Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of
sodium carbonateSodium carbonate , , is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate; and is domestically well known for its everyday use as a water softener...
decahydrate (
NaSodium is a metallic element with a symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1"...
2CCarbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds...
OOxygen Oxygen Oxygen (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O...
3·10
H2OWater is an ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is essential for all known forms of life.In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71%...
, a naturally occurring form of soda ash) and about 17%
sodium bicarbonateSodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slight alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda . It is a component of the...
(also called
nahcoliteNahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate also called thermokalite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system....
or baking soda, Na
HHydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H
2...
CO
3) along with small quantities of household
saltA salt, in chemistry, is an ionic compound, and can result from the neutralization reaction of acids and bases. Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral...
(
haliteHalite is the mineral form of sodium chloride, NaCl, commonly known as rock salt. Halite forms isometric crystals. The mineral is typically colorless to yellow, but may also be light blue, dark blue, and pink depending on the amount and type of impurities...
,
sodium chlorideSodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt, or halite, is an ionic compound with the formula NaCl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms...
) and
sodium sulfateSodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid. Anhydrous, it is a white crystalline solid of formula Na
2SO
4 known as the mineral thenardite; the decahydrate Na
2SO
4·10H
2O has been known as Glauber's salt or, historically, sal mirabilis...
. Natron is white to colorless when pure, varying to gray or yellow with impurities. Natron deposits occur naturally as a part of saline lake beds in arid environments. Throughout history, natron has had many practical applications, which still resonate in the wide range of modern uses of its constituent mineral components.
In modern
mineralogyMineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their...
the term
natron has come to mean only the
sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) which makes up most of the historical salt.
Etymology
The
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
word
natron is a
FrenchFrench is a Romance language globally spoken by about 65 million people as a first language , by 50 million as a second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired foreign language, with significant speakers in 57 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France,...
cognateCognates in linguistics are words that have a common etymological origin.An example of cognates within the same language would be English shirt and skirt, the former from Old English scyrte, the latter loaned from Old Norse skyrta, both from the same Common Germanic *skurtjōn-. Words with this type...
derived from the
SpanishSpanish or Castilian is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern Spain and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile, evolving into the principal language of government and trade in the Iberian peninsula...
natrón through the
ArabicArabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. In terms of speakers, the Arabic macrolanguage is the largest member of the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million people as...
natrun from
GreekGreek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical...
nitron, which derived from the Ancient Egyptian word
netjeri meaning Sodium. The modern chemical symbol for
sodiumSodium is a metallic element with a symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1"...
,
Na, is an abbreviation of that element's
New LatinThe term New Latin, or Neo-Latin, is used to describe a form of the Latin language used for scholarly and scientific publications and for the formation of scientific terminology, such as botanical terms and taxonomic classification, after the end of the Renaissance period...
name
natrium, which was derived from
natron.
Importance in antiquity
Historical natron was harvested directly as a salt mixture from dry lake beds in
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and...
and has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning product for both the home and body. Blended with oil, it was an early form of
soapSoap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid....
. It
softens waterA water softener reduces the dissolved calcium, magnesium, and to some degree manganese and ferrous iron ion concentration in hard water. A common water softener is sodium carbonate; formula .These "hardness ions" cause three major kinds of undesired effects....
whilst removing oil and grease. Undiluted, natron was a cleanser for the teeth and an early
mouthwashMouthwash or mouth rinse is a product used to enhance oral hygiene. Antiseptic and anti-plaque mouth rinse claim to kill the bacterial plaque causing caries, gingivitis, and bad breath. Anti-cavity mouth rinse uses fluoride to protect against tooth decay. But, it is generally agreed that the use...
. The mineral was mixed into early antiseptics for wounds and minor cuts. Natron can be used to dry and preserve fish and meat. It was also an ancient household insecticide, was used for making leather, and as a bleach for clothing.
The mineral was used in Egyptian
mummificationA mummy is a corpse whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme coldness, very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs...
because it absorbs water and behaves as a drying agent. Moreover, when exposed to moisture the carbonate in natron increases pH, which creates a hostile environment for bacteria. In some cultures, natron was thought to enhance spiritual safety for both the living and the dead. Natron was added to
castor oilCastor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean . Castor oil is a colorless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odor or taste. Its boiling point is and its density is 961 kg·m−3...
to make a smokeless fuel, which allowed Egyptian artisans to paint elaborate artworks inside ancient tombs without staining them with soot.
Natron is an ingredient for the making of a distinct color called
Egyptian blueEgyptian blue is chemically known as calcium copper silicate . It is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The pigment was known to the Romans by the name caeruleum...
. It was used along with
sandSand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain...
and
limeLime is a general term for calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is also the name for a single mineral of the CaO composition, occurring very rarely...
in ceramic and glass-making by the Romans and others at least until
640-Europe:* Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths.* The French city of Lille is founded by Lyderic.* At request of Porga of Croatia, one of the first known princes of Dalmatian Croatia to Emperor Heraclius for Christian teachers, Pope John IV sent Christian teachers and...
CE. The mineral was also employed as a
fluxIn metallurgy, a flux is a chemical cleaning agent which facilitates soldering, brazing, and welding by removing oxidation from the metals to be joined. Common fluxes are: ammonium chloride or rosin for soldering tin; hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride for soldering galvanized iron ; and borax for...
to solder precious metals together.
Decline in use
Most of natron's uses both in the home and by industry were gradually replaced with closely related sodium compounds and minerals. Natron's
detergentA detergent is a material intended to assist cleaning. The term is sometimes used to differentiate between soap and other surfactants used for cleaning...
properties are now commercially supplied by soda ash, the mixture's chief compound ingredient, along with other chemicals. Soda ash also replaced natron in glass-making. Some of its ancient household roles are also now filled by ordinary baking soda, natron's other meaningful ingredient.
Chemistry of hydrated sodium carbonate
Natron is also the mineralogical name for the compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na
2CO
3·10H
2O), which is the main component in historical natron. Sodium carbonate decahydrate has a specific gravity of 1.42 to 1.47 and a Mohs hardness of 1. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-domatic
crystal systemIn crystallography, a crystal system or crystal family or lattice system is one of several classes of space groups, lattices, point groups, or crystals...
, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations.
The term
hydrated sodium carbonate is commonly used to encompass the monohydrate (Na
2CO
3·H
2O), the decahydrate and the heptahydrate (Na
2CO
3·7H
2O), but is often used in industry to refer to the decahydrate only. Both the hepta- and the decahydrate effloresce (lose water) in dry air and are partially transformed into the monohydrate
thermonatriteThermonatrite is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral form of sodium carbonate Na2CO3·.It was first described in 1845. Its name is from the Greek θερμός, "thermos", heat, plus natron, because it may be a dehydration product of natron.Typical occurrence is in dry saline lake...
Na
2CO
3·H
2O.
As a source of soda ash
Sodium carbonate decahydrate is stable at room temperature but recrystallizes at only 32°C (90°F) to sodium carbonate heptahydrate, Na
2CO
3·7H
2O, then above 37-38°C (98-100°F) to sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na
2CO
3·H
2O. This recrystallization from decahydrate to monohydrate releases much crystal water in a mostly clear, colorless salt solution with little solid
thermonatriteThermonatrite is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral form of sodium carbonate Na2CO3·.It was first described in 1845. Its name is from the Greek θερμός, "thermos", heat, plus natron, because it may be a dehydration product of natron.Typical occurrence is in dry saline lake...
. The mineral natron is often found in association with
thermonatriteThermonatrite is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral form of sodium carbonate Na2CO3·.It was first described in 1845. Its name is from the Greek θερμός, "thermos", heat, plus natron, because it may be a dehydration product of natron.Typical occurrence is in dry saline lake...
,
nahcoliteNahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate also called thermokalite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system....
,
tronaTrona ; Na3H2·2H2O is an evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.- Natural occurrence :Trona is...
,
haliteHalite is the mineral form of sodium chloride, NaCl, commonly known as rock salt. Halite forms isometric crystals. The mineral is typically colorless to yellow, but may also be light blue, dark blue, and pink depending on the amount and type of impurities...
,
mirabiliteMirabilite, also known as Glauber's salt, is a hydrous sodium sulfate mineral: Na2SO4·10H2O. It is a vitreous, colorless to white monoclinic mineral which forms as an evaporite from sodium sulfate bearing brines. It is found around saline springs and along saline...
,
gaylussiteGaylussite is a carbonate mineral, a hydrated sodium calcium carbonate, formula Na2Ca2·5H2O. It occurs as translucent, vitreous white to grey to yellow monoclinic prismatic crystals. It is an unstable mineral which dehydrates in dry air and decomposes in water.It...
,
gypsumGypsum is a very soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO
4·2H
2O.-Crystal varieties:...
, and
calciteCalcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate . The other polymorphs are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite at 470°C, and vaterite is even less stable....
.
Most industrially produced sodium carbonate is soda ash, sodium carbonate anhydrate Na
2CO
3, which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200°C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, or
tronaTrona ; Na3H2·2H2O is an evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.- Natural occurrence :Trona is...
.
