'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| || ᜔
|-
| a || ᜀ
|-
| i
''e'' || ᜁ
|-
| u
''o'' || ᜂ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''b'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| b || ᜊ᜔
|-
| ba || ᜊ
|-
| bi
''be'' || ᜊᜒ
|-
| bu
''bo'' || ᜊᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''k'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| k || ᜃ᜔
|-
| ka || ᜃ
|-
| ki
''ke'' || ᜃᜒ
|-
| ku
''ko'' ||ᜃᜓᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''d/r'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| d/r || ᜇ᜔
|-
| da/ra || ᜇ
|-
| di/ri
''de/re'' || ᜇᜒ
|-
| du/ru
''do/ro'' ||ᜇᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''g'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| g || ᜄ᜔
|-
| ga || ᜄ
|-
| gi
''ge'' || ᜄᜒ
|-
| gu
''go'' ||ᜄᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''h'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| h || ᜑ᜔
|-
| ha || ᜑ
|-
| hi
''he'' || ᜑᜒ
|-
| hu
''ho'' || ᜑᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''l'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| l || ᜎ᜔
|-
| la || ᜎ
|-
| li
''le'' || ᜎᜒ
|-
| lu
''lo'' || ᜎᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''m'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| m || ᜋ᜔
|-
| ma || ᜋ
|-
| mi
''me'' || ᜋᜒ
|-
| mu
''mo'' || ᜋᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''n'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| n || ᜈ᜔
|-
| na || ᜈ
|-
| ni
''ne'' || ᜈᜒ
|-
| nu
''no'' || ᜈᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''ng'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| ng || ᜅ᜔
|-
| nga || ᜅ
|-
| ngi
''nge'' || ᜅᜒ
|-
| ngu
''ngo'' || ᜅᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''p'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| p || ᜉ᜔
|-
| pa || ᜉ
|-
| pi
''pe'' || ᜉᜒ
|-
| pu
''po'' || ᜉᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''s'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| s || ᜐ᜔
|-
| sa || ᜐ
|-
| si
''se'' || ᜐᜒ
|-
| su
''so'' || ᜐᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''t'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| t || ᜆ᜔
|-
| ta || ᜆ
|-
| ti
''te'' || ᜆᜒ
|-
| tu
''to'' || ᜆᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''w'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| w || ᜏ᜔
|-
| wa || ᜏ
|-
| wi
''we'' || ᜏᜒ
|-
| wu
''wo'' || ᜏᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
'''y'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
| y || ᜌ᜔
|-
| ya || ᜌ
|-
| yi
''ye'' || ᜌᜒ
|-
| yu
''yo'' || ᜌᜓ
|}
| valign="top" |
|}
====Abecedario====
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ''''ABECEDARIO''''
:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || Ng || ng
|-
| B || b || Ñ || ñ
|-
| C || c || {{Unicode|N͠g}} / Ñg || {{Unicode|n͠g}} / ñg
|-
| Ch || ch || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || Q || q
|-
| F || f || R || r
|-
| G || g || Rr || rr
|-
| H || h || S || s
|-
| I || i || T || t
|-
| J || j || U || u
|-
| K || k || V || v
|-
| L || l || W || w
|-
| Ll || ll || X || x
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|-
| N || n || Z || z
|}
====Abakada====
{{Main|Abakada}}
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ''ABAKADA'' in school grammar books called ''balarilà''
:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || N || n
|-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|-
| K || k || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || R || r
|-
| G || g || S || s
|-
| H || h || T || t
|-
| I || i || U || u
|-
| L || l || W || w
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|}
====Revised alphabet====
{{Main|Filipino alphabet}}
In 1987 the department of Education, Culture and Sports issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet