Bicarbonate

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Bicarbonate

In inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds , which are the subjects of organic chemistry....
, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogen carbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation

Deprotonation

Deprotonation is a chemistry term that refers to the removal of a proton from a molecule, forming the conjugate base. The relative ability for a molecule to give up a proton is measured by a pKa value....
of carbonic acid

Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid has the Molecular formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water , which contain small amounts of H2CO3....
. Its chemical formula is HCO₃⁻.

Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the physiological pH

pH is a measure of the Acid or Base of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the Activity of dissolved hydrogen ions . Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations....
buffering system.

Chemical properties
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogen carbonate) is an anion with the empirical formula

Empirical formula

In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is a complex expression of the relative numbers of each type of atom in it. An empirical formula makes references to isomerism, structure, or absolute number of atoms....
H

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
C

Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
O

Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
₃⁻ and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons

Atomic mass unit

The unified atomic mass unit , or dalton or, sometimes, universal mass unit, is a Units of measurement of mass used to express atomic weight and molecular masses....
; it consists of one central carbon atom

Atom

|-! bgcolor=gray | Properties|-||}The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central atomic nucleus surrounded by a electron cloud of electric charge electrons....
surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar

Trigonal planar

In chemistry, trigonal planar is a molecular geometry with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle all in one plane ....
arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.

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Encyclopedia

In inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Deprotonation

Carbonic acid

Chemical properties

The bicarbonate ion (hydrogen carbonate) is an anion with the empirical formula

Empirical formula

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Atomic mass unit

Atom

Trigonal planar

Formal charge

In chemistry, a formal charge is a partial charge on an atom in a molecule assigned by assuming that electrons in a chemical bond are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity or in another definition the charge remaining on an atom when all ligands are removed homolysis ....
and is the conjugate base

Conjugate acid

Within the Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted-Martin Lowry theory of acid-base reaction theories, a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of two compounds that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton....
of carbonic acid

Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid has the Molecular formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water , which contain small amounts of H2CO3....
, H₂CO₃; it is the conjugate acid

Conjugate acid

Carbonate

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid....
ion as shown by these equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium

In a chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the Activity or concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time....
reactions.

CO₃^2- +2 H₂O ? HCO₃^- + H₂O + OH^- ? H₂CO₃ +2 OH^-

H₂CO₃ +2 H₂O ? HCO₃^- + H₃O⁺ + H₂O ? CO₃^2- +2 H₃O⁺

A bicarbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound

Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
. Many bicarbonates are soluble

Solubility

Solubility is often seen as a property of a substance; for instance the solubility of a solid substance usually refers to the concentration of the substance in a liquid that has reached equilibrium with the substance in solid phase ....
in water

Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
at standard temperature and pressure, particularly sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder....
and magnesium bicarbonate; both of these substances contribute to total dissolved solids

Total dissolved solids

Total Dissolved Solids is an expression for the combined content of all inorganic and organic compound substances contained in a liquid which are present in a molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form....
, a common parameter for assessing water quality

Water quality

Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed....
.

Biochemical role

Bicarbonate is an alkaline, and a vital component of the pH

Acid-base homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acids and Chemical base, in other words the pH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level....
). 70%-75% of CO₂ in the body is converted into carbonic acid

Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid has the Molecular formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water , which contain small amounts of H2CO3....
(H₂CO₃), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate (HCO₃^-).

With carbonic acid as the central intermediate

Reaction intermediate

A reaction intermediate or an intermediate is a molecular entity that is formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction....
species

Chemical species

Chemical species are atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc., as entities being subjected to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entity that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scal...
, bicarbonate, in conjunction with water, hydrogen ion

Hydrogen ion

Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished:...
s, and carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
forms this buffering system which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium required to provide prompt resistance to drastic pH changes in both the acidic and basic

Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept protons. A base is also often referred to as an alkali if OH- ions are involved....
directions. This is especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system

Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the bodies of multicellular organisms....
, where pH changes too far outside of the normal range in either direction could prove disastrous. (See acidosis

Acidosis

Acidosis is an increased acidity . If not further qualified, it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma.Acidosis is said to occur when arterial pH falls below 7.35, while its counterpart occurs at a pH over 7.45....
, or alkalosis

Alkalosis

Alkalosis refers to a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of artery blood plasma . Generally alkalosis is said to occur when pH of the blood exceeds 7.45....
.)

Bicarbonate also acts to regulate pH in the small intestine. It is released from the pancreas

Pancreas

The pancreas is a gland Organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland , as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing Digestion enzymes that pass to the small intestine....
in response to the hormone secretin

Secretin

Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberk?hn. Its primary effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate....
to neutralize the acid chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach

Other uses

The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder....
, NaHCO₃, which is used as baking soda. When exposed to an acid

Acid

An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e....
such as acetic acid

Acetic acid

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment , and freezes at 16.7 Celsius to a colourless crystalline solid....
(vinegar

Vinegar

Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid . It also may come in a diluted form....
), sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Leavening agent

A leavening agent is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batter that cause a foaming action which lightens and softens the finished product....
in baking

Baking

Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by Heat convection, and not by Thermal radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones....
.

The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle

Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and Earth's atmosphere of the Earth....
.

Bicarbonate also serves in the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestive juices have finished in their digestion of food. Ammonium bicarbonate

Ammonium bicarbonate

Ammonium bicarbonate, also called bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hartshorn, or powdered baking ammonia, is the bicarbonate salt of ammonia....
is used in digestive biscuit

Digestive biscuit

A digestive biscuit, sometimes referred to as a sweetmeal biscuit, is a semi-sweet biscuit or cookie, popular in the United Kingdom, in other Commonwealth of Nations countries, in the Republic of Ireland and in Greece....
manufacture.

Diagnostics

In diagnostic medicine, the blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the state of acid-base physiology in the body.

The parameter Standard bicarbonate concentration (SBC_e) is the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a CO₂

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
of 5.33kPa, full oxygen saturation and 37 degrees Celsius

Celsius

Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
.

Bicarbonate compounds

Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder....
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate

Potassium bicarbonate , is a colorless, odorless, slightly Base , salty substance. According to The US Food and Drug Administration , potassium bicarbonate is "generally recognized as safe"....
Calcium bicarbonate
Calcium bicarbonate

Calcium bicarbonate , also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing the ions calcium , dissolved carbon dioxide , bicarbonate , and carbonate ....
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate

Ammonium bicarbonate, also called bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hartshorn, or powdered baking ammonia, is the bicarbonate salt of ammonia....

Bicarbonate

Chemical properties

Biochemical role

Other uses

Diagnostics

Bicarbonate compounds

See also

External links