Geological occurrence
Geologically, the mineral natron as well as the historical natron are formed as transpiro-
evaporiteEvaporites are water-soluble mineral sediments that result from the evaporation of bodies of surficial water. Evaporites are considered sedimentary rocks.- Formation of evaporite rocks :...
minerals, i.e. crystallizing during the drying up of salt lakes rich in sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate is usually formed by absorption of
carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state...
from the atmosphere by a highly alkaline, sodium-rich lake
brineBrine is water saturated or nearly saturated with a salt .It is used to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat, in a process known as brining . Brine is also commonly used to age Halloumi and Feta cheeses.Brine is a common fluid used in large refrigeration installations for the transport of heat from...
, according to the following reaction scheme:
NaOH
(aq) + CO
2 -> NaHCO
3(aq)
NaHCO
3(aq) + NaOH
(aq) -> Na
2CO
3(aq) + H
2O
Pure deposits of sodium carbonate decahydrate are rare, due to the limited temperature stability of this compound and due to the fact, that the absorption of
carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state...
usually produces mixtures of
bicarbonateIn inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid...
and
carbonateIn chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, or a carbonate functional group O=C2....
in solution. From such mixtures, the mineral natron (and also the historical one) will only be formed, if the
brineBrine is water saturated or nearly saturated with a salt .It is used to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat, in a process known as brining . Brine is also commonly used to age Halloumi and Feta cheeses.Brine is a common fluid used in large refrigeration installations for the transport of heat from...
temperature during evaporation is maximally ca. 20°C (68°F) - or the
alkalinityAlkalinity or AT is a measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate. Alkalinity is closely related to the acid neutralizing capacity of a solution and ANC is often incorrectly used to refer to alkalinity.The alkalinity is...
of the lake is so high, that little
bicarbonateIn inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid...
is present in solution (see reaction scheme above) - in which case the maximum temperature is increased to ca. 30°C (86°F). In most cases the mineral natron will form together with some amount of
nahcoliteNahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate also called thermokalite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system....
(
sodium bicarbonateSodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slight alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda . It is a component of the...
), resulting in salt mixtures like the historical natron.
Otherwise, the minerals
tronaTrona ; Na3H2·2H2O is an evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.- Natural occurrence :Trona is...
http://webmineral.com/data/Trona.shtml or
thermonatriteThermonatrite is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral form of sodium carbonate Na2CO3·.It was first described in 1845. Its name is from the Greek θερμός, "thermos", heat, plus natron, because it may be a dehydration product of natron.Typical occurrence is in dry saline lake...
and
nahcoliteNahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate also called thermokalite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system....
are commonly formed. As the evaporation of a salt lake will occur over geological time spans, during which also part or all of the salt beds might redissolve and recrystallize, deposits of sodium carbonate can be composed of layers of all these minerals.
The following list may include geographical sources of either natron or other hydrated sodium carbonate minerals:
- Africa
- Chad
Chad , officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west...
- shores of Lake Chad
Lake Chad is a historically large, shallow lake in Africa, whose size has varied greatly over the centuries. It is economically very important, providing water to more than 20 million people living in the four countries which surround it: Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria. It is located mainly in...
- Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
- Wadi El Natrun
Wadi El Natrun is a valley located in Beheira Governorate, Egypt, including a town with the same name. The name refers to the presence of eight different lakes in the region that produce natron salt...
- Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast. Its size is 1,100,000 km² with an...
- Showa Province
Shewa is a historical region of Ethiopia. Formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire, the Ethiopian modern capital Addis Ababa is located at its center....
- Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
- Hungary
Hungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Bács-Kiskun County
Bács-Kiskun is a county located in southern Hungary. It was created as a result of World War II, merging the pre war Bács-Bodrog and Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun counties. With an area of 8,445 km
2, Bács-Kiskun is the largest county in the country. The terrain is mostly flat with slight...
, (Great Hungarian Plain)
- Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is an administrative county in north-eastern Hungary, bordering Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Hajdú-Bihar and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén...
(Great Hungarian Plain)
- Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
- Campania,
Campania is a region of southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5.8 million people, making it the second-most-populous region of Italy; its total area of 13,595 km² makes it the most densely populated region in the country...
- Province of Naples
The Province of Naples is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital city is Naples, within the province there are 92 Comuni of the Province of Naples.-Demographics:...
- Somma-Vesuvius Complex
- Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(Northern Region)
- Murmanskaja Oblast
- Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula is a peninsula in the far north of Russia, part of the Murmansk Oblast. It borders upon the Barents Sea on the North and the White Sea on the East and South...
- Khibiny Massif
The Khibiny Massif, Khibiny Mountains or Khibins is one of the two main mountain ranges of the Kola Peninsula, Russia.The massif is of oval shape of about 1,300 sq.km. and occupies the central part of the peninsula at a relative elevation of 900-1000 m above the surrounding plain. The highest...
- Lovozero
Lovozero may refer to:*Lovozero Tundras, a mountain range in the center of Kola Peninsula, Russia*Lake Lovozero, a lake in Murmansk Oblast, Russia*Lovozero , a village in Murmansk Oblast, Russia...
MassifIn geology, a massif is a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. The term is also used to refer to a group of mountains formed by such a structure...
- Alluaiv Mountain
- Umbozero Mine
- Kedykverpakhk Mountain
- England, UK
- Cornwall
Cornwall is a county of England in the United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the...
- St Just District
St Just is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish encompasses the town of St Just and the nearby settlements of Trewellard, Pendeen and Kelynack: it is bounded by the parishes of Morvah to the north-east, Sancreed and Madron to the east, St Buryan and Sennen to...
- Botallack
Botallack is an ex-tin mining village in Cornwall, England United Kingdom near Land's End. It is situated between the town of St Just in Penwith and the village of Pendeen. It has a pub and a nearby campsite....
- PendeenPendeen is a small village close to the coastline, within Cornwall, England, UK. It is away from the town of St Just and is part of the St. Just civil parish. It is from the town of Penzance.-Geography:...
Area
- Botallack, and Botallack Mine
- Canada
Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
- Quebec
Quebec is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking identity and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....
- Rouville County
Rouville may refer to the following places:* Rouville, Oise, a commune in the Oise department, France* Rouville, Seine-Maritime, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department, France...
- Mont-Saint-Hilaire
Mont-Saint-Hilaire is a town in southeastern Quebec, Canada on the Richelieu River in the Regional County Municipality of La Vallée-du-Richelieu...
- Interior British Columbia, Canada
- United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
- California
California is the most populous state in the United States, and the third largest by area. California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Americas, behind only São Paulo, Brazil...
- Inyo County
Inyo County is located in east-central California in the southwestern United States, on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and south of Yosemite National Park. As of 2000 the county had a population of 17,945. The county seat is Independence....
- Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western region of the United States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there...
- Churchill County
Churchill County is a county located in the western U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2000 census, the population was 23,982. As of July 1, 2007, the population of Churchill County was estimated at 27,190. The county, named after Mexican-American War hero brevet Brigadier General Sylvester Churchill,...
(Soda Lake DistrictSoda Lake is a dry lake at the terminus of the Mojave River in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California. The lake has standing water during wet periods, and water can be found beneath the surface....
)
- Humboldt County
Humboldt County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nevada. As of 2007, the population was estimated to be 18,052 . Its county seat is Winnemucca.The county was the site of an arrest in 2000 that led to the U.S. Supreme Court decision Hiibel v...
- Mineral County
Mineral County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2000 census, the population was 5,071. Its county seat is Hawthorne.-History:...
- Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
- Lake County
Lake County is a county located in the high desert south central region of U.S. state of Oregon. It is named for the lakes found within its boundaries, including Lake Abert, Hart Lake Reservoir, and Goose Lake. While it is among the largest Oregon counties in land area, it is thinly populated with...
- Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , often colloquially referred to as PA by natives and Northeasterners, is a state located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States...
- Natrona, Pennsylvania
Natrona is an unincorporated community in Harrison Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA; it is located in Western Pennsylvania within the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area, approximately northeast of Pittsburgh. Natrona is situated along the Allegheny River at Lock and Dam 4, Pools...
- Washington
Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington was carved out of the western part of Washington Territory which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty as settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the...
- Okanogan County
Okanogan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. In area, it is the largest county in the state. As of 2000, the population was 39,564. The county seat is at Okanogan, and its largest city is Omak...
See also
- Trona
Trona ; Na3H2·2H2O is an evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.- Natural occurrence :Trona is...
- Nahcolite
Nahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate also called thermokalite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system....
- Shortite
thumb|Shortite, [[Green River Formation]], [[Wyoming]] Shortite is a sodium - calcium carbonate mineral, with the chemical formula Na2Ca23. It was discovered by J. J. Fahey in well cuttings from the Green River Formation, Sweetwater County, Wyoming USA, and was...
- Sodium sesquicarbonate
Sodium sesquicarbonate Na3H2, which is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, and has a needle-like crystal structure...
- Thermonatrite
Thermonatrite is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral form of sodium carbonate Na2CO3·.It was first described in 1845. Its name is from the Greek θερμός, "thermos", heat, plus natron, because it may be a dehydration product of natron.Typical occurrence is in dry saline lake...
- Saltpeter
Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO
3. This salt, also known as "Chile saltpeter" or "Peru saltpeter" , is a white solid which is very soluble in water...
External